About Textpresso Categories/Ontology Copyright Downloads Feedback Home Query Language Search User Guide
Enter keyword(s) and/or category/ies. Selecting categories for a query makes a search more specific. For example, you can retrieve sentences that contain the word HSN and a Oryza sativa gene name by typing the keyword 'SPW1' and choosing the category 'gene (Oryza sativa)'. A category hit occurs when a particular word or phrase in the sentence is defined as a member of a particular category. Categories will be concatenated by a Boolean 'and' operation to other categories and keyword(s) if present. To search for terms in categories, click on the Categories/Ontology link above.
Keywords
Separate multiple, required keywords by white spaces (Boolean 'and').
Separate multiple, alternative keywords by a comma with no white spaces (Boolean 'or').
Enter phrases in double quotes, and put a '-' sign in front of words which are to be excluded.
Keyword Specification
AND/OR
Categories
Fields
Search Scope
Search Mode
Sort by
 
Narrow your search results with filter:
Put a '+' sign in front of words which have to be included, a '-' sign in front of words which have to be excluded. Enter the field of the word, viz author, title, year, journal, abstract, type or sentence in square brackets. Enter phrases in double quotes.
For example, to find all the papers in the search result that have Jack as author, but not John, enter +Jack-John[author]. To exclude all papers that have the phrase double mutant in title, enter -"double mutant"[title]. You can combine several filters and enter something like +Jack-John[author] -"double mutant"[title] +1994[year] -review[type].
Click on Filter! button to activate the filter.

Goto:
of 3
Display options:
author: on | off accession: on | off type: on | off abstract: on | off title: on | off
citation: on | off journal: on | off year: on | off supplementals: on | off textlinks: on | off
searchterm-highlighting: on | off matching sentences: none 1 5 10 entries/page: 5 10 20 50
285 matches found in 115 documents. Search time: 0.006 seconds.
Global links/files: all results in endnote all results in print version
Score: 11.00
Title: A conserved threonine residue in the juxtamembrane domain of the XA21 pattern recognition receptor is critical for kinase autophosphorylation and XA21-mediated immunity .
Author: Chen X Chern M Canlas PE Jiang C Ruan D Cao P Ronald PC
Journal: J Biol Chem Citation: V : 285 P : 10454-63 Year: 2010
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20118235 Accession (PMID): 20118235
Abstract: Despite the key role that pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) play in regulating immunity in plants and animals , the mechanism of activation of the associated non-arginine-aspartate ( non-RD ) kinases is unknown . The rice PRR XA21 recognizes the pathogen-associated molecular pattern , Ax21 ( activator of XA21-mediated immunity ) . Here we show that the XA21 juxtamembrane ( JM ) domain is required for kinase autophosphorylation . Threonine 705 in the XA21 JM domain is essential for XA21 autophosphorylation in vitro and XA21-mediated innate immunity in vivo . The replacement of Thr ( 705 ) by an alanine or glutamic acid abolishes XA21 autophosphorylation and eliminates interactions between XA21 and four XA21-binding proteins in yeast and rice . Although threonine residues analogous to Thr ( 705 ) of XA21 are present in the JM domains of most RD and non-RD plant receptor-like kinases , this residue is not required for autophosphorylation of the Arabidopsis RD RLK BRI1 ( brassinosteroid insensitive 1 ) . The threonine 705 of XA21 is conserved only in the JM domains of plant RLKs but not in those of fly , human , or mouse suggesting distinct regulatory mechanisms . These results contribute to growing knowledge regarding the mechanism by which non-RD RLKs function in plant .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 3.00 ]: Threonine 705 in the XA21 JM domain is essential for XA21 autophosphorylation in vitro and XA21-mediated innate immunity in vivo .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 3.00 ]: The replacement of Thr ( 705 ) by an alanine or glutamic acid abolishes XA21 autophosphorylation and eliminates interactions between XA21 and four XA21-binding proteins in yeast and rice .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: The rice PRR XA21 recognizes the pathogen-associated molecular pattern , Ax21 ( activator of XA21-mediated immunity ) .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Here we show that the XA21 juxtamembrane ( JM ) domain is required for kinase autophosphorylation .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although threonine residues analogous to Thr ( 705 ) of XA21 are present in the JM domains of most RD and non-RD plant receptor-like kinases , this residue is not required for autophosphorylation of the Arabidopsis RD RLK BRI1 ( brassinosteroid insensitive 1 ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The threonine 705 of XA21 is conserved only in the JM domains of plant RLKs but not in those of fly , human , or mouse suggesting distinct regulatory mechanisms .
Score: 10.00
Title: Plasma membrane localization and potential endocytosis of constitutively expressed XA21 proteins in transgenic rice .
Author: Chen F Gao MJ Miao YS Yuan YX Wang MY Li Q Mao BZ Jiang LW He ZH
Journal: Mol Plant Citation: V : 3 P : 917-26 Year: 2010
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20616165 Accession (PMID): 20616165
Abstract: The rice pattern recognition receptor ( PRR ) XA21 confers race-specific resistance in leaf infection by bacterial blight Xathomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) , and was shown to be primarily localized to the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) when expressed with its native promoter or overexpressed in the protoplast However , whether the protein is still ER-localization in the intact cell when overexpressed remains to be identified . Here , we showed that XA21 , its kinase-dead mutant XA21P ( K736EP ) , and the triple autophosphorylation mutant XA21P ( S686A/T688A/S699A ) GFP fusions were primarily localized to the plasma membrane ( PM ) when overexpressed in the intact transgenic rice cell , and also localized to the ER in the transgenic protoplast The transgenic plants constitutively expressing the wild-type XA21 or its GFP fusion displayed race-specific resistance to Xoo at the adult and seedling stages . XA21 and XA21P ( K736EP ) could be internalized probably via the SCAMP-positive early endosomal compartment in the protoplast , suggesting that XA21 might be endocytosed to initiate resistance responses during pathogen infection . We also established a root infection system and demonstrated that XA21 also mediated race-specific resistance responses to Xoo in the root . Our current study provides an insight into the nature of the XA21-mediated resistance and a practical approach using the root cell system to further dissect the cellular signaling of the PRR during the rice-Xoo interaction .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 4.00 ]: Here , we showed that XA21 , its kinase-dead mutant XA21P ( K736EP ) , and the triple autophosphorylation mutant XA21P ( S686A/T688A/S699A ) GFP fusions were primarily localized to the plasma membrane ( PM ) when overexpressed in the intact transgenic rice cell , and also localized to the ER in the transgenic protoplast The transgenic plants constitutively expressing the wild-type XA21 or its GFP fusion displayed race-specific resistance to Xoo at the adult and seedling stages .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 3.00 ]: XA21 and XA21P ( K736EP ) could be internalized probably via the SCAMP-positive early endosomal compartment in the protoplast , suggesting that XA21 might be endocytosed to initiate resistance responses during pathogen infection .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice pattern recognition receptor ( PRR ) XA21 confers race-specific resistance in leaf infection by bacterial blight Xathomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) , and was shown to be primarily localized to the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) when expressed with its native promoter or overexpressed in the protoplast However , whether the protein is still ER-localization in the intact cell when overexpressed remains to be identified .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: We also established a root infection system and demonstrated that XA21 also mediated race-specific resistance responses to Xoo in the root .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Our current study provides an insight into the nature of the XA21-mediated resistance and a practical approach using the root cell system to further dissect the cellular signaling of the PRR during the rice-Xoo interaction .
Score: 10.00
Title: Adaptive evolution of Xa21 homologs in Gramineae .
Author: Tan S Wang D Ding J Tian D Zhang X Yang S
Journal: Genetica Citation: V : 139 P : 1465-75 Year: 2011
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22451352 Accession (PMID): 22451352
Abstract: The XA21 protein has broad spectrum resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae . Although Xa21-mediated immunity is well characterized , little is known about the origin and evolutionary history of this gene in grasses . Therefore , we analyzed all Xa21 gene homologs in eight whole-genome sequenced rice lines , as well as in four gramineous genomes , rice , Brachypodium , sorghum and maize ; using Arabidopsis Xa21 homologs as outgroups , 17 , 7 , 7 and 3 Xa21 homologs were detected in these four grasses , respectively . Synteny and phylogenetic analysis showed that frequent gene translocation , duplication and/or loss , have occurred at Xa21 homologous loci , suggesting that they have undergone or are undergoing rapid generation of copy number variations . Within the rice species , the high level of nucleotide diversity between Xa21-like orthologs showed a strong association with the presence/absence haplotypes , suggesting that the genetic structure of rice lines plays an important role in the variations between these Xa21-like orthologs . Strongly positive selection was detected in the core region of the leucine-rich repeat domains of the Xa21 subclade among the rice lines , indicating that the rapid gene diversification of Xa21 homologs may be a strategy for a given species to adapt to the changing spectrum of species-specific pathogens .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 3.00 ]: Therefore , we analyzed all Xa21 gene homologs in eight whole-genome sequenced rice lines , as well as in four gramineous genomes , rice , Brachypodium , sorghum and maize ; using Arabidopsis Xa21 homologs as outgroups , 17 , 7 , 7 and 3 Xa21 homologs were detected in these four grasses , respectively .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: Within the rice species , the high level of nucleotide diversity between Xa21-like orthologs showed a strong association with the presence/absence haplotypes , suggesting that the genetic structure of rice lines plays an important role in the variations between these Xa21-like orthologs .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: Strongly positive selection was detected in the core region of the leucine-rich repeat domains of the Xa21 subclade among the rice lines , indicating that the rapid gene diversification of Xa21 homologs may be a strategy for a given species to adapt to the changing spectrum of species-specific pathogens .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The XA21 protein has broad spectrum resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although Xa21-mediated immunity is well characterized , little is known about the origin and evolutionary history of this gene in grasses .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Synteny and phylogenetic analysis showed that frequent gene translocation , duplication and/or loss , have occurred at Xa21 homologous loci , suggesting that they have undergone or are undergoing rapid generation of copy number variations .
Score: 9.00
Title: Biochemical characterization of the kinase domain of the rice disease resistance receptor-like kinase XA21 .
Author: Liu GZ Pi LY Walker JC Ronald PC Song WY .
Journal: J Biol . Chem . Citation: V : 277 ( 23 ) P : 20264-9 Year: 2002
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11927577 Accession (PMID): 11927577
Abstract: The rice disease resistance gene , Xa21 , encodes a receptor kinase-like protein consisting of leucine-rich repeats in the putative extracellular domain and a serine/threonine kinase in the putative intracellular domain . The putative XA21 kinase domain was expressed as maltose-binding and glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in Escherichia coli . The fusion proteins are capable of autophosphorylation . Phosphoamino acid analysis of the glutathione S-transferase fusion protein indicates that only serine and threonine residues are phosphorylated . The relative phosphorylation rate of the XA21 kinase against increasing enzyme concentrations follows a first-order rather than second-order kinetics , indicating an intramolecular phosphorylation mechanism . Moreover , the active XA21 kinase can not phosphorylate a kinase-deficient mutant of XA21 kinase . The enzymatic activity of the XA21 kinase in a buffer containing Mn ( 2+ ) is at least 15 times higher than that with Mg ( 2+ ) . The K ( m ) and V ( max ) of XA21 kinase for ATP are 0 . 3 microm and 8 . 4 nmol/mg/min , respectively . Tryptic phosphopeptide mapping reveals that multiple sites on the XA21 kinase are phosphorylated . Finally , our data suggest that the region of XA21 kinase corresponding to the RD kinase activation domain is not phosphorylated , revealing a distinct mode of action compared with the tomato Pto serine/threonine kinase conferring disease resistance .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: Moreover , the active XA21 kinase can not phosphorylate a kinase-deficient mutant of XA21 kinase .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice disease resistance gene , Xa21 , encodes a receptor kinase-like protein consisting of leucine-rich repeats in the putative extracellular domain and a serine/threonine kinase in the putative intracellular domain .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The putative XA21 kinase domain was expressed as maltose-binding and glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in Escherichia coli .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The relative phosphorylation rate of the XA21 kinase against increasing enzyme concentrations follows a first-order rather than second-order kinetics , indicating an intramolecular phosphorylation mechanism .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The enzymatic activity of the XA21 kinase in a buffer containing Mn ( 2+ ) is at least 15 times higher than that with Mg ( 2+ ) .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The K ( m ) and V ( max ) of XA21 kinase for ATP are 0 . 3 microm and 8 . 4 nmol/mg/min , respectively .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tryptic phosphopeptide mapping reveals that multiple sites on the XA21 kinase are phosphorylated .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Finally , our data suggest that the region of XA21 kinase corresponding to the RD kinase activation domain is not phosphorylated , revealing a distinct mode of action compared with the tomato Pto serine/threonine kinase conferring disease resistance .
Score: 9.00
Title: Rice XA21 Binding Protein 3 Is a Ubiquitin Ligase Required for Full Xa21-Mediated Disease Resistance .
Author: Wang YS Pi LY Chen X Chakrabarty PK Jiang J De Leon AL Liu GZ Li L Benny U Oard J Ronald PC Song WY .
Journal: Citation: V : ( ) P : Year: 2006
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17172358 Accession (PMID): 17172358
Abstract: XA21 is a receptor-like kinase protein in rice ( Oryza sativa ) that confers gene-for-gene resistance to specific races of the causal agent of bacterial blight disease , Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae . We identified XA21 binding protein 3 ( XB3 ) , an E3 ubiquitin ligase , as a substrate for the XA21 Ser and Thr kinase . The interaction between XB3 and the kinase domain of XA21 has been shown in yeast and in vitro , and the physical association between XB3 and XA21 in vivo has also been confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation assays . XB3 contains an ankyrin repeat domain and a RING finger motif that is sufficient for its interaction with the kinase domain of XA21 and for its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity , respectively . Transgenic plants with reduced expression of the Xb3 gene are compromised in resistance to the avirulent race of X oryzae pv oryzae . Furthermore , reduced levels of Xb3 lead to decreased levels of the XA21 protein . These results indicate that Xb3 is necessary for full accumulation of the XA21 protein and for Xa21-mediated resistance .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: We identified XA21 binding protein 3 ( XB3 ) , an E3 ubiquitin ligase , as a substrate for the XA21 Ser and Thr kinase .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: The interaction between XB3 and the kinase domain of XA21 has been shown in yeast and in vitro , and the physical association between XB3 and XA21 in vivo has also been confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation assays .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: These results indicate that Xb3 is necessary for full accumulation of the XA21 protein and for Xa21-mediated resistance .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: XA21 is a receptor-like kinase protein in rice ( Oryza sativa ) that confers gene-for-gene resistance to specific races of the causal agent of bacterial blight disease , Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: XB3 contains an ankyrin repeat domain and a RING finger motif that is sufficient for its interaction with the kinase domain of XA21 and for its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity , respectively .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Furthermore , reduced levels of Xb3 lead to decreased levels of the XA21 protein .
Score: 9.00
Title: Rice XB15 , a protein phosphatase 2C , negatively regulates cell death and XA21-mediated innate immunity .
Author: Park CJ Peng Y Chen X Dardick C Ruan D Bart R Canlas PE Ronald PC
Journal: PLoS Biol Citation: V : 6 P : e231 Year: 2008
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18817453 Accession (PMID): 18817453
Abstract: Perception of extracellular signals by cell surface receptors is of central importance to eukaryotic development and immunity . Kinases that are associated with the receptors or are part of the receptors themselves modulate signaling through phosphorylation events . The rice ( Oryza sativa L ) XA21 receptor kinase is a key recognition and signaling determinant in the innate immune response . A yeast two-hybrid screen using the intracellular portion of XA21 , including the juxtamembrane ( JM ) and kinase domain as bait , identified a protein phosphatase 2C ( PP2C ) , called XA21 binding protein 15 ( XB15 ) . The interaction of XA21 and XB15 was confirmed in vitro and in vivo by glutathione-S-transferase ( GST ) pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays , respectively . XB15 fusion proteins purified from Escherichia coli and from transgenic rice carry PP2C activity . Autophosphorylated XA21 can be dephosphorylated by XB15 in a temporal and dosage-dependent manner . A serine residue in the XA21 JM domain is required for XB15 binding . Xb15 mutants display a severe cell death phenotype , induction of pathogenesis-related genes , and enhanced XA21-mediated resistance . Overexpression of Xb15 in an XA21 rice line compromises resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae . These results demonstrate that Xb15 encodes a PP2C that negatively regulates the XA21-mediated innate immune response .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: A yeast two-hybrid screen using the intracellular portion of XA21 , including the juxtamembrane ( JM ) and kinase domain as bait , identified a protein phosphatase 2C ( PP2C ) , called XA21 binding protein 15 ( XB15 ) .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice ( Oryza sativa L ) XA21 receptor kinase is a key recognition and signaling determinant in the innate immune response .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The interaction of XA21 and XB15 was confirmed in vitro and in vivo by glutathione-S-transferase ( GST ) pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays , respectively .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Autophosphorylated XA21 can be dephosphorylated by XB15 in a temporal and dosage-dependent manner .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: A serine residue in the XA21 JM domain is required for XB15 binding .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Xb15 mutants display a severe cell death phenotype , induction of pathogenesis-related genes , and enhanced XA21-mediated resistance .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Overexpression of Xb15 in an XA21 rice line compromises resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results demonstrate that Xb15 encodes a PP2C that negatively regulates the XA21-mediated innate immune response .
Score: 9.00
Title: Xa21D encodes a receptor-like molecule with a leucine-rich repeat domain that determines race-specific recognition and is subject to adaptive evolution .
Author: Wang GL Ruan DL Song WY Sideris S Chen L Pi LY Zhang S Zhang Z Fauquet C Gaut BS Whalen MC Ronald PC .
Journal: Plant Cell Citation: V : 10 ( 5 ) P : 765-79 Year: 1998
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9596635 Accession (PMID): 9596635
Abstract: The rice Xa21 gene confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae in a race-specific manner . Analysis of the inheritance patterns and resistance spectra of transgenic plants carrying six Xa21 gene family members indicated that one member , designated Xa21D , displayed a resistance spectrum identical to that observed for Xa21 but conferred only partial resistance . Xa21D encodes a receptor-like protein carrying leucine-rich repeat ( LRR ) motifs in the presumed extracellular domain . The Xa21D transcript terminates shortly after the stop codon introduced by the retrotransposon Retrofit . Comparison of nucleotide substitutions in the LRR coding regions of Xa21 and Xa21D provided evidence of adaptive selection . Both functional and evolutionary evidence indicates that the Xa21D LRR domain controls race-specific pathogen recognition .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: Analysis of the inheritance patterns and resistance spectra of transgenic plants carrying six Xa21 gene family members indicated that one member , designated Xa21D , displayed a resistance spectrum identical to that observed for Xa21 but conferred only partial resistance .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: Comparison of nucleotide substitutions in the LRR coding regions of Xa21 and Xa21D provided evidence of adaptive selection .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice Xa21 gene confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae in a race-specific manner .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Xa21D encodes a receptor-like protein carrying leucine-rich repeat ( LRR ) motifs in the presumed extracellular domain .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The Xa21D transcript terminates shortly after the stop codon introduced by the retrotransposon Retrofit .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Both functional and evolutionary evidence indicates that the Xa21D LRR domain controls race-specific pathogen recognition .
Score: 8.00
Title: Genetic and physical analysis of the rice bacterial blight disease resistance locus , Xa21 .
Author: Ronald PC Albano B Tabien R Abenes L Wu KS McCouch S Tanksley SD .
Journal: Mol . Gen . Genet . Citation: V : 236 ( 1 ) P : 113-20 Year: 1992
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1362973 Accession (PMID): 1362973
Abstract: Nearly isogenic lines ( NILs ) of rice ( Oryza sativa ) differing at a locus conferring resistance to the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae were surveyed with 123 DNA markers and 985 random primers using restriction fragment length plymorphism ( RFLP ) and random amplified polymorphic DNA ( RAPD ) analysis . One chromosome 11 marker ( RG103 ) detected polymorphism between the NILs that cosegregated with Xa21 . All other chromosome 11 DNA markers tested were monomorphic between the NILs , localizing the Xa21 introgressed region to an 8 . 3 cM interval on chromosome 11 . Furthermore , we identified two polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) products ( RAPD2148 and RAPD818 ) that detected polymorphisms between the NILs . Genomic sequences hybridizing with RAPD818 , RAPD248 and RG103 were duplicated specifically in the Xa21 NIL . All three markers cosegregated with the resistance locus , Xa21 , in a F2 population of 386 progeny . Based on the frequency with which we recovered polymorphic Xa21-linked markers , we estimated the physical size of the introgressed region to be approximately 800 kb . This estimation was supported by physical mapping ( using pulsed field gel electrophoresis ) of the sequences hybridizing with the three Xa21-linked DNA markers . The results showed that the three Xa21-linked markers are physically close to each other , with one copy of the RAPD818 sequences located within 60 kb of RAPD248 and the other copy within 270 kb of RG103 . None of the enzymes tested generated a DNA fragment that hybridized with all three of the markers indicating that the introgressed region containing the resistance locus Xa21 is probably larger than 270 kb .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: One chromosome 11 marker ( RG103 ) detected polymorphism between the NILs that cosegregated with Xa21 .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: All other chromosome 11 DNA markers tested were monomorphic between the NILs , localizing the Xa21 introgressed region to an 8 . 3 cM interval on chromosome 11 .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Genomic sequences hybridizing with RAPD818 , RAPD248 and RG103 were duplicated specifically in the Xa21 NIL .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: All three markers cosegregated with the resistance locus , Xa21 , in a F2 population of 386 progeny .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Based on the frequency with which we recovered polymorphic Xa21-linked markers , we estimated the physical size of the introgressed region to be approximately 800 kb .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: This estimation was supported by physical mapping ( using pulsed field gel electrophoresis ) of the sequences hybridizing with the three Xa21-linked DNA markers .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: The results showed that the three Xa21-linked markers are physically close to each other , with one copy of the RAPD818 sequences located within 60 kb of RAPD248 and the other copy within 270 kb of RG103 .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: None of the enzymes tested generated a DNA fragment that hybridized with all three of the markers indicating that the introgressed region containing the resistance locus Xa21 is probably larger than 270 kb .
Score: 8.00
Title: Isolation and characterization of rice mutants compromised in Xa21-mediated resistance to X oryzae pv . oryzae .
Author: Wang GL Wu C Zeng L He C Baraoidan M de Assis Goes da Silva F Williams CE Ronald PC Leung H
Journal: Theor . Appl . Genet . Citation: V : 108 ( 3 ) P : 379-84 Year: 2004
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14523518 Accession (PMID): 14523518
Abstract: The rice gene , Xa21 , confers resistance to diverse races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) and encodes a receptor-like kinase with leucine-rich repeats in the extra-cellular domain . To identify genes essential for the function of the Xa21 gene , 4 , 500 IRBB21 ( Xa21 isogenic line in IR24 background ) mutants , induced by diepoxybutane and fast neutrons , were screened against Philippine race six ( PR6 ) Xoo for a change from resistance to susceptibility . From two greenhouse screens , 23 mutants were identified that had changed from resistant to fully ( 6 ) or partially ( 17 ) susceptible to PR6 . All fully susceptible mutants carried rearrangements at the Xa21 locus as detected by PCR and Southern hybridization . For the partially susceptible mutants , no changes were detected at the Xa21 locus based on Southern and PCR analyses . However , two of these mutants were confirmed via genetic analysis to have mutations at the Xa21 locus . Partially susceptible mutants exhibited variation in level of susceptibility to different Xoo strains , suggesting that they may carry different mutations required for the Xa21-mediated resistance . The mutants identified in this study provide useful materials for dissecting the Xa21-mediated resistance pathway in rice .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: To identify genes essential for the function of the Xa21 gene , 4 , 500 IRBB21 ( Xa21 isogenic line in IR24 background ) mutants , induced by diepoxybutane and fast neutrons , were screened against Philippine race six ( PR6 ) Xoo for a change from resistance to susceptibility .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice gene , Xa21 , confers resistance to diverse races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) and encodes a receptor-like kinase with leucine-rich repeats in the extra-cellular domain .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: All fully susceptible mutants carried rearrangements at the Xa21 locus as detected by PCR and Southern hybridization .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: For the partially susceptible mutants , no changes were detected at the Xa21 locus based on Southern and PCR analyses .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , two of these mutants were confirmed via genetic analysis to have mutations at the Xa21 locus .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Partially susceptible mutants exhibited variation in level of susceptibility to different Xoo strains , suggesting that they may carry different mutations required for the Xa21-mediated resistance .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The mutants identified in this study provide useful materials for dissecting the Xa21-mediated resistance pathway in rice .
Score: 8.00
Title: Analysis of T-DNA Xa21 loci and bacterial blight resistance effects of the transgene Xa21 in transgenic rice .
Author: Zhai W Chen C Zhu X Chen X Zhang D Li X Zhu L
Journal: Theor . Appl . Genet . Citation: V : 109 ( 3 ) P : 534-42 Year: 2004
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15088086 Accession (PMID): 15088086
Abstract: The genetic loci and phenotypic effects of the transgene Xa21 , a bacterial blight ( BB ) resistance gene cloned from rice , were investigated in transgenic rice produced through an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system . The flanking sequences of integrated T-DNAs were isolated from Xa21 transgenic rice lines using thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR . Based on the analysis of 24 T-DNA Xa21 flanking sequences , T-DNA loci in rice could be classified into three types : the typical T-DNA integration with the definite left and right borders , the T-DNA integration linked with the adjacent vector backbone sequences and the T-DNA integration involved in a complicated recombination in the flanking sequences . The T-DNA integration in rice was similar to that in dicotyledonous genomes but was significantly different from the integration produced through direct DNA transformation approaches . All three types of integrated transgene Xa21 could be stably inherited and expressed the BB resistance through derived generations in their respective transgenic lines . The flanking sequences of the typical T-DNA integration consisted of actual rice genomic DNA and could be used as probes to locate the transgene on the rice genetic map . A total of 15 different rice T-DNA flanking sequences were identified . They displayed restriction fragment length polymorphisms ( RFLPs ) between two rice varieties , ZYQ8 and JX17 , and were mapped on rice chromosomes 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 and 12 , respectively , by using a double haploid population derived from a cross between ZYQ8 and JX17 . The blast search and homology comparison of the rice T-DNA flanking sequences with the rice chromosome-anchored sequence database confirmed the RFLP mapping results . On the basis of genetic mapping of the T-DNA Xa21 loci , the BB resistance effects of the transgene Xa21 at different chromosome locations were investigated using homozygous transgenic lines with only one copy of the transgene . Among the transgenic lines , no obvious position effects of the transgene Xa21 were observed . In addition , the BB resistance levels of the Xa21 transgenic plants with different transgene copy numbers and on different genetic backgrounds were also investigated . It was observed that genetic background ( or genome ) effects were more obvious than dosage effects and position effects on the BB resistance level of the transgenic plants .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 2.00 ]: On the basis of genetic mapping of the T-DNA Xa21 loci , the BB resistance effects of the transgene Xa21 at different chromosome locations were investigated using homozygous transgenic lines with only one copy of the transgene .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The genetic loci and phenotypic effects of the transgene Xa21 , a bacterial blight ( BB ) resistance gene cloned from rice , were investigated in transgenic rice produced through an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The flanking sequences of integrated T-DNAs were isolated from Xa21 transgenic rice lines using thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Based on the analysis of 24 T-DNA Xa21 flanking sequences , T-DNA loci in rice could be classified into three types : the typical T-DNA integration with the definite left and right borders , the T-DNA integration linked with the adjacent vector backbone sequences and the T-DNA integration involved in a complicated recombination in the flanking sequences .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: All three types of integrated transgene Xa21 could be stably inherited and expressed the BB resistance through derived generations in their respective transgenic lines .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Among the transgenic lines , no obvious position effects of the transgene Xa21 were observed .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: In addition , the BB resistance levels of the Xa21 transgenic plants with different transgene copy numbers and on different genetic backgrounds were also investigated .
Score: 8.00
Title: Elucidation of XA21-mediated innate immunity .
Author: Park CJ Han SW Chen X Ronald PC
Journal: Cell Microbiol Citation: V : 12 P : 1017-25 Year: 2010
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20590657 Accession (PMID): 20590657
Abstract: In the early 1970s , the Xa21 gene from the wild rice species Oryza longistaminata drew attention of rice breeders because of its broad-spectrum resistance to diverse strains of a serious bacterial disease of rice in Asia and Africa , called bacterial blight disease , caused by the Gram-negative bacterium , Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) . In 1995 , we isolated the gene controlling this resistance and in 2009 demonstrated that XA21 recognizes a highly conserved peptide , called Ax21 ( activator of XA21-mediated immunity ) . Tyrosine sulfation of Ax21 is required for recognition by rice XA21 . A decade of genetic , molecular and biochemical studies have uncovered key components of the XA21-mediated signalling cascade . Ax21 recognition by XA21 at the cell surface induces phosphorylation-mediated events , which are predicted to alter subcellular localization and/or DNA-binding activity of a WRKY family of transcription factors . Because XA21 is representative of the large number of predicted pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) in rice ( n = 328 ) , Arabidopsis ( n = 35 ) and other plant species , further characterization of XA21-mediated signalling pathways will contribute to elucidation of these important defence responses .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: In 1995 , we isolated the gene controlling this resistance and in 2009 demonstrated that XA21 recognizes a highly conserved peptide , called Ax21 ( activator of XA21-mediated immunity ) .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: Because XA21 is representative of the large number of predicted pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) in rice ( n = 328 ) , Arabidopsis ( n = 35 ) and other plant species , further characterization of XA21-mediated signalling pathways will contribute to elucidation of these important defence responses .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the early 1970s , the Xa21 gene from the wild rice species Oryza longistaminata drew attention of rice breeders because of its broad-spectrum resistance to diverse strains of a serious bacterial disease of rice in Asia and Africa , called bacterial blight disease , caused by the Gram-negative bacterium , Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tyrosine sulfation of Ax21 is required for recognition by rice XA21 .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: A decade of genetic , molecular and biochemical studies have uncovered key components of the XA21-mediated signalling cascade .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Ax21 recognition by XA21 at the cell surface induces phosphorylation-mediated events , which are predicted to alter subcellular localization and/or DNA-binding activity of a WRKY family of transcription factors .
Score: 7.00
Title: Short communication : developmental control of Xa21-mediated disease resistance in rice .
Author: Century KS Lagman RA Adkisson M Morlan J Tobias R Schwartz K Smith A Love J Ronald PC Whalen MC .
Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 20 ( 2 ) P : 231-6 Year: 1999
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10571882 Accession (PMID): 10571882
Abstract: The rice resistance gene Xa21 confers resistance against the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) . The molecular genetic mechanism controlling the integration of the Xa21-mediated disease resistance response with the developmental program in rice is under study in this model system . Reproducible means of infecting plants at certain developmental stages were designed based on the timing of full expansion of the leaf . Xa21-resistance progressively increases from the susceptible juvenile leaf 2 stage through later stages , with 100% resistance at the adult leaf 9/10 stage . We found that Xa21 expression is independent of plant developmental stage , infection with Xoo , or wounding . Expression of the Xa21 gene transcript is not correlated with expression of Xa21 disease resistance indicating that the developmental regulation of Xa21-resistance is either controlled post-transcriptionally or by other factors .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 3.00 ]: Expression of the Xa21 gene transcript is not correlated with expression of Xa21 disease resistance indicating that the developmental regulation of Xa21-resistance is either controlled post-transcriptionally or by other factors .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice resistance gene Xa21 confers resistance against the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The molecular genetic mechanism controlling the integration of the Xa21-mediated disease resistance response with the developmental program in rice is under study in this model system .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Xa21-resistance progressively increases from the susceptible juvenile leaf 2 stage through later stages , with 100% resistance at the adult leaf 9/10 stage .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: We found that Xa21 expression is independent of plant developmental stage , infection with Xoo , or wounding .
Score: 7.00
Title: The autophosphorylated Ser686 , Thr688 , and Ser689 residues in the intracellular juxtamembrane domain of XA21 are implicated in stability control of rice receptor-like kinase .
Author: Xu WH Wang YS Liu GZ Chen X Tinjuangjun P Pi LY Song WY .
Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 45 ( 5 ) P : 740-51 Year: 2006
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16460508 Accession (PMID): 16460508
Abstract: The rice gene Xa21 confers resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) . Xa21 encodes a receptor-like kinase ( XA21 ) . We demonstrate that XA21 autophosphorylates residues Ser686 , Thr688 and Ser689 in vitro . Substitution of these residues with alanines did not affect the autophosphorylation function of this kinase , but specifically destabilized the resistance protein in vitro and in vivo . Plants carrying these same substitutions in XA21 were compromised in their resistance to the normally avirulent Xoo Philippine race 6 . Additionally , we show that wild-type XA21 and the kinase-dead mutant with the invariable Lys736 residue mutated to glutamic acid were also proteolytically degraded in protein extracts . Finally , we show a correlation between the in vitro degradation and in vivo instability of the proteins . We propose that autophosphorylation of Ser686 , Thr688 and Ser689 functions to stabilize XA21 against the developmentally controlled proteolytic activity .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: Xa21 encodes a receptor-like kinase ( XA21 ) .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice gene Xa21 confers resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: We demonstrate that XA21 autophosphorylates residues Ser686 , Thr688 and Ser689 in vitro .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Plants carrying these same substitutions in XA21 were compromised in their resistance to the normally avirulent Xoo Philippine race 6 .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Additionally , we show that wild-type XA21 and the kinase-dead mutant with the invariable Lys736 residue mutated to glutamic acid were also proteolytically degraded in protein extracts .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: We propose that autophosphorylation of Ser686 , Thr688 and Ser689 functions to stabilize XA21 against the developmentally controlled proteolytic activity .
Score: 7.00
Title: Ectopic expression of rice Xa21 overcomes developmentally controlled resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae .
Author: Park CJ Lee SW Chern M Sharma R Canlas PE Song MY Jeon JS Ronald PC
Journal: Plant Sci Citation: V : 179 P : 466-71 Year: 2010
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21076626 Accession (PMID): 21076626
Abstract: Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs ) by pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) activates the innate immune response . The rice PRR , XA21 , confers robust resistance at adult stages to most strains of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) . Seedlings are still easily infected by Xoo , causing severe yield losses . Here we report that Xa21 is induced by Xoo infection and that ectopic expression of Xa21 confers resistance at three leaf stage ( three-week-old ) , overcoming the developmental limitation of XA21-mediated resistance . Ectopic expression of Xa21 also up-regulates a larger set of defense-related genes as compared to Xa21 driven by the native promoter . These results indicate that altered regulation of Xa21 expression is useful for developing enhanced resistance to Xoo at multiple developmental stages .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 3.00 ]: Here we report that Xa21 is induced by Xoo infection and that ectopic expression of Xa21 confers resistance at three leaf stage ( three-week-old ) , overcoming the developmental limitation of XA21-mediated resistance .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: Ectopic expression of Xa21 also up-regulates a larger set of defense-related genes as compared to Xa21 driven by the native promoter .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice PRR , XA21 , confers robust resistance at adult stages to most strains of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results indicate that altered regulation of Xa21 expression is useful for developing enhanced resistance to Xoo at multiple developmental stages .
Score: 6.00
Title: [ Accelerated improvement of bacterial blight resistance of Shuhui527 using molecular marker-assisted selection ]
Author: Huang TY Li SG Wang YP Li HY .
Journal: Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao Citation: V : 19 ( 2 ) P : 153-7 Year: 2003
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15966313 Accession (PMID): 15966313
Abstract: Shuhui527 is a promising restorer line bred by Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University in recent years . However , this line is susceptible to Bacterial Blight ( BB ) , which limits its use . The IRBB60 , from the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , contains dominant genes Xa21 and Xa4 conferring resistance to BB . The objective of this study is to improve the BB resistance of Shuhui527 by introgressing Xa21 and Xa4 , the two broad-spectrum BB resistance genes , into Shuhui527 with IRBB60 as the donor , pTA248 and MP12 , linking tightly with Xa21 and Xa4 respectively as DNA markers . BC1 F1 progenies of ( Shuhui527 x IRBB60 ) , containing Xa21 and Xa4 identified using PCR screening and with agronomic traits including plant type , grain type and days to heading etc similar to those of Shuhui527 , were subsequently backcrossed to Shuhui527 and self-pollinated to generate BC2 F1 and BC1 F2 . The BC3 F1 and BC3 F2 were subsequently developed using the same approach . Among the 20 BC3 F2 plants , homozygous Xa21 and Xa4 , 10 plants were the most similar to Shuhui527 in the agronomic traits , and were screened using 120 pairs SSR and 100 pairs RAPD markers . Based on the results of the background screening and the performance of the agronomic traits , 5 plants were identified as improved-Shuhui527 and designated as 527R-5 , 527R-6 , 527R-8 , 527R-9 and 527R-10 . The improved- Shuhui527 lines expressed high resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) stains C I - C VII , P1 and P6 . The evaluation of the polymorphisms and selection accuracies of pTA248 and MP12 demonstrated that the polymorphisms of the two markers were obvious and co-dominant and the accuracies were more than 97% and 83% respectively , indicating the two markers are good for Xa21 and Xa4 in Molecular Marker-assisted Selection .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: The objective of this study is to improve the BB resistance of Shuhui527 by introgressing Xa21 and Xa4 , the two broad-spectrum BB resistance genes , into Shuhui527 with IRBB60 as the donor , pTA248 and MP12 , linking tightly with Xa21 and Xa4 respectively as DNA markers .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The IRBB60 , from the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , contains dominant genes Xa21 and Xa4 conferring resistance to BB .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: BC1 F1 progenies of ( Shuhui527 x IRBB60 ) , containing Xa21 and Xa4 identified using PCR screening and with agronomic traits including plant type , grain type and days to heading etc similar to those of Shuhui527 , were subsequently backcrossed to Shuhui527 and self-pollinated to generate BC2 F1 and BC1 F2 . The BC3 F1 and BC3 F2 were subsequently developed using the same approach .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Among the 20 BC3 F2 plants , homozygous Xa21 and Xa4 , 10 plants were the most similar to Shuhui527 in the agronomic traits , and were screened using 120 pairs SSR and 100 pairs RAPD markers .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: The evaluation of the polymorphisms and selection accuracies of pTA248 and MP12 demonstrated that the polymorphisms of the two markers were obvious and co-dominant and the accuracies were more than 97% and 83% respectively , indicating the two markers are good for Xa21 and Xa4 in Molecular Marker-assisted Selection .
Score: 6.00
Title: Epigenetic inheritance in rice plants .
Author: Akimoto K Katakami H Kim HJ Ogawa E Sano CM Wada Y Sano H
Journal: Ann Bot ( Lond ) Citation: V : 100 P : 205-17 Year: 2007
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17576658 Accession (PMID): 17576658
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS : Epigenetics is defined as mechanisms that regulate gene expression without base sequence alteration . One molecular basis is considered to be DNA cytosine methylation , which reversibly modifies DNA or chromatin structures . Although its correlation with epigenetic inheritance over generations has been circumstantially shown , evidence at the gene level has been limited . The present study aims to find genes whose methylation status directly correlates with inheritance of phenotypic changes . METHODS : DNA methylation in vivo was artificially reduced by treating rice ( Oryza sativa ssp . japonica ) seeds with 5-azadeoxycytidine , and the progeny were cultivated in the field for > 10 years . Genomic regions with changed methylation status were screened by the methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphysm ( MSAP ) method , and cytosine methylation was directly scanned by the bisulfite mapping method . Pathogen infection with Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae , race PR2 was performed by the scissors-dip method on mature leaf blades . KEY RESULTS : The majority of seedlings were lethal , but some survived to maturity . One line designated as Line-2 showed a clear marker phenotype of dwarfism , which was stably inherited by the progeny over nine generations . MSAP screening identified six fragments , among which two were further characterized by DNA blot hybridization and direct methylation mapping . One clone encoding a retrotransposon gag-pol polyprotein showed a complete erasure of 5-methylcytosines in Line-2 , but neither translocation nor expression of this region was detectable . The other clone encoded an Xa21-like protein , Xa21G . In wild-type plants , all cytosines were methylated within the promoter region , whereas in Line-2 , corresponding methylation was completely erased throughout generations . Expression of Xa21G was not detectable in wild type but was constitutive in Line-2 . When infected with X oryzae pv . oryzae , against which Xa21 confers resistance in a gene-for-gene manner , the progeny of Line-2 were apparently resistant while the wild type was highly susceptible without Xa21G expression . CONCLUSIONS : These results indicated that demethylation was selective in Line-2 , and that promoter demethylation abolished the constitutive silencing of Xa21G due to hypermethylation , resulting in acquisition of disease resistance . Both hypomethylation and resistant trait were stably inherited . This is a clear example of epigenetic inheritance , and supports the idea of Lamarckian inheritance which suggested acquired traits to be heritable .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 2.00 ]: The other clone encoded an Xa21-like protein , Xa21G .
[ Sen. 15, subscore: 2.00 ]: When infected with X oryzae pv . oryzae , against which Xa21 confers resistance in a gene-for-gene manner , the progeny of Line-2 were apparently resistant while the wild type was highly susceptible without Xa21G expression .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 1.00 ]: Expression of Xa21G was not detectable in wild type but was constitutive in Line-2 .
[ Sen. 16, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSIONS : These results indicated that demethylation was selective in Line-2 , and that promoter demethylation abolished the constitutive silencing of Xa21G due to hypermethylation , resulting in acquisition of disease resistance .
Score: 6.00
Title: [ Expression and autophosphorylation analysis of XA21 and PI-D2 protein kinases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ]
Author: Wang SL Li LY Shang JJ Wang J Liu GZ
Journal: Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao Citation: V : 47 P : 1009-12 Year: 2007
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18271255 Accession (PMID): 18271255
Abstract: Rice bacterial blight and blast are the most crucial rice disease . Xa21 confers resistance to bacterial blight , while Pi-d2 confers resistance to rice blast Both Xa21 and Pi-d2 encode receptor kinase-like proteins . Biochemical properties of XA21 kinase expressed in bacterial were characterized in our previous report . In this study , both XA21 and PI-D2 kinase domain were PCR amplified and cloned into yeast expression vector pEGH via recombinational cloning strategy , kinase proteins expressed in eukaryotic yeast system was purified and autophosphorylation assay was carried out . The results indicated that XA21 and PI-D2 protein can be detected by SDS-PAGE and showed expected molecular weight . Autophosphorylation assay indicated that yeast expressed XA21 and PI-D2 were active when incubated with P32 labelled ATP . The experiment provided basic materials for biochemical prosperity analysis , protein-protein interaction and substrate screening research .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: Xa21 confers resistance to bacterial blight , while Pi-d2 confers resistance to rice blast Both Xa21 and Pi-d2 encode receptor kinase-like proteins .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Biochemical properties of XA21 kinase expressed in bacterial were characterized in our previous report .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this study , both XA21 and PI-D2 kinase domain were PCR amplified and cloned into yeast expression vector pEGH via recombinational cloning strategy , kinase proteins expressed in eukaryotic yeast system was purified and autophosphorylation assay was carried out .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The results indicated that XA21 and PI-D2 protein can be detected by SDS-PAGE and showed expected molecular weight .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Autophosphorylation assay indicated that yeast expressed XA21 and PI-D2 were active when incubated with P32 labelled ATP .
Score: 6.00
Title: Dissection of the factors affecting development-controlled and race-specific disease resistance conferred by leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase-type R genes in rice .
Author: Zhao J Fu J Li X Xu C Wang S
Journal: Theor Appl Genet Citation: V : P : Year: 2009
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19390838 Accession (PMID): 19390838
Abstract: Development-controlled resistance and resistance specificity frequently restrict the application of a disease resistance ( R ) gene in crop breeding programs . Xa3/Xa26 and Xa21 , encoding leucine-rich repeat ( LRR ) -kinase type plasma membrane proteins , mediate race-specific resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) , which causes bacterial blight , one of the most devastating rice diseases . Plants carrying Xa3/Xa26 and plants carrying Xa21 have different resistance spectra and the functions of the two R genes are regulated by developmental stage . Four chimeric genes encoding proteins consisting of different parts of XA3/XA26 and XA21 were constructed by domain swapping and transformed into a susceptible rice variety . The resistance spectra and development-regulated resistance of the transgenic plants carrying Xa3/Xa26 , Xa21 , or chimeric gene to different Xoo strains were analyzed in the same genetic background . The results suggest that the gradually increased expression of Xa3/Xa26 and Xa21 plays an important role in the progressively enhanced Xoo resistance during rice development . In addition , the LRR domains of XA3/XA26 and XA21 are important determinants of race-specific recognition during rice-Xoo interaction , but juxtamembrane regions of the two R proteins also appear to contribute to resistance specificity .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Xa3/Xa26 and Xa21 , encoding leucine-rich repeat ( LRR ) -kinase type plasma membrane proteins , mediate race-specific resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) , which causes bacterial blight , one of the most devastating rice diseases .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Plants carrying Xa3/Xa26 and plants carrying Xa21 have different resistance spectra and the functions of the two R genes are regulated by developmental stage .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Four chimeric genes encoding proteins consisting of different parts of XA3/XA26 and XA21 were constructed by domain swapping and transformed into a susceptible rice variety .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The resistance spectra and development-regulated resistance of the transgenic plants carrying Xa3/Xa26 , Xa21 , or chimeric gene to different Xoo strains were analyzed in the same genetic background .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The results suggest that the gradually increased expression of Xa3/Xa26 and Xa21 plays an important role in the progressively enhanced Xoo resistance during rice development .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: In addition , the LRR domains of XA3/XA26 and XA21 are important determinants of race-specific recognition during rice-Xoo interaction , but juxtamembrane regions of the two R proteins also appear to contribute to resistance specificity .
Score: 6.00
Title: Overexpression of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP3 regulates XA21-mediated innate immunity in rice .
Author: Park CJ Bart R Chern M Canlas PE Bai W Ronald PC
Journal: PLoS One Citation: V : 5 P : e9262 Year: 2010
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20174657 Accession (PMID): 20174657
Abstract: Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) activates the innate immune response . Although PRR-mediated signaling events are critical to the survival of plants and animals , secretion and localization of PRRs have not yet been clearly elucidated . Here we report the in vivo interaction of the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) chaperone BiP3 with the rice XA21 PRR , which confers resistance to the Gram negative bacterium , Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) . We show that XA21 is glycosylated and is primarily localized to the ER and also to the plasma membrane ( PM ) . In BiP3-overexpressing rice plants , XA21-mediated immunity is compromised , XA21 stability is significantly decreased , and XA21 proteolytic cleavage is inhibited . BiP3 overexpression does not affect the general rice defense response , cell death or brassinolide-induced responses . These results indicate that BiP3 regulates XA21 protein stability and processing and that this regulation is critical for resistance to Xoo .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 3.00 ]: In BiP3-overexpressing rice plants , XA21-mediated immunity is compromised , XA21 stability is significantly decreased , and XA21 proteolytic cleavage is inhibited .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Here we report the in vivo interaction of the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) chaperone BiP3 with the rice XA21 PRR , which confers resistance to the Gram negative bacterium , Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: We show that XA21 is glycosylated and is primarily localized to the ER and also to the plasma membrane ( PM ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results indicate that BiP3 regulates XA21 protein stability and processing and that this regulation is critical for resistance to Xoo .
Score: 5.00
Title: [ Generation of selectable marker-free and vector backbone sequence-free Xa21 transgenic rice ]
Author: Xia ZH Li XB Chen CY Fan HK Jiang GH Zhu LH Zhai WX .
Journal: Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao Citation: V : 22 ( 2 ) P : 204-10 Year: 2006
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16607944 Accession (PMID): 16607944
Abstract: The dominant gene Xa21 with broad-spectrum and high resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) was transferred into C418 , an important restorer line of japonica hybrid rice in China using double right-border ( DRB ) T-DNA binary vector through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation . 17 transgenic lines were Xa21-positive with high resistance to the race P6 of Xoo through PCR analysis and resistance identification , among the total 27 independent primary transformants ( T0 ) obtained . The subsequent analysis of the T1 progenies of these 17 T0 lines through PCR-assisted selection and resistance investigation showed that four Xa21 transgenic T0 lines could produce selectable marker-free ( SMF ) progenies . The frequency of primary transformants producing SMF progenies was 15% . In addition , PCR analysis also revealed these SMF progenies did not contain vector backbone sequence , and they were named as SMF and vector backbone sequence-free ( SMF-VBSF ) Xa21 transgenic plants . The further molecular and phenotypic analysis of the T2 and T3 progenies testified the homozygous SMF-VBSF Xa21 transgenic plants were obtained with high resistance to Xoo .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The dominant gene Xa21 with broad-spectrum and high resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) was transferred into C418 , an important restorer line of japonica hybrid rice in China using double right-border ( DRB ) T-DNA binary vector through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: 17 transgenic lines were Xa21-positive with high resistance to the race P6 of Xoo through PCR analysis and resistance identification , among the total 27 independent primary transformants ( T0 ) obtained .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The subsequent analysis of the T1 progenies of these 17 T0 lines through PCR-assisted selection and resistance investigation showed that four Xa21 transgenic T0 lines could produce selectable marker-free ( SMF ) progenies .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In addition , PCR analysis also revealed these SMF progenies did not contain vector backbone sequence , and they were named as SMF and vector backbone sequence-free ( SMF-VBSF ) Xa21 transgenic plants .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The further molecular and phenotypic analysis of the T2 and T3 progenies testified the homozygous SMF-VBSF Xa21 transgenic plants were obtained with high resistance to Xoo .
Score: 5.00
Title: [ Advances of rice bacterial blight disease resistance gene Xa21 ]
Author: Bai H Li LY Liu GZ .
Journal: Yi Chuan Citation: V : 28 ( 6 ) P : 745-53 Year: 2006
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16818441 Accession (PMID): 16818441
Abstract: Gene Xa21 is the first disease resistance gene cloned from rice ( Oryza sativa L ) , which encodes a receptor-like kinase and confers broad spectrum resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) . In this paper , the discovery , mapping and cloning of Xa21 were reviewed briefly . The molecular mechanism of resistance and its breeding application , including biochemical properties of the kinase domain of XA21 , AvrXa21 identification , the disease resistance pathway mediated by Xa21 , and the mechanism of disease resistance were summarized . Future perspective on Xa21-related research is also discussed .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: The molecular mechanism of resistance and its breeding application , including biochemical properties of the kinase domain of XA21 , AvrXa21 identification , the disease resistance pathway mediated by Xa21 , and the mechanism of disease resistance were summarized .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Gene Xa21 is the first disease resistance gene cloned from rice ( Oryza sativa L ) , which encodes a receptor-like kinase and confers broad spectrum resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this paper , the discovery , mapping and cloning of Xa21 were reviewed briefly .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Future perspective on Xa21-related research is also discussed .
Score: 5.00
Title: An ATPase promotes autophosphorylation of the pattern recognition receptor XA21 and inhibits XA21-mediated immunity .
Author: Chen X Chern M Canlas PE Ruan D Jiang C Ronald PC
Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Citation: V : 107 P : 8029-34 Year: 2010
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20385831 Accession (PMID): 20385831
Abstract: Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) are key components of the innate immune response in animals and plants . These receptors typically carry or associate with non-RD kinases to control early events of innate immunity signaling . Despite their importance , the mode of regulation of PRRs is largely unknown . Here we show that the rice PRR , XA21 , interacts with XA21 binding protein 24 ( XB24 ) , a previously undescribed ATPase . XB24 promotes autophosphorylation of XA21 through its ATPase activity . Rice lines silenced for Xb24 display enhanced XA21-mediated immunity , whereas rice lines overexpressing XB24 are compromised for immunity . XB24 ATPase enzyme activity is required for XB24 function . XA21 is degraded in the presence of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern Ax21 when XB24 is overexpressed . These results demonstrate a function for this large class of broadly conserved ATPases in PRR-mediated immunity .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: Here we show that the rice PRR , XA21 , interacts with XA21 binding protein 24 ( XB24 ) , a previously undescribed ATPase .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: XB24 promotes autophosphorylation of XA21 through its ATPase activity .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Rice lines silenced for Xb24 display enhanced XA21-mediated immunity , whereas rice lines overexpressing XB24 are compromised for immunity .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: XA21 is degraded in the presence of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern Ax21 when XB24 is overexpressed .
Score: 5.00
Title: Transcriptional characteristics of Xa21-mediated defense responses in rice .
Author: Gan Q Bai H Zhao X Tao Y Zeng H Han Y Song W Zhu L Liu G
Journal: J Integr Plant Biol Citation: V : 53 P : 300-11 Year: 2011
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21324061 Accession (PMID): 21324061
Abstract: Bacterial blight , caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) , is the most destructive bacterial disease of rice . The cloned rice gene Xa21 confers resistance to a broad spectrum of Xoo races . To identify genes involved in Xa21-mediated immunity , a whole-genome oligonucleotide microarray of rice was used to profile the expression of rice genes between incompatible interactions and mock treatments at 0 , 4 , 8 , 24 , 72 and 120 h post inoculation ( hpi ) or between incompatible and compatible interactions at 4 hpi , respectively . A total of 441 differentially expressed genes , designated as XDGs ( Xa21 mediated differentially expressed genes ) , were identified . Based on their functional annotations , the XDGs were assigned to 14 categories , including defense-related , signaling , transcriptional regulators . Most of the defense-related genes belonged to the pathogenesis-related gene family , which was induced dramatically at 72 and 120 hpi . Interestingly , most signaling and transcriptional regulator genes were downregulated at 4 and 8 hpi , suggesting that negative regulation of cellular signaling may play a role in the Xa21-mediated defense response . Comparison of expression profiles between Xa21 and other R gene-mediated defense systems revealed interesting common responses . Representative XDGs with supporting evidences were also discussed .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The cloned rice gene Xa21 confers resistance to a broad spectrum of Xoo races .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: To identify genes involved in Xa21-mediated immunity , a whole-genome oligonucleotide microarray of rice was used to profile the expression of rice genes between incompatible interactions and mock treatments at 0 , 4 , 8 , 24 , 72 and 120 h post inoculation ( hpi ) or between incompatible and compatible interactions at 4 hpi , respectively .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: A total of 441 differentially expressed genes , designated as XDGs ( Xa21 mediated differentially expressed genes ) , were identified .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Interestingly , most signaling and transcriptional regulator genes were downregulated at 4 and 8 hpi , suggesting that negative regulation of cellular signaling may play a role in the Xa21-mediated defense response .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Comparison of expression profiles between Xa21 and other R gene-mediated defense systems revealed interesting common responses .
Score: 5.00
Title: Cleavage and nuclear localization of the rice XA21 immune receptor .
Author: Park CJ Ronald PC
Journal: Nat Commun Citation: V : 3 P : 920 Year: 2012
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22735448 Accession (PMID): 22735448
Abstract: Plants and animals carry specific receptors that recognize invading pathogens and respond by activating an immune response . The rice XA21 receptor confers broad-spectrum immunity to the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen , Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae upon recognition of a small protein , Ax21 , that is conserved in all Xanthomonas species and related genera . Here we demonstrate that XA21 is cleaved to release the intracellular kinase domain and that this intracellular domain carries a functional nuclear localization sequence . Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays indicate that the XA21 intracellular domain interacts with the OsWRKY62 transcriptional regulator exclusively in the nucleus of rice protoplasts . In vivo cleavage of XA21 and translocalization of the intracellular kinase domain to the nucleus is required for the XA21-mediated immune response . These results suggest a new model for immune receptor function : on receptor recognition of conserved microbial signatures , the associated kinase translocates to the nucleus where it directly interacts with transcriptional regulators .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: In vivo cleavage of XA21 and translocalization of the intracellular kinase domain to the nucleus is required for the XA21-mediated immune response .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice XA21 receptor confers broad-spectrum immunity to the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen , Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae upon recognition of a small protein , Ax21 , that is conserved in all Xanthomonas species and related genera .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Here we demonstrate that XA21 is cleaved to release the intracellular kinase domain and that this intracellular domain carries a functional nuclear localization sequence .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays indicate that the XA21 intracellular domain interacts with the OsWRKY62 transcriptional regulator exclusively in the nucleus of rice protoplasts .
Score: 4.00
Title: [ Genetic mapping of T-DNA integration sites in Xa21 transgenic rice ]
Author: Zhu XF Chen XW Li XB Qian Q Huang DN Zhu LH Zhai WX .
Journal: Yi Chuan Xue Bao Citation: V : 29 ( 10 ) P : 880-6 Year: 2002
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12561472 Accession (PMID): 12561472
Abstract: The transformation mediated by Agrobacterium has been successfully applied to rice in recent years . In the previous research we have transferred the Xa21 gene into five rice varieties of China , using Agrobacterium-mediated trasformation . In this study , T-DNA flanking sequences of Xa21 transgenic rice lines were obtained by using thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR ( TAIL-PCR ) . The flanking sequences which are actual rice DNA were identified and located on molecular linkage map developed from a ZYQ8/JX17 double haploid ( DH ) population . A total of 22 T-DNA flanking rice sequences were isolated . Nineteen of them displayed RFLPs between the two parents , ZYQ8 and JX17 , and were mapped on the rice chromosomes , 3 , 4 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 and 12 , respectively . The genetic mapping of T-DNA integration sites in Xa21 transgenic rice will benefit the study of position effect and stable inheritance of the transgene Xa21 .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: The genetic mapping of T-DNA integration sites in Xa21 transgenic rice will benefit the study of position effect and stable inheritance of the transgene Xa21 .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the previous research we have transferred the Xa21 gene into five rice varieties of China , using Agrobacterium-mediated trasformation .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this study , T-DNA flanking sequences of Xa21 transgenic rice lines were obtained by using thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR ( TAIL-PCR ) .
Score: 4.00
Title: Cloning and characterization of receptor kinase class disease resistance gene candidates in Citrus .
Author: Deng Z Gmitter FG .
Journal: Theor . Appl . Genet . Citation: V : 108 ( 1 ) P : 53-61 Year: 2003
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub13679986 Accession (PMID): 13679986
Abstract: The rice gene Xa21 represents a unique class of plant disease resistance ( R ) genes with distinct protein structure and broad-spectrum specificity ; few sequences or genes of this class have been cloned and characterized in other plant species . Degenerate primers were designed from the conserved motifs in the kinase domains of Xa21 and tomato Pto , and used in PCR amplification to identify this class of resistance gene candidate ( RGC ) sequences from citrus for future evaluation of possible association with citrus canker resistance . Twenty-nine RGC sequences highly similar to the kinase domain of Xa21 ( 55%-60% amino-acid identity ) were cloned and characterized . To facilitate recovery of full-length gene structures and to overcome RGC mapping limitations , large-insert genomic clones ( BACs ) were identified , fingerprinted and assembled into contigs . Southern hybridization revealed the presence of 1-3 copies of receptor-like kinase sequences ( ie , clustering ) in each BAC . Some of these sequences were sampled by PCR amplification and direct sequencing . Twenty-three sequences were thus obtained and classified into five groups and eight subgroups , which indicates the possibility of enhancing RGC sequence diversity from BACs . A primer-walking strategy was employed to derive full-length gene structures from two BAC clones ; both sequences 17o6RLK and 26m19RLK contained all the features of the rice Xa21 protein , including a signal peptide , the same number of leucine-rich-repeats , and transmembrane and kinase domains . These results demonstrate that PCR amplification with appropriately designed degenerate primers is an efficient approach for cloning receptor-like kinase class RGCs . Utilization of BAC clones can facilitate this approach in multiple ways by improving sequence diversity , providing full-length genes , and assisting in understanding gene structures and distribution .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice gene Xa21 represents a unique class of plant disease resistance ( R ) genes with distinct protein structure and broad-spectrum specificity ; few sequences or genes of this class have been cloned and characterized in other plant species .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Degenerate primers were designed from the conserved motifs in the kinase domains of Xa21 and tomato Pto , and used in PCR amplification to identify this class of resistance gene candidate ( RGC ) sequences from citrus for future evaluation of possible association with citrus canker resistance .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Twenty-nine RGC sequences highly similar to the kinase domain of Xa21 ( 55%-60% amino-acid identity ) were cloned and characterized .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: A primer-walking strategy was employed to derive full-length gene structures from two BAC clones ; both sequences 17o6RLK and 26m19RLK contained all the features of the rice Xa21 protein , including a signal peptide , the same number of leucine-rich-repeats , and transmembrane and kinase domains .
Score: 4.00
Title: [ Isolation and Sequence Analysis of the Xa21 Gene Wxon II Homologus from Different Species of Wild Rice in Yunnan . ]
Author: Qian J Cheng ZQ Yang MZ Liu JM Wu CJ Huang XQ .
Journal: Yi Chuan Citation: V : 27 ( 3 ) P : 382-286 Year: 2005
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15985401 Accession (PMID): 15985401
Abstract: The Xa21 gene previously cloned from the wild rice species Oryzae longistaminata confers broad-spectrum resistance to rice leaf blight caused by different strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae . Here we attempted to determine the existence of Xa21 homologs in other wild rice species and rice cultivars and the sequence differences between the homologs . We synthesized specific primers based on the reported Xa21 sequence to amplify homologs of the gene exon II from several rice cultivars and three wild rice species in Yunnan Province , China . The fragments cloned from various types of O rufipogon Griff from Jinghong and Yuanjiang , Yunnan Province , were highly homologous to the reported Xa21 gene exon II . However , the fragment was not found in O officinalis Wall . and O meyeriana Baill . Sequence analysis suggested that differences in nucleotides were located randomly in the fragments we cloned .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The Xa21 gene previously cloned from the wild rice species Oryzae longistaminata confers broad-spectrum resistance to rice leaf blight caused by different strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Here we attempted to determine the existence of Xa21 homologs in other wild rice species and rice cultivars and the sequence differences between the homologs .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: We synthesized specific primers based on the reported Xa21 sequence to amplify homologs of the gene exon II from several rice cultivars and three wild rice species in Yunnan Province , China .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The fragments cloned from various types of O rufipogon Griff from Jinghong and Yuanjiang , Yunnan Province , were highly homologous to the reported Xa21 gene exon II .
Score: 4.00
Title: [ Application of competitive PCR for screening selectable marker-free Xa21 transgenic rice ]
Author: Xia Z Gao L Luo Y Deng X Li S Zhai W
Journal: Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao Citation: V : 25 P : 605-10 Year: 2009
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19637639 Accession (PMID): 19637639
Abstract: Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) is a simple , quick and highly sensitive method . However the accuracy of the conventional PCR assay was often affected by false positives and false negatives . In this study , a protocol competitive PCR was used to reduce the false results in screening for selectable marker-free ( SMF ) Xa2l transgenic rice plants . The competitive template of Xa21 was the endogenous Xa2l homologous sequence located on chromosome 11 . The competitive template of the selectable marker gene , hygromycin phosphotransferase ( hpt ) , was an additive DNA extracted from hpt transgenic Nipponbare ( Oryza sativa L ) . Through competitive PCR analysis of transgenic T1 plants produced by double right border binary vector , false positive or false negative samples were effectively diminished , and genuine SMF Xa21 transgenic plants were obviously obtained . Comparing with the conventional non-competitive PCR , competitive PCR increased the accuracy for selecting SMF Xa21 transgenic plants . The results of bacterial blight ( BB ) resistance tests and hygromycin B resistance assay of SMF Xa21 transgenic plants testified the reliability of this method .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The competitive template of Xa21 was the endogenous Xa2l homologous sequence located on chromosome 11 .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Through competitive PCR analysis of transgenic T1 plants produced by double right border binary vector , false positive or false negative samples were effectively diminished , and genuine SMF Xa21 transgenic plants were obviously obtained .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Comparing with the conventional non-competitive PCR , competitive PCR increased the accuracy for selecting SMF Xa21 transgenic plants .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The results of bacterial blight ( BB ) resistance tests and hygromycin B resistance assay of SMF Xa21 transgenic plants testified the reliability of this method .
Score: 4.00
Title: A type I-secreted , sulfated peptide triggers XA21-mediated innate immunity .
Author: Lee SW Han SW Sririyanum M Park CJ Seo YS Ronald PC
Journal: Science Citation: V : 326 P : 850-3 Year: 2009
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19892983 Accession (PMID): 19892983
Abstract: The rice Xa21 gene confers immunity to most strains of the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) . Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of biologically active fractions from Xoo supernatants led to the identification of a 194-amino acid protein designated Ax21 ( activator of XA21-mediated immunity ) . A sulfated , 17-amino acid synthetic peptide ( axY ( S ) 22 ) derived from the N-terminal region of Ax21 is sufficient for activity , whereas peptides lacking tyrosine sulfation are biologically inactive . Using coimmunoprecipitation , we found that XA21 is required for axY ( S ) 22 binding and recognition . axY ( S ) 22 is 100% conserved in all analyzed Xanthomonas species , confirming that Ax21 is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern and that XA21 is a pattern recognition receptor .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: Using coimmunoprecipitation , we found that XA21 is required for axY ( S ) 22 binding and recognition . axY ( S ) 22 is 100% conserved in all analyzed Xanthomonas species , confirming that Ax21 is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern and that XA21 is a pattern recognition receptor .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice Xa21 gene confers immunity to most strains of the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of biologically active fractions from Xoo supernatants led to the identification of a 194-amino acid protein designated Ax21 ( activator of XA21-mediated immunity ) .
Score: 4.00
Title: Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of the rice response to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae .
Author: Sana TR Fischer S Wohlgemuth G Katrekar A Jung KH Ronald PC Fiehn O
Journal: Metabolomics Citation: V : 6 P : 451-465 Year: 2010
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20676379 Accession (PMID): 20676379
Abstract: Bacterial leaf blight ( BLB ) , caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) , gives rise to devastating crop losses in rice . Disease resistant rice cultivars are the most economical way to combat the disease . The TP309 cultivar is susceptible to infection by Xoo strain PXO99 . A transgenic variety , TP309_Xa21 , expresses the pattern recognition receptor Xa21 , and is resistant . PXO99 big up tri , openraxST , a strain lacking the raxST gene , is able to overcome Xa21-mediated immunity . We used a single extraction solvent to demonstrate comprehensive metabolomics and transcriptomics profiling under sample limited conditions , and analyze the molecular responses of two rice lines challenged with either PXO99 or PXO99 big up tri , openraxST . LC-TOF raw data file filtering resulted in better within group reproducibility of replicate samples for statistical analyses . Accurate mass match compound identification with molecular formula generation ( MFG ) ranking of 355 masses was achieved with the METLIN database . GC-TOF analysis yielded an additional 441 compounds after BinBase database processing , of which 154 were structurally identified by retention index/MS library matching . Multivariate statistics revealed that the susceptible and resistant genotypes possess distinct profiles . Although few mRNA and metabolite differences were detected in PXO99 challenged TP309 compared to mock , many differential changes occurred in the Xa21-mediated response to PXO99 and PXO99 big up tri , openraxST . Acetophenone , xanthophylls , fatty acids , alkaloids , glutathione , carbohydrate and lipid biosynthetic pathways were affected . Significant transcriptional induction of several pathogenesis related genes in Xa21 challenged strains , as well as differential changes to GAD , PAL , ICL1 and Glutathione-S-transferase transcripts indicated limited correlation with metabolite changes under single time point global profiling conditions . ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL : The online version of this article ( doi : 10 . 1007/s11306-010-0218-7 ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: A transgenic variety , TP309_Xa21 , expresses the pattern recognition receptor Xa21 , and is resistant .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: PXO99 big up tri , openraxST , a strain lacking the raxST gene , is able to overcome Xa21-mediated immunity .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although few mRNA and metabolite differences were detected in PXO99 challenged TP309 compared to mock , many differential changes occurred in the Xa21-mediated response to PXO99 and PXO99 big up tri , openraxST .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Significant transcriptional induction of several pathogenesis related genes in Xa21 challenged strains , as well as differential changes to GAD , PAL , ICL1 and Glutathione-S-transferase transcripts indicated limited correlation with metabolite changes under single time point global profiling conditions .
Score: 4.00
Title: [ A PCR marker-based selection for resistance to bacterial blight in rice ]
Author: Lu C Li X Zhu L Zhang Q Yang W Zhao B Wang C
Journal: Yi Chuan Xue Bao Citation: V : 23 ( 2 ) P : 110-6 Year:
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8695180 Accession (PMID): 8695180
Abstract: Molecular marker-based selection in plant breeding requires not only suitable molecular markers closely linked to the known genes , but a simple , economic and reliable analyzing technique . We report here a useful PCR marker for genetic diagnostics in breeding for resistance to rice bacterial blight . Xa21 is a newly found gene of rice which confers resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae . We produced two F2 populations between one resistant line IRBB21 containing Xa21 and two susceptible varieties , respectively . One PCR marker , PB78 , detected polymorphism between the susceptible varieties and the resistant line . Cosegregation between Xa21 and PB78 was studied in the two F2 populations . The results showed that Xa21 was closely linked to the molecular marker , the crossing over value was 2 . 48% . Marker-based selection revealed that 100% of the plants with homozygous resistant genotype of PB78 showed resistance to bacterial blight . The available approaches detecting molecular markers in plant breeding are also discussed .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Xa21 is a newly found gene of rice which confers resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: We produced two F2 populations between one resistant line IRBB21 containing Xa21 and two susceptible varieties , respectively .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cosegregation between Xa21 and PB78 was studied in the two F2 populations .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The results showed that Xa21 was closely linked to the molecular marker , the crossing over value was 2 . 48% .
Score: 3.00
Title: [ Introduction of wide spectrum rice bacterial blight resistance gene Xa21 into two-line genic male sterile rice variety Peiai 64S ]
Author: Zhao B Wang WM Zheng XW Wang CL Ma BJ Xue QZ Zhu LH Zhai WX .
Journal: Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao Citation: V : 16 ( 2 ) P : 137-41 Year: 2000
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10976312 Accession (PMID): 10976312
Abstract: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of two-line genic male sterile Indica rice variety Peiai 64S was conducted using a cloned gene , Xa21 , as the foreign gene and mature embryo calli as the recipients . A total of 46 transgenic plants had been obtained . The PCR analysis and Southern blotting showed the integration of Xa21 gene into the genome the transgenic plants . Results of inoculation with philippine race 6 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae indicated that most of transgenic plants obtained high resistance to rice bacterial blight disease ( Xoo ) . Analyses of T1 plants of the tested transgenic lines showed that integrated Xa21 gene could be steadily inherited and segregated in a 3 : 1 ratio .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of two-line genic male sterile Indica rice variety Peiai 64S was conducted using a cloned gene , Xa21 , as the foreign gene and mature embryo calli as the recipients .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The PCR analysis and Southern blotting showed the integration of Xa21 gene into the genome the transgenic plants .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Analyses of T1 plants of the tested transgenic lines showed that integrated Xa21 gene could be steadily inherited and segregated in a 3 : 1 ratio .
Score: 3.00
Title: Are the dominant and recessive plant disease resistance genes similar? A case study of rice R genes and Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae races .
Author: Li ZK Sanchez A Angeles E Singh S Domingo J Huang N Khush GS .
Journal: Genetics Citation: V : 159 ( 2 ) P : 757-65 Year: 2001
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11606550 Accession (PMID): 11606550
Abstract: The resistance of rice to its bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) has both qualitative and quantitative components that were investigated using three near-isogenic line sets for four resistance ( R ) genes ( Xa4 , xa5 , xa13 , and Xa21 ) and 12 Xoo races . Our results indicate that these two resistance components of rice plants were associated with the properties of the R genes . The qualitative component of the R genes was reflected by their large effects against corresponding avirulent Xoo races . The quantitative component of the R genes was their residual effects against corresponding virulent races and their epistatic effects , which together could lead to high-level resistance in a race-specific manner . Our results revealed important differences between the different types of R genes . Two R genes , Xa4 and Xa21 , showed complete dominance against the avirulent Xoo races and had large residual effects against virulent ones . They acted independently and cumulatively , suggesting they are involved in different pathways of the rice defensive system . The third R gene , xa5 , showed partial dominance or additivity to the avirulent Xoo races and had relatively small but significant residual effects against the virulent races . In contrast , xa13 was completely recessive , had no residual effects against the virulent races , and showed more pronounced race specificity . There was a strong interaction leading to increased resistance between xa13 and xa5 and between either of them and Xa4 or Xa21 , suggesting their regulatory roles in the rice defensive pathway ( s ) . Our results indicated that high-level and durable resistance to Xoo should be more efficiently achieved by pyramiding different types of R genes .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The resistance of rice to its bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) has both qualitative and quantitative components that were investigated using three near-isogenic line sets for four resistance ( R ) genes ( Xa4 , xa5 , xa13 , and Xa21 ) and 12 Xoo races .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Two R genes , Xa4 and Xa21 , showed complete dominance against the avirulent Xoo races and had large residual effects against virulent ones .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: There was a strong interaction leading to increased resistance between xa13 and xa5 and between either of them and Xa4 or Xa21 , suggesting their regulatory roles in the rice defensive pathway ( s ) .
Score: 3.00
Title: [ A genetically modified japonica restorer line , C418-Xa21 , and its hybrid rice with bacterial blight resistance ]
Author: Li XB Yi CD Zhai WX Yang ZY Zhu LH .
Journal: Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao Citation: V : 17 ( 4 ) P : 380-4 Year: 2001
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11702691 Accession (PMID): 11702691
Abstract: The cloned bacterial blight ( BB ) resistance gene Xa21 was transferred into C418 , a major restorer line of japonica hybrid rice in China , using an Agrobacterium-mediated system . The integrated single copy of transgene displayed a 3 : 1 segregation ratio in T1 generation in PCR and resistance analyses . The transgenic homozygous C418-Xa21 lines were selected in T2 generation through PCR and resistance analyses . The selected transgenic restorer lines were then crossed with a commonly used sterile line , TijinA , to produce Xa21 transgenic hybrid rice . Molecular analysis revealed that the produced hybrid rice , named as Tiyou418-Xa21 , inherited the transgene . Both C418-Xa21 and Tiyou418-Xa21 plants displayed high resistance with a broad spectrum to Xoo races and maintained their normal elite agronomic characters . We also observed that the resistance level of Tiyou418-Xa21 was obviously higher than that of C418-Xa21 which may be attributed to their differences in genetic background . The propagation of this BB resistant hybrid variety with the transgene Xa21 with extend hybrid rice production in north China .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The cloned bacterial blight ( BB ) resistance gene Xa21 was transferred into C418 , a major restorer line of japonica hybrid rice in China , using an Agrobacterium-mediated system .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The selected transgenic restorer lines were then crossed with a commonly used sterile line , TijinA , to produce Xa21 transgenic hybrid rice .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The propagation of this BB resistant hybrid variety with the transgene Xa21 with extend hybrid rice production in north China .
Score: 3.00
Title: The Xanthomonas oryzae pv . lozengeoryzae raxP and raxQ genes encode an ATP sulphurylase and adenosine-5-phosphosulphate kinase that are required for AvrXa21 avirulence activity .
Author: Shen Y Sharma P da Silva FG Ronald P
Journal: Mol . Microbiol . Citation: V : 44 ( 1 ) P : 37-48 Year: 2002
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11967067 Accession (PMID): 11967067
Abstract: Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) Philippine race 6 ( PR6 ) is unable to cause bacterial blight disease on rice lines containing the rice resistance gene Xa21 but is virulent on non-Xa21 rice lines , indicating that PR6 carries avirulence ( avrXa21 ) determinants required for recognition by XA21 . Here we show that two Xoo genes , raxP and raxQ , are required for AvrXa21 activity . raxP and raxQ , which reside in a genomic cluster of sulphur assimilation genes , encode an ATP sulphurylase and APS ( adenosine-5-phosphosulphate ) kinase . These enzymes function together to produce activated forms of sulphate , APS and PAPS ( 3-phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulphate ) . Xoo PR6 strains carrying disruptions in either gene , PR6DeltaraxP or PR6DeltaraxQ , are unable to produce APS and PAPS and are virulent on Xa21-containing rice lines . RaxP and RaxQ are similar to the bacterial symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti host specificity proteins , NodP and NodQ and the Escherichia coli cysteine synthesis proteins CysD , CysN and CysC . The APS and PAPS produced by RaxP and RaxQ are used for both cysteine synthesis and sulphation of other molecules . Mutation in Xoo xcysI , a homologue of Escherichia coli cysI that is required for cysteine synthesis , blocked APS or PAPS-dependent cysteine synthesis but did not affect AvrXa21 activity , suggesting that AvrXa21 activity is related to sulphation rather than cysteine synthesis . Taken together , these results demonstrate that APS and PAPS production plays a critical role in determining avirulence of a phytopathogen and reveal a commonality between symbiotic and phytopathogenic bacteria .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) Philippine race 6 ( PR6 ) is unable to cause bacterial blight disease on rice lines containing the rice resistance gene Xa21 but is virulent on non-Xa21 rice lines , indicating that PR6 carries avirulence ( avrXa21 ) determinants required for recognition by XA21 .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Xoo PR6 strains carrying disruptions in either gene , PR6DeltaraxP or PR6DeltaraxQ , are unable to produce APS and PAPS and are virulent on Xa21-containing rice lines .
Score: 3.00
Title: Bacterial genes involved in type I secretion and sulfation are required to elicit the rice Xa21-mediated innate immune response .
Author: da Silva FG Shen Y Dardick C Burdman S Yadav RC de Leon AL Ronald PC .
Journal: Mol . Plant Microbe Interact . Citation: V : 17 ( 6 ) P : 593-601 Year: 2004
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15195942 Accession (PMID): 15195942
Abstract: Innate immunity to microorganisms relies on the specific sensing of pathogen-associated molecules by host recognition receptors . Whereas studies in animals have largely focused on the recognition of extracellular pathogen-associated molecules by the TLR ( toll-like receptor ) superfamily , few studies have been carried out in plants , and it is not understood how these molecules are secreted or modified . The rice Xa21 gene encodes a receptor-like kinase that provides immunity against strains of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae carrying AvrXa21 activity . We identified four X oryzae pv . oryzae genes that are required for AvrXa21 activity . raxA , raxB , and raxC encode proteins with similarity to a membrane fusion protein , an ATP-binding cassette transporter , and an outer membrane protein , respectively , of bacterial type I secretion systems . The fourth gene , raxST , encodes a sulfotransferase-like protein . Sequence analysis of three naturally occurring X oryzae pv . oryzae strains no longer recognized by Xa21 revealed alterations in the raxST and raxA genes . The raxC gene complemented an Escherichia coli tolC mutant for secretion of a double glycine-leader peptide confirming the function of raxC in type I secretion . These results indicate that bacterial type I secretion is necessary for Xa21-mediated recognition and immunity and further suggest that type I secretion and modification of pathogen-associated molecules play an important role in triggering the innate immune response in rice .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice Xa21 gene encodes a receptor-like kinase that provides immunity against strains of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae carrying AvrXa21 activity .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sequence analysis of three naturally occurring X oryzae pv . oryzae strains no longer recognized by Xa21 revealed alterations in the raxST and raxA genes .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results indicate that bacterial type I secretion is necessary for Xa21-mediated recognition and immunity and further suggest that type I secretion and modification of pathogen-associated molecules play an important role in triggering the innate immune response in rice .
Score: 3.00
Title: RaxH/RaxR : a two-component regulatory system in Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae required for AvrXa21 activity .
Author: Burdman S Shen Y Lee SW Xue Q Ronald P
Journal: Mol . Plant Microbe Interact . Citation: V : 17 ( 6 ) P : 602-12 Year: 2004
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15195943 Accession (PMID): 15195943
Abstract: Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight , one of the most serious diseases in rice . X oryzae pv . oryzae Philippine race 6 ( PR6 ) strains are unable to establish infection in rice lines expressing the resistance gene Xa21 . Although the pathogen-associated molecule that triggers the Xa21-mediated defense response ( AvrXa21 ) is unknown , six rax ( required for AvrXa21 activity ) genes encoding proteins involved in sulfur metabolism and Type I secretion were recently identified . Here , we report on the identification of two additional rax genes , raxR and raxH , which encode a response regulator and a histidine protein kinase of two-component regulatory systems , respectively . Null mutants of PR6 strain PXO99 that are impaired in either raxR , raxH , or both cause lesions significantly longer and grow to significantly higher levels than does the wild-type strain in Xa21-rice leaves . Both raxR and raxH mutants are complemented to wild-type levels of AvrXa21 activity by introduction of expression vectors carrying raxR and raxH , respectively . These null mutants do not affect AvrXa7 and AvrXa10 activities , as observed in inoculation experiments with Xa7 and Xa10-rice lines . Western blot and raxR/gfp promoter-reporter analyses confirmed RaxR expression in X oryzae pv . oryzae . The results of promoter-reporter studies also suggest that the previously identified raxSTAB operon is a target for RaxH/RaxR regulation . Characterization of the RaxH/RaxR system provides new opportunities for understanding the specificity of the X oryzae pv . oryzae-Xa21 interaction and may contribute to the identification of AvrXa21 .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: X oryzae pv . oryzae Philippine race 6 ( PR6 ) strains are unable to establish infection in rice lines expressing the resistance gene Xa21 .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although the pathogen-associated molecule that triggers the Xa21-mediated defense response ( AvrXa21 ) is unknown , six rax ( required for AvrXa21 activity ) genes encoding proteins involved in sulfur metabolism and Type I secretion were recently identified .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Null mutants of PR6 strain PXO99 that are impaired in either raxR , raxH , or both cause lesions significantly longer and grow to significantly higher levels than does the wild-type strain in Xa21-rice leaves .
Score: 3.00
Title: [ Analysis of the transgenic rice plants derived from transformed anther calli ]
Author: Jiang S Chen CY Cheng ZK Cai R Zhai WX Zhu LH .
Journal: Yi Chuan Xue Bao Citation: V : 31 ( 12 ) P : 1381-7 Year: 2004
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15633644 Accession (PMID): 15633644
Abstract: Rice calli derived from anther culture were used as recipient to transfer a rice blight resistance gene , Xa21 , into a japonica rice variety , Taipei 309 , via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation . Seven green transgenic plants , including one mixoploid , two haploid , and four diploid plants , were regenerated . PCR , Southern blot , FISH and blight resistance analysis all indicated that Xa21 gene has been integrated into the T0 plant genomes . T1 generations of the four diploid T0 plants were further investigated for resistance segregation . Chi2 test showed that two T1 populations segregated with a ratio of 3 : 1 , indicating that a single copy of Xa21 gene was integrated into the genome , whereas the segregation ratios of the other two T1 populations were non-Mendelian . Therefore , the four diploid transgenic plants should be heterozygous diploids .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Rice calli derived from anther culture were used as recipient to transfer a rice blight resistance gene , Xa21 , into a japonica rice variety , Taipei 309 , via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: PCR , Southern blot , FISH and blight resistance analysis all indicated that Xa21 gene has been integrated into the T0 plant genomes .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Chi2 test showed that two T1 populations segregated with a ratio of 3 : 1 , indicating that a single copy of Xa21 gene was integrated into the genome , whereas the segregation ratios of the other two T1 populations were non-Mendelian .
Score: 3.00
Title: Rice NRR , a negative regulator of disease resistance , interacts with Arabidopsis NPR1 and rice NH1 .
Author: Chern M Canlas PE Fitzgerald HA Ronald PC .
Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 43 ( 5 ) P : 623-35 Year: 2005
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16115061 Accession (PMID): 16115061
Abstract: Arabidopsis NPR1/NIM1 is a key regulator of systemic acquired resistance ( SAR ) , which confers lasting broad-spectrum resistance . Over-expression of Arabidopsis NPR1 or the NPR1 homolog 1 ( NH1 ) in rice results in enhanced resistance to the pathogen Xanthomonasoryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) , suggesting the presence of a related defense pathway in rice . We investigated this pathway in rice by identifying proteins that interact with NH1 . Here we report the isolation and characterization of a rice cDNA encoding a novel protein , named NRR ( for negative regulator of resistance ) . NRR interacts with NPR1 in the NPR1-interacting domain ( NI25 ) consisting of 25 amino acids . NRR also interacts with NH1 ; however , NI25 was not sufficient for a strong interaction , indicating a difference between the rice and the Arabidopsis proteins . Silencing of NRR in rice had little effect on resistance to Xoo . When constitutively over-expressed in rice , NRR affected basal resistance , age-related resistance and Xa21-mediated resistance , causing enhanced susceptibility to Xoo . This phenotype was correlated with elevated NRR mRNA and protein levels and increased Xoo growth . Over-expression of NRR suppressed the induction of defense-related genes . NRR : GFP ( green fluorescent protein ) protein was localized to the nucleus , indicating that NRR may act directly to suppress the activation of defense genes . The fact that NRR compromises Xa21-mediated resistance indicates cross-talk or overlap between NH1 and Xa21-mediated pathways .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 2.00 ]: The fact that NRR compromises Xa21-mediated resistance indicates cross-talk or overlap between NH1 and Xa21-mediated pathways .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: When constitutively over-expressed in rice , NRR affected basal resistance , age-related resistance and Xa21-mediated resistance , causing enhanced susceptibility to Xoo .
Score: 3.00
Title: Perception of the chitin oligosaccharides contributes to disease resistance to blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in rice .
Author: Kishimoto K Kouzai Y Kaku H Shibuya N Minami E Nishizawa Y
Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 64 P : 343-54 Year: 2010
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21070413 Accession (PMID): 21070413
Abstract: Chitin is a component of fungal cell walls , and its fragments act as elicitors in many plants . The plasma membrane glycoprotein CEBiP , which possesses LysM domains , is a receptor for the chitin elicitor ( CE ) in rice . Here , we report that the perception of CE by CEBiP contributes to disease resistance against the rice blast fungus , Magnaporthe oryzae , and that enhanced responses to CE by engineering CEBiP increase disease tolerance . Knockdown of CEBiP expression allowed increased spread of the infection hyphae . To enhance defense responses to CE , we constructed chimeric genes composed of CEBiP and Xa21 , which mediate resistance to rice bacterial leaf blight . The expression of either CRXa1 or CRXa3 , each of which contains the whole extracellular portion of CEBiP , the whole intracellular domain of XA21 , and the transmembrane domain from either CEBiP or XA21 , induced cell death accompanied by an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species after treatment with CE . Rice plants expressing the chimeric receptor exhibited necrotic lesions in response to CE and became more resistant to M oryzae . Deletion of the first LysM domain in CRXA1 abolished these cellular responses . These results suggest that CEs are produced and recognized through the LysM domain of CEBiP during the interaction between rice and M oryzae and imply that engineering pattern recognition receptors represents a new strategy for crop protection against fungal diseases .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: The expression of either CRXa1 or CRXa3 , each of which contains the whole extracellular portion of CEBiP , the whole intracellular domain of XA21 , and the transmembrane domain from either CEBiP or XA21 , induced cell death accompanied by an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species after treatment with CE .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: To enhance defense responses to CE , we constructed chimeric genes composed of CEBiP and Xa21 , which mediate resistance to rice bacterial leaf blight .
Score: 3.00
Title: Enhancement of MAMP signaling by chimeric receptors improves disease resistance in plants .
Author: Kishimoto K Kouzai Y Kaku H Shibuya N Minami E Nishizawa Y
Journal: Plant Signal Behav Citation: V : 6 P : 449-51 Year: 2011
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21364321 Accession (PMID): 21364321
Abstract: Plants activate defense responses through the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns ( MAMPs ) . Recently , several pattern-recognition receptors ( PRRs ) have been identified in plants , paving the way for manipulating MAMP signaling . CEBiP is a receptor for the chitin elicitor ( CE ) identified in the rice plasma membrane and XA21 is a member of the receptor-like protein kinase ( RLK ) family that confers disease resistance to rice bacterial leaf blight expressing the sulfated protein Ax21 . To improve resistance to rice blast , the most serious fungal disease of rice , we aimed to create a defense system that combines high affinity of CEBiP for CE and the ability of XA21 to confer disease resistance . Cultured rice cells expressing the chimeric receptor CRXA , which consists of CEBiP and the intracellular region of XA21 , induced cell death accompanied by an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species after exposure to CE . Rice plants expressing the chimeric receptor exhibited more resistance to rice blast Engineering PRRs may be a new strategy in molecular breeding for achieving disease resistance .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: CEBiP is a receptor for the chitin elicitor ( CE ) identified in the rice plasma membrane and XA21 is a member of the receptor-like protein kinase ( RLK ) family that confers disease resistance to rice bacterial leaf blight expressing the sulfated protein Ax21 .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: To improve resistance to rice blast , the most serious fungal disease of rice , we aimed to create a defense system that combines high affinity of CEBiP for CE and the ability of XA21 to confer disease resistance .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cultured rice cells expressing the chimeric receptor CRXA , which consists of CEBiP and the intracellular region of XA21 , induced cell death accompanied by an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species after exposure to CE .
Score: 3.00
Title: Identification and expression analysis of components involved in rice Xa21-mediated disease resistance signalling .
Author: Bai H Lan JP Gan Q Wang XY Hou MM Cao YH Li LY Liu LJ Hao YJ Yin CC Wu L Zhu LH Liu GZ
Journal: Plant Biol ( Stuttg ) Citation: V : P : Year: 2012
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22672582 Accession (PMID): 22672582
Abstract: Rice Xa21 gene encodes a receptor-like kinase that confers broad-spectrum resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) . Recently , a number of genes involved in the Xa21-mediated disease resistance pathway have been identified . Based on our previous data and the literature , we chose 16 candidate proteins and made corresponding antibodies . Using Western blotting , we systematically investigated the expression profile of the proteins in Xa21-mediated disease resistance response . We found nine proteins with altered expression . We further compared their expression in resistance , susceptible and mock responses , and found that GST expression was up-regulated during the resistance process , indicating GST is a positive regulator in resistance responses . ATPsB expression was down-regulated during both the resistance and susceptible response processes , although it was higher in the resistance response than that in the susceptible response . The total amount of MYB , GAPDH , CatB , Trx and NB-ARC proteins was lower in the resistance than in the susceptible response , but their abundance per unit bacteria in the resistance response was still higher than in the susceptible response , suggesting that these proteins might be positive regulators in the resistance response . In addition , expression of another ERF was induced by inoculation with bacterial blight pathogen , and expression of Zf-LSD1 was activated by wounding stress alone . Interestingly , most proteins showed similar altered expression patterns in the resistance and susceptible responses , but differed to some extents , implying that both responses might share common molecular mechanisms . This study revealed evidence of resistance-related protein expression , providing a foundation for better understanding of their functions .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Rice Xa21 gene encodes a receptor-like kinase that confers broad-spectrum resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Recently , a number of genes involved in the Xa21-mediated disease resistance pathway have been identified .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Using Western blotting , we systematically investigated the expression profile of the proteins in Xa21-mediated disease resistance response .
Score: 3.00
Title: A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene , Xa21 .
Author: Song WY Wang GL Chen LL Kim HS Pi LY Holsten T Gardner J Wang B Zhai WX Zhu LH Fauquet C Ronald P
Journal: Science Citation: V : 270 ( 5243 ) P : 1804-6 Year: 1995
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8525370 Accession (PMID): 8525370
Abstract: The rice Xa21 gene , which confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae race 6 , was isolated by positional cloning . Fifty transgenic rice plants carrying the cloned Xa21 gene display high levels of resistance to the pathogen . The sequence of the predicted protein , which carries both a leucine-rich repeat motif and a serine-threonine kinase-like domain , suggests a role in cell surface recognition of a pathogen ligand and subsequent activation of an intracellular defense response . Characterization of Xa21 should facilitate understanding of plant disease resistance and lead to engineered resistance in rice .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice Xa21 gene , which confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae race 6 , was isolated by positional cloning .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Fifty transgenic rice plants carrying the cloned Xa21 gene display high levels of resistance to the pathogen .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Characterization of Xa21 should facilitate understanding of plant disease resistance and lead to engineered resistance in rice .
Score: 3.00
Title: The molecular basis of disease resistance in rice .
Author: Ronald PC .
Journal: Plant Mol . Biol . Citation: V : 35 ( 1-2 ) P : 179-86 Year: 1997
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9291971 Accession (PMID): 9291971
Abstract: The rice gene Xa21 conferring resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) , was isolated using a map-based cloning strategy . Compared with previously cloned genes , the structure of Xa21 represents a novel class of plant disease R genes encoding a putative receptor kinase ( RK ) . This article proposes a model for the mode of action of Xa21 and summarizes our current knowledge of the modular basis of resistance in rice to bacterial leaf blight and blast
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice gene Xa21 conferring resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) , was isolated using a map-based cloning strategy .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Compared with previously cloned genes , the structure of Xa21 represents a novel class of plant disease R genes encoding a putative receptor kinase ( RK ) .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: This article proposes a model for the mode of action of Xa21 and summarizes our current knowledge of the modular basis of resistance in rice to bacterial leaf blight and blast
Score: 2.00
Title: [ Amplification and analysis of T-DNA flanking sequences in transgenic rice ]
Author: Fang J Zhai WX Wang WM Li SW Zhu LH .
Journal: Yi Chuan Xue Bao Citation: V : 28 ( 4 ) P : 345-51 Year:
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11329876 Accession (PMID): 11329876
Abstract: Rice transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens has technically matured to some extent , but the mechanics of T-DNA integration in transgenic rice remains largely unknown . Using thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR ( TAIL-PCR ) , we analyzed the flanking sequences of T-DNAs in transgenic rice plants , in which the resistance gene for rice bacterial blight disease , Xa21 , had been integrated stably . Sequence analysis of 24 fragments amplified by TAIL-PCR showed that of them 14 were rice genomic DNA , 9 contained vector backbone sequences , and one was a fragment of the exogenous gene Xa21 . The characteristics of the 14 rice genomic DNA sequences at T-DNA integrated sites are significantly different from those of the reported rice genomic sequences into which exogenous genes were integrated through direct DNA transformation methods . T-DNA border sequences integrated in rice genome have similar features as those integrated in dicotyledonous genomes . In the backbone containing flanking sequences ( 37 . 5% , 9/24 ) vector backbones appeared in different types .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Using thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR ( TAIL-PCR ) , we analyzed the flanking sequences of T-DNAs in transgenic rice plants , in which the resistance gene for rice bacterial blight disease , Xa21 , had been integrated stably .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sequence analysis of 24 fragments amplified by TAIL-PCR showed that of them 14 were rice genomic DNA , 9 contained vector backbone sequences , and one was a fragment of the exogenous gene Xa21 .
Score: 2.00
Title: Marker assisted selection of bacterial blight resistance genes in rice .
Author: Davierwala AP Reddy AP Lagu MD Ranjekar PK Gupta VS .
Journal: Biochem . Genet . Citation: V : 39 ( 7-8 ) P : 261-78 Year: 2001
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11590832 Accession (PMID): 11590832
Abstract: Bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae is one of the most important diseases affecting rice production in Asia . We were interested in surveying rice genotypes that are popularly used in the Indian breeding program for conferring resistance to bacterial blight , using 11 STMS and 6 STS markers . The basis of selection of these DNA markers was their close linkage to xa5 , xa13 , and Xa21 genes and their positions on the rice genetic map relative to bacterial blight resistance genes . Eight lines were found to contain the xa5 gene while two lines contained Xa21 gene and none of the lines contained the xa13 gene with the exception of its near-isogenic line . Using the polymorphic markers obtained in the initial survey , marker-assisted selection was performed in the F3 population of a cross between IR-64 and IET-14444 to detect lines containing multiple resistance genes . Of the 59 progeny lines analyzed , eight lines contained both the resistance genes , xa5 and Xa4 .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The basis of selection of these DNA markers was their close linkage to xa5 , xa13 , and Xa21 genes and their positions on the rice genetic map relative to bacterial blight resistance genes .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Eight lines were found to contain the xa5 gene while two lines contained Xa21 gene and none of the lines contained the xa13 gene with the exception of its near-isogenic line .
Score: 2.00
Title: [ Study on the teratogenicity effects of genetically modified rice with Xa21 on rats ]
Author: Li Y Piao J Zhuo Q Chen X Mao D Yang L Yang X
Journal: Citation: V : 33 ( 6 ) P : 710-2 Year: 2004
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15727184 Accession (PMID): 15727184
Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To observe the effects of genetically modified rice with Xa21 on the development of rat embryos . METHODS : According to sex , weanling rats were divided into four groups : transgenic rice group , non-transgenic rice group , AIN93G negative control group and MATDA positive control group . The rats were fed with corresponding food for 90 days and mated . The development of maternal rats and embryos were observed . RESULTS : The body weight gain of pregnant rats and the body weight , body length and tail length of fetal rats in transgenic rice group were significant increased than those in positive control group . The number of death embryos and adsorption embryos , the malformation rate ( appearance , viscera , skeleton ) in transgenic rice group were lower than those in positive control group . There were no significant difference of all indicators among transgenic rice group , non-transgenic rice group and AIN93G negative control group . CONCLUSION : Compared with the non-transgenic rice , transgenic rice modified with Xa21 gene showed no significant differences in rat pregnant rate and embryo development .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : To observe the effects of genetically modified rice with Xa21 on the development of rat embryos .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSION : Compared with the non-transgenic rice , transgenic rice modified with Xa21 gene showed no significant differences in rat pregnant rate and embryo development .
Score: 2.00
Title: [ Effects of transgenes insertion on pollen vigor and hybrid seed set of rice ]
Author: Wei X Yuan X Yu H Wang Y Tang S Liao X
Journal: Citation: V : 16 ( 1 ) P : 115-8 Year: 2005
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15852969 Accession (PMID): 15852969
Abstract: In this paper , the effects of transgenes insertion on the outcross potentiality of rice varieties were assessed by pollen vigor and hybrid seed set . The in vitro pollen germination rates of five transgenic rice lines transformed respectively with bar , crylAb , BADH and Xa21 gene were investigated , and compared with their relative receptor rice varieties . The results showed that there existed a significant difference in in vitro pollen germination rates between receptor rice varieties , but no significant difference was found between transgenic rice varieties and their relative receptors . The in vitro pollen germination rate for transgenic rice varieties varied from 0 . 416 to 0 . 584 , similar to that of their relative receptors ( 0 . 400-0 . 574 ) . Investigation on the hybrid seed set of 26 hand-crosses showed that the inserted bar or crylAb gene had a significant effect on the hybrid seed set of receptors , while the effect of Xa21 gene was smaller . The hybrid seed set rate of non-transgenic rice in crosses with transgenic rice ( pollen donor ) was from 0 . 056 to 0 . 413 , not different from that in crosses with their relative receptors ( 0 . 052-0 . 417 ) . Its suggested that transgenes insertion had little effect on the outcross potentiality of rice varieties .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The in vitro pollen germination rates of five transgenic rice lines transformed respectively with bar , crylAb , BADH and Xa21 gene were investigated , and compared with their relative receptor rice varieties .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Investigation on the hybrid seed set of 26 hand-crosses showed that the inserted bar or crylAb gene had a significant effect on the hybrid seed set of receptors , while the effect of Xa21 gene was smaller .
Score: 2.00
Title: From the Academy : Colloquium review . Unique characteristics of Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae AvrXa21 and implications for plant innate immunity .
Author: Lee SW Han SW Bartley LE Ronald PC .
Journal: Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA Citation: V : 103 ( 49 ) P : 18395-400 Year: 2006
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17082309 Accession (PMID): 17082309
Abstract: This article provides a brief overview of some of the major concepts and molecular features of plant and animal innate immune systems . The rice pathogen recognition receptor , XA21 , confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae strains producing the AvrXa21 elicitor . Xa21 codes for a receptor-like kinase consisting of an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain , a transmembrane domain , and a cytoplasmic kinase domain . We show that AvrXa21 activity requires the presence of rax ( required for AvrXa21 ) A , raxB , and raxC genes that encode components of a type one secretion system . In contrast , an hrpC ( - ) strain deficient in type three secretion maintains AvrXa21 activity . Xanthomonas campestris pv . campestris can express AvrXa21 activity if raxST , encoding a putative sulfotransferase , and raxA are provided in trans . Expression of rax genes depends on population density and other functioning rax genes . This and other data suggest that the AvrXa21 pathogen-associated molecule is involved in quorum sensing . Together these data suggest that AvrXa21 represents a previously uncharacterized class of Gram-negative bacterial signaling molecules . These results from our studies of the XA21/AvrXa21 interaction call for some modifications in the way we think about innate immunity strategies .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice pathogen recognition receptor , XA21 , confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae strains producing the AvrXa21 elicitor .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Xa21 codes for a receptor-like kinase consisting of an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain , a transmembrane domain , and a cytoplasmic kinase domain .
Score: 2.00
Title: Adapting rice anther culture to gene transformation and RNA interference .
Author: Chen C Xiao H Zhang W Wang A Xia Z Li X Zhai W Cheng Z Zhu L
Journal: Sci . China , C , Life Sci . Citation: V : 49 ( 5 ) P : 414-28 Year: 2006
Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17172048 Accession (PMID): 17172048
Abstract: Anther culture offers a rapid method of generating homozygous lines for breeding program and genetic analysis . To produce homozygous transgenic lines of rice ( Oryza sativa L ) in one step , we developed an efficient protocol of anther-callus-based transformation mediated by Agrobacterium after optimizing several factors influencing efficient transformation , including callus induction and Agrobacterium density for co-cultivation . Using this protocol , we obtained 145 independent green transformants from five cultivars of japonica rice by transformation with a binary vector pCXK1301 bearing the rice gene , Xa21 for resistance to bacterial blight , of which 140 were further confirmed by PCR and Southern hybridization analysis , including haploids ( 32 . 1% ) , diploids ( 62 . 1% ) and mixoploids ( 7 . 5% ) . Fifteen diploids were found to be doubled haploids , which accounted for 10 . 7% of the total positive lines . Finally , by including 28 from colchicine induced or spontaneous diploidization of haploids later after transformation , a total of 43 doubled haploids ( 30 . 7% ) of Xa21 transgenic lines were obtained . We also generated two RNAi transgenic haploids of the rice OsMADS2 gene , a putative redundant gene of OsMADS4 based on their sequence similarity , to investigate its possible roles in rice flower development by this method . Flowers from the two OsMADS2 RNAi transgenic haploids displayed obvious homeotic alternations , in which lodicules were transformed into palea/lemma-like it issues , whereas identities of other floral organs were maintained . The phenotypic alternations were proved to result from specific transcriptional suppression of OsMADS2 gene by the introduced RNAi transgene . The results confirmed that OsMADS2 is involved in lodicule development of rice flower and functionally redundant with OsMADS4 gene . Our results demonstrated that rice anther culture could be adapted to gene transformation and RNAi analysis in rice .
Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Using this protocol , we obtained 145 independent green transformants from five cultivars of japonica rice by transformation with a binary vector pCXK1301 bearing the rice gene , Xa21 for resistance to bacterial blight , of which 140 were further confirmed by PCR and Southern hybridization analysis , including haploids ( 32 . 1% ) , diploids ( 62 . 1% ) and mixoploids ( 7 . 5% ) .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Finally , by including 28 from colchicine induced or spontaneous diploidization of haploids later after transformation , a total of 43 doubled haploids ( 30 . 7% ) of Xa21 transgenic lines were obtained .
Goto:

© Textpresso Tue Mar 19 13:28:16 2024 .