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Score: 21.00 |
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| Title: Incorporation and distribution of tritium in rats exposed to tritiated rice or tritiated soybean .
| | Author: Takeda H Iwakura T | | Journal: J Radiat . Res . Citation: V : 33 ( 4 ) P : 309-18 Year: 1992 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1293301 Accession (PMID): 1293301 | | Abstract: The incorporation and distribution of tritium were examined in rats exposed to tritiated rice or tritiated soybean by single ingestion or continuous feeding .
Results were compared with those for tritiated wheat and tritiated water in a previous study done under the same experimental conditions .
All the tritiated crops examined were more efficiently incorporated into rat it issues than was tritiated water , the extent of incorporation depending on the kind of crop .
The differences in incorporation were clear in organically bound tritium determined as tritium in dried it issue .
The respective concentrations of organically bound tritium after a single ingestion of tritiated rice , tritiated wheat or tritiated soybean were about 10-20 , 20-30 and 25-60 times higher than after the ingestion of tritiated water .
After continuous feeding for 22 days with tritiated rice , tritiated wheat or tritiated soybean , the respective concentrations of organically bound tritium were 5-8 , 6-11 and 10-25 times the values after continuous ingestion of tritiated water .
At the end of continuous ingestion , the radiation dose rates to almost of the it issues from all three tritiated crops were estimated to be 2-3 times that for tritiated water . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 5.00 ]: The respective concentrations of organically bound tritium after a single ingestion of tritiated rice , tritiated wheat or tritiated soybean were about 10-20 , 20-30 and 25-60 times higher than after the ingestion of tritiated water .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 5.00 ]: After continuous feeding for 22 days with tritiated rice , tritiated wheat or tritiated soybean , the respective concentrations of organically bound tritium were 5-8 , 6-11 and 10-25 times the values after continuous ingestion of tritiated water .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 3.00 ]: The incorporation and distribution of tritium were examined in rats exposed to tritiated rice or tritiated soybean by single ingestion or continuous feeding .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: Results were compared with those for tritiated wheat and tritiated water in a previous study done under the same experimental conditions .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: All the tritiated crops examined were more efficiently incorporated into rat it issues than was tritiated water , the extent of incorporation depending on the kind of crop .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: The differences in incorporation were clear in organically bound tritium determined as tritium in dried it issue .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: At the end of continuous ingestion , the radiation dose rates to almost of the it issues from all three tritiated crops were estimated to be 2-3 times that for tritiated water .
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Score: 16.00 |
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| Title: TriFLDB : A Database of Clustered Full-Length Coding Sequences from Triticeae with Applications to Comparative Grass Genomics .
| | Author: Mochida K Yoshida T Sakurai T Ogihara Y Shinozaki K | | Journal: Plant Physiol Citation: V : P : Year: 2009 Type: Publisher | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19448038 Accession (PMID): 19448038 | | Abstract: The Triticeae Full-Length Coding Sequence ( CDS ) Database ( TriFLDB ) contains available information regarding full-length CDSs of the Triticeae crops wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and includes functional annotations and comparative genomics features .
TriFLDB provides a search interface using keywords for gene function and related Gene Ontology ( GO ) terms and a similarity search for DNA and deduced translated amino acid sequences to access annotations of Triticeae full-length CDS ( TriFLCDS ) entries .
Annotations consist of similarity search results against several sequence databases and domain structure predictions by InterProScan .
The deduced amino acid sequences in TriFLDB are grouped with the proteome datasets for Arabidopsis , rice , and sorghum by hierarchical clustering in stepwise thresholds of sequence identity , providing hierarchical clustering results based on full-length protein sequences .
The database also provides sequence similarity results based on comparative mapping of TriFLCDSs onto the rice and sorghum genome sequences , which together with current annotations can be used to predict gene structures for TriFLCDS entries .
To provide the possible genetic locations of full-length CDSs , TriFLCDS entries are also assigned to the genetically mapped cDNA sequences of barley and diploid wheat , which are currently accommodated in TriMEDB ( Triticeae Mapped EST Database ) .
These relational data are searchable from the search interfaces of both databases .
The current TriFLDB contains 15 , 871 full-length CDSs from barley and wheat and includes putative full-length cDNAs for barley and wheat , which are publicly accessible .
This informative content provides an informatics gateway for Triticeae genomics and grass comparative genomics .
TriFLDB is publicly available at http : //TriFLDB . psc . riken . jp/ .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 4.00 ]: The Triticeae Full-Length Coding Sequence ( CDS ) Database ( TriFLDB ) contains available information regarding full-length CDSs of the Triticeae crops wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and includes functional annotations and comparative genomics features .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: TriFLDB provides a search interface using keywords for gene function and related Gene Ontology ( GO ) terms and a similarity search for DNA and deduced translated amino acid sequences to access annotations of Triticeae full-length CDS ( TriFLCDS ) entries .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 3.00 ]: To provide the possible genetic locations of full-length CDSs , TriFLCDS entries are also assigned to the genetically mapped cDNA sequences of barley and diploid wheat , which are currently accommodated in TriMEDB ( Triticeae Mapped EST Database ) .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: The database also provides sequence similarity results based on comparative mapping of TriFLCDSs onto the rice and sorghum genome sequences , which together with current annotations can be used to predict gene structures for TriFLCDS entries .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The deduced amino acid sequences in TriFLDB are grouped with the proteome datasets for Arabidopsis , rice , and sorghum by hierarchical clustering in stepwise thresholds of sequence identity , providing hierarchical clustering results based on full-length protein sequences .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The current TriFLDB contains 15 , 871 full-length CDSs from barley and wheat and includes putative full-length cDNAs for barley and wheat , which are publicly accessible .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: This informative content provides an informatics gateway for Triticeae genomics and grass comparative genomics .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: TriFLDB is publicly available at http : //TriFLDB . psc . riken . jp/ .
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Score: 14.00 |
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| Title: Growth-inhibitory and cell cycle-arresting properties of the rice bran constituent tricin in human-derived breast cancer cells in vitro and in nude mice in vivo .
| | Author: Cai H Hudson EA Mann P Verschoyle RD Greaves P Manson MM Steward WP Gescher AJ .
| | Journal: Br .
J Cancer Citation: V : 91 ( 7 ) P : 1364-71 Year: 2004 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15316567 Accession (PMID): 15316567 | | Abstract: Tricin , a flavone found in rice bran , inhibits the growth of human-derived malignant MDA-MB-468 breast tumour cells at submicromolar concentrations .
As part of the exploration of tricin as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent , we investigated the duration and cell cycle specificity of growth inhibition elicited by tricin in vitro and the effect of tricin on the development of MDA-MB-468 tumours grown in immune-compromised MF-1 mice in vivo .
Preincubation of MDA-MB-468 cells with tricin ( 1-40 microM ) for 72 h compromised cell growth after tricin removal , and such irreversibility was not observed in human breast-derived nonmalignant HBL-100 cells .
Tricin ( >/=5 microM ) arrested MDA-MB-468 cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle without inducing apoptosis as adjudged by annexin V staining .
In nude mice consumption of tricin with the diet ( 0 . 2% , w w ( -1 ) ) from 1 week prior to MDA-MB-468 cell implantation failed to impede tumour development .
Steady-state levels of tricin in plasma , breast tumour it issue and intestinal mucosa , as measured by HPLC , were 0 . 13 microM and 0 . 11 and 63 nmol g ( -1 ) , respectively .
Cells were exposed to tricin ( 0 . 11 , 1 . 1 or 11 microM ) in vitro for 72 h and then implanted into mice .
The volume of tumours in animals bearing cells pre-exposed to 11 microM tricin was less than a third of that in mice with control cells , while tumours from cells incubated with 0 . 1 or 1 . 1 microM tricin were indistinguishable from controls .
These results suggest that the potent breast tumour cell growth-inhibitory activity of tricin in vitro does not directly translate into activity in the nude mouse bearing the MDA MB-468 tumour .
While the results do not support the notion that tricin is a promising candidate for breast cancer chemoprevention , its high levels in the gastrointestinal tract after dietary intake render exploration of its ability to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis propitious . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: As part of the exploration of tricin as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent , we investigated the duration and cell cycle specificity of growth inhibition elicited by tricin in vitro and the effect of tricin on the development of MDA-MB-468 tumours grown in immune-compromised MF-1 mice in vivo .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: Preincubation of MDA-MB-468 cells with tricin ( 1-40 microM ) for 72 h compromised cell growth after tricin removal , and such irreversibility was not observed in human breast-derived nonmalignant HBL-100 cells .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: The volume of tumours in animals bearing cells pre-exposed to 11 microM tricin was less than a third of that in mice with control cells , while tumours from cells incubated with 0 . 1 or 1 . 1 microM tricin were indistinguishable from controls .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin , a flavone found in rice bran , inhibits the growth of human-derived malignant MDA-MB-468 breast tumour cells at submicromolar concentrations .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin ( >/=5 microM ) arrested MDA-MB-468 cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle without inducing apoptosis as adjudged by annexin V staining .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In nude mice consumption of tricin with the diet ( 0 . 2% , w w ( -1 ) ) from 1 week prior to MDA-MB-468 cell implantation failed to impede tumour development .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Steady-state levels of tricin in plasma , breast tumour it issue and intestinal mucosa , as measured by HPLC , were 0 . 13 microM and 0 . 11 and 63 nmol g ( -1 ) , respectively .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cells were exposed to tricin ( 0 . 11 , 1 . 1 or 11 microM ) in vitro for 72 h and then implanted into mice .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results suggest that the potent breast tumour cell growth-inhibitory activity of tricin in vitro does not directly translate into activity in the nude mouse bearing the MDA MB-468 tumour .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: While the results do not support the notion that tricin is a promising candidate for breast cancer chemoprevention , its high levels in the gastrointestinal tract after dietary intake render exploration of its ability to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis propitious .
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Score: 13.00 |
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| Title: Isolation and characterization of wheat triticin cDNA revealing a unique lysine-rich repetitive domain .
| | Author: Singh NK Donovan GR Carpenter HC Skerritt JH Langridge P | | Journal: Plant Mol . Biol . Citation: V : 22 ( 2 ) P : 227-37 Year: 1993 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8507826 Accession (PMID): 8507826 | | Abstract: Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a purified 22 kDa triticin polypeptide ( delta ) and were used to screen a wheat seed cDNA library in the Escherichia coli expression vector lambda gt11 .
The isolated cDNA clones were grouped into three families based on their cross-hybridization reactions in DNA dot-blot studies .
Southern blots of genomic DNAs extracted from ditelocentric and nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring wheat , probes with the excised cDNA inserts , indicated that one of the three families ( 9 clones ) had triticin clones .
This was finally confirmed by comparing the predicted amino acid sequences of two of these clones ( lambda Tri-12 , lambda Tri-25 ) with the published tryptic peptide sequences of triticin .
The Southern blots also showed that there is at least one triticin gene located on the short arm of each of the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes ( 1A , 1B , 1D ) , although till now no triticin protein product has been identified for the chromosome 1B .
The nucleotide sequence of the largest triticin cDNA clone lambda Tri-25 ( 1567 bp ) is presented here , and its predicted amino acid sequence shows strong homology with the legumin-like proteins of oats ( 12S globulin ) , rice ( glutelin ) and legume seeds .
A unique feature of the triticin sequence is that it contains a lysine-rich repetitive domain , inserted in the hypervariable region of the typical legumin-like genes .
Northern blotting of total RNA extracted from different stages of the developing wheat seed revealed that the triticin gene expression is switched on 5-10 days after anthesis ( DAA ) .
There was a steady increase in the level of triticin mRNA until 20 DAA , after which it started decreasing .
The maximum mRNA accumulation occurred between 17 and 20 DAA .
These observations conform closely with the published data on triticin protein accumulation during grain development .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 3.00 ]: This was finally confirmed by comparing the predicted amino acid sequences of two of these clones ( lambda Tri-12 , lambda Tri-25 ) with the published tryptic peptide sequences of triticin .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: The Southern blots also showed that there is at least one triticin gene located on the short arm of each of the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes ( 1A , 1B , 1D ) , although till now no triticin protein product has been identified for the chromosome 1B .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: The nucleotide sequence of the largest triticin cDNA clone lambda Tri-25 ( 1567 bp ) is presented here , and its predicted amino acid sequence shows strong homology with the legumin-like proteins of oats ( 12S globulin ) , rice ( glutelin ) and legume seeds .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a purified 22 kDa triticin polypeptide ( delta ) and were used to screen a wheat seed cDNA library in the Escherichia coli expression vector lambda gt11 .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Southern blots of genomic DNAs extracted from ditelocentric and nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring wheat , probes with the excised cDNA inserts , indicated that one of the three families ( 9 clones ) had triticin clones .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: A unique feature of the triticin sequence is that it contains a lysine-rich repetitive domain , inserted in the hypervariable region of the typical legumin-like genes .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Northern blotting of total RNA extracted from different stages of the developing wheat seed revealed that the triticin gene expression is switched on 5-10 days after anthesis ( DAA ) .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: There was a steady increase in the level of triticin mRNA until 20 DAA , after which it started decreasing .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: These observations conform closely with the published data on triticin protein accumulation during grain development .
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Score: 12.00 |
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| Title: Flavor production from edible oils and their constituents by Penicillium corylophilum .
| | Author: Fujikawa H Ibe A Wauke T Morozumi S Mori H | | Journal: Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi Citation: V : 43 ( 3 ) P : 160-4 Year: 2002 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12238154 Accession (PMID): 12238154 | | Abstract: Production of volatile substances from edible oils and their constituents by Penicillium corylophilum was studied to clarify the mechanism of flavor production from a non-stick oil by the organism in a rice cake system .
First , edible oils from plant and animal origins were tested for flavor production .
Among the oils tested , coconut oil was the only one from which the flavor was produced .
Second , triacylglycerols consisting of fatty acids with various lengths of carbon chain ( C6 to C13 ) were studied for flavor production .
Among the triacylglycerols tested , flavors were produced from those consisting of fatty acids with carbon chains of C6 to C11 .
The flavors consisted of methylketones and secondary alcohols , whose carbon chains were one carbon shorter than the precursor fatty acid molecules of the triacylglycerols .
Flavors similar to that from the non-stick oil were produced from tricaprylin ( C8 ) , trinonanoin ( C9 ) , and tridecanoin ( C10 ) among the triacylglycerols tested .
Formation of mould spores was more strongly suppressed by triacylglycerols with shorter chain fatty acids .
Third , fatty acids with various lengths of carbon chain ( C7 to C15 ) were studied for flavor production .
Among the fatty acids tested , flavors were produced from decanoic ( C10 ) and undecanoic ( C11 ) acids only .
The flavors also consisted of methylketones and secondary alcohols one carbon shorter than the precursor fatty acids .
Fatty acids with short carbon chains ( C7 to C9 ) completely inhibited the mould growth .
Our study showed that the range of carbon chain length of fatty acids capable of the flavor production ( C10 to C11 ) was narrower than that of triacylglycerols ( C6 to C11 ) .
It was also found that the non-stick oil and coconut oil contain tricaprylin and tridecanoin as triacylglycerols and decanoic acid as fatty acid .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 4.00 ]: Flavors similar to that from the non-stick oil were produced from tricaprylin ( C8 ) , trinonanoin ( C9 ) , and tridecanoin ( C10 ) among the triacylglycerols tested .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 3.00 ]: It was also found that the non-stick oil and coconut oil contain tricaprylin and tridecanoin as triacylglycerols and decanoic acid as fatty acid .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Second , triacylglycerols consisting of fatty acids with various lengths of carbon chain ( C6 to C13 ) were studied for flavor production .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Among the triacylglycerols tested , flavors were produced from those consisting of fatty acids with carbon chains of C6 to C11 .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The flavors consisted of methylketones and secondary alcohols , whose carbon chains were one carbon shorter than the precursor fatty acid molecules of the triacylglycerols .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Formation of mould spores was more strongly suppressed by triacylglycerols with shorter chain fatty acids .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Our study showed that the range of carbon chain length of fatty acids capable of the flavor production ( C10 to C11 ) was narrower than that of triacylglycerols ( C6 to C11 ) .
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Score: 12.00 |
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| Title: [ Behavior of HTO in simulated rice-water-soil ecosystem ] | | Author: Shi J Guo J | | Journal: Citation: V : 14 ( 2 ) P : 269-72 Year: 2003 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12827885 Accession (PMID): 12827885 | | Abstract: The behavior of transportation , accumulation and disappearance of HTO ( tritium water ) in a simulated rice-water-soil ecosystem was studied by using isotope-tracer techniques for simulated pollutants , and the fitting equation was confirmed by application of the open three-compartment system model and nonlinear regression method .
The results showed that HTO in water was not only transferred to other compartments in the ecosystem , but also vaporized into atmosphere rapidly .
Both free water tritium and bound tritium were found in the rice , and tritium of hygroscopic and crystalline water was consisted in the soil .
The specific activity of free water tritium ( or tritium of hygroscopic water ) was stronger than that of bound tritium ( or tritium of crystalline water ) .
The specific activity of total tritium reduced after reaching the maximum in the rice and soil , and the bound tritium increased slowly .
The specific activity of total tritium in stem was the strongest in the rice , and reached equipoise each other in the later stage gradually .
The regression equations of accumulation and disappearance for the specific activity of total tritium in the water , soil and rice were given by analyzing the obtained data with exponential regression method .
The analysis results of variance showed that each regression equation could describe the behavior of accumulation and disappearance of HTO in the rice-water-soil ecosystems preferably . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 4.00 ]: The specific activity of free water tritium ( or tritium of hygroscopic water ) was stronger than that of bound tritium ( or tritium of crystalline water ) .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 3.00 ]: Both free water tritium and bound tritium were found in the rice , and tritium of hygroscopic and crystalline water was consisted in the soil .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: The specific activity of total tritium reduced after reaching the maximum in the rice and soil , and the bound tritium increased slowly .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The behavior of transportation , accumulation and disappearance of HTO ( tritium water ) in a simulated rice-water-soil ecosystem was studied by using isotope-tracer techniques for simulated pollutants , and the fitting equation was confirmed by application of the open three-compartment system model and nonlinear regression method .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The specific activity of total tritium in stem was the strongest in the rice , and reached equipoise each other in the later stage gradually .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The regression equations of accumulation and disappearance for the specific activity of total tritium in the water , soil and rice were given by analyzing the obtained data with exponential regression method .
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Score: 12.00 |
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| Title: Allelochemical tricin in rice hull and its aurone isomer against rice seedling rot disease .
| | Author: Kong CH Xu XH Zhang M Zhang SZ | | Journal: Pest Manag Sci Citation: V : 66 P : 1018-24 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20730995 Accession (PMID): 20730995 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : One promising area of rice disease management is the potential of exploiting biological control agents .
Rice seedling rot disease caused by soil-borne pathogenic fungi has become a dominant disease problem because of greater use of direct seeding .
Rice hull has been potentially used to control paddy weeds , but little information is available on rice disease .
This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between disease incidence and soil amended with tricin-releasing rice hull , and to assess fungicidal activity of tricin and its synthesised aurone isomer , with an attempt to develop an allelochemical-based fungicide against rice seedling rot disease .
RESULTS : Tricin was detected in all hulls of 12 rice cultivars tested , but its contents in rice hulls varied greatly with the cultivar and genotype .
Tricin in rice hulls was released into the soil once amended .
Disease incidence was significantly reduced by soil amended with rice hull .
Tricin-rich rice hull amendment greatly suppressed soil-borne pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht . and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn which cause rice seedling rot disease .
In attempting to obtain enough tricin for further experiments , the aurone isomer ( 5 , 7 , 4-trihydroxy-3 , 5-dimethoxyaurone ) of tricin rather than tricin itself was unexpectedly synthesised .
This aurone isomer had much stronger fungicidal activity on both F oxysporum and R solani than tricin itself .
CONCLUSION : Soil amended with tricin-rich rice hull was associated with reduced risk of developing seedling rot disease .
The tricin isomer , aurone , is more effective against rice seedling rot disease than tricin itself , making it an ideal lead compound for new fungicide discovery .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 3.00 ]: In attempting to obtain enough tricin for further experiments , the aurone isomer ( 5 , 7 , 4-trihydroxy-3 , 5-dimethoxyaurone ) of tricin rather than tricin itself was unexpectedly synthesised .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between disease incidence and soil amended with tricin-releasing rice hull , and to assess fungicidal activity of tricin and its synthesised aurone isomer , with an attempt to develop an allelochemical-based fungicide against rice seedling rot disease .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 2.00 ]: The tricin isomer , aurone , is more effective against rice seedling rot disease than tricin itself , making it an ideal lead compound for new fungicide discovery .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : Tricin was detected in all hulls of 12 rice cultivars tested , but its contents in rice hulls varied greatly with the cultivar and genotype .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin in rice hulls was released into the soil once amended .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin-rich rice hull amendment greatly suppressed soil-borne pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht . and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn which cause rice seedling rot disease .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: This aurone isomer had much stronger fungicidal activity on both F oxysporum and R solani than tricin itself .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSION : Soil amended with tricin-rich rice hull was associated with reduced risk of developing seedling rot disease .
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Score: 11.00 |
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| Title: Use of a nonionic detergent ( Triton WR 1339 ) in healthy cats to assess hepatic secretion of triglyceride .
| | Author: Hall JA Gradin JL Andreasen CB Wander RC .
| | Journal: Am .
J Vet . Res . Citation: V : 61 ( 8 ) P : 941-50 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10951988 Accession (PMID): 10951988 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To determine whether a nonionic detergent ( Triton WR 1339 ) can be used in cats to assess hepatic secretion of triglyceride .
ANIMALS : 28 healthy cats .
PROCEDURE : Triton WR 1339 was administered IV according to the following schedule : 5 , 50 , 150 , and 250 mg/kg of body weight .
Control cats did not receive an injection or received 0 . 9% NaCl or PBS solutions at the same osmolarity and volume as the 250 mg/kg group .
Blood samples were collected throughout the 48-hour period after administration for determination of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and for RBC morphology and osmotic fragility studies .
RESULTS : Administration of Triton WR 1339 at 150 and 250 mg/kg caused profound hypertriglyceridemia .
Triglyceride concentrations increased in a curvilinear fashion for the first 2 hours and remained increased for approximately 24 hours .
Area under the time-concentration curve for triglyceride at 5 hours differed significantly among groups .
At 12 and 24 hours , cholesterol was significantly higher in cats receiving 250 mg/kg .
The most dramatic changes in osmotic fragility and RBC morphology were in cats receiving 250 mg/kg ; 1 of these cats developed severe icterus and died 5 days later .
Feeding rice and casein before administering Triton WR 1339 at 150 mg/kg did not appear to affect the hypertriglyceridemia response .
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE : Triton WR 1339 can be administered IV to cats at a rate of 150 mg/kg to assess hepatic triglyceride secretion , although some cats may have increased RBC osmotic fragility .
Higher dosages caused substantial adverse effects , whereas lower dosages did not alter plasma triglyceride concentration . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : To determine whether a nonionic detergent ( Triton WR 1339 ) can be used in cats to assess hepatic secretion of triglyceride .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 2.00 ]: CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE : Triton WR 1339 can be administered IV to cats at a rate of 150 mg/kg to assess hepatic triglyceride secretion , although some cats may have increased RBC osmotic fragility .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: PROCEDURE : Triton WR 1339 was administered IV according to the following schedule : 5 , 50 , 150 , and 250 mg/kg of body weight .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Blood samples were collected throughout the 48-hour period after administration for determination of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and for RBC morphology and osmotic fragility studies .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : Administration of Triton WR 1339 at 150 and 250 mg/kg caused profound hypertriglyceridemia .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Triglyceride concentrations increased in a curvilinear fashion for the first 2 hours and remained increased for approximately 24 hours .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Area under the time-concentration curve for triglyceride at 5 hours differed significantly among groups .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Feeding rice and casein before administering Triton WR 1339 at 150 mg/kg did not appear to affect the hypertriglyceridemia response .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Higher dosages caused substantial adverse effects , whereas lower dosages did not alter plasma triglyceride concentration .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 11.00 |
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| Title: Primary Trisomics of Rice : Origin , Morphology , Cytology and Use in Linkage Mapping .
| | Author: Khush GS Singh RJ Sur SC Librojo AL .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 107 ( 1 ) P : 141-163 Year: 1984 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17246212 Accession (PMID): 17246212 | | Abstract: Twelve primary trisomics of Oryza sativa L were isolated from the progenies of spontaneous triploids and were transferred by backcrossing to the genetic background of IR36 , a widely grown high yielding rice variety .
Eleven trisomics can be identified morphologically from one another and from diploids .
However , triplo 11 is difficult to distinguish from diploid sibs . -The extra chromosome of each trisomic was identified cytologically at pachytene stage of meiosis , and the chromosomes were numbered according to their length at this stage .
The major distinguishing features of each pachytene chromosome were redescribed . -The female transmission rates varied from 15 . 5% for triplo 1 , the longest chromosome , to 43 . 9% for triplo 12 , the shortest chromosome .
Seven of the 12 primary trisomics transmitted the extra chromosome through the male .
The low level of chromosomal imbalance tolerated by rice and other evidence are interpreted to indicate that this species is a basic diploid . -Genetic segregation for 22 marker genes in the trisomic progenies was studied .
Of a possible 264 combinations , involving 22 genes and 12 trisomics , 120 were examined .
Marker genes for each of the 12 chromosomes were identified .
The results helped establish associations between linkage groups and cytologically identifiable chromosomes of rice for the first time .
Relationships between various systems of numbering chromosomes , trisomics , linkage groups and marker genes are described , and a revised linkage map of rice is presented . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Twelve primary trisomics of Oryza sativa L were isolated from the progenies of spontaneous triploids and were transferred by backcrossing to the genetic background of IR36 , a widely grown high yielding rice variety .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: However , triplo 11 is difficult to distinguish from diploid sibs . -The extra chromosome of each trisomic was identified cytologically at pachytene stage of meiosis , and the chromosomes were numbered according to their length at this stage .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: The major distinguishing features of each pachytene chromosome were redescribed . -The female transmission rates varied from 15 . 5% for triplo 1 , the longest chromosome , to 43 . 9% for triplo 12 , the shortest chromosome .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Eleven trisomics can be identified morphologically from one another and from diploids .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Seven of the 12 primary trisomics transmitted the extra chromosome through the male .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The low level of chromosomal imbalance tolerated by rice and other evidence are interpreted to indicate that this species is a basic diploid . -Genetic segregation for 22 marker genes in the trisomic progenies was studied .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Of a possible 264 combinations , involving 22 genes and 12 trisomics , 120 were examined .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Relationships between various systems of numbering chromosomes , trisomics , linkage groups and marker genes are described , and a revised linkage map of rice is presented .
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Score: 11.00 |
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| Title: Genetically engineered Fusarium as a tool to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis .
| | Author: Ochiai N Tokai T Takahashi-Ando N Fujimura M Kimura M | | Journal: FEMS Microbiol Lett Citation: V : 275 P : 53-61 Year: 2007 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17711459 Accession (PMID): 17711459 | | Abstract: Fusarium graminearum was engineered for expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein gene ( egfp ) as a reporter regulated in a manner similar to Tri5 , a key pathway gene in trichothecene biosynthesis .
Using the transgenic fungus , it was found that the reporter gene was induced to express in aerial hyphae developed on trichothecene noninducing medium YG solidified by agar .
Unexpectedly , the transcriptional activation of egfp was markedly suppressed by adding NaCl that does not significantly affect fungal growth .
As suggested by these findings , wild-type F graminearum that formed aerial hyphae on YG agar plates produced trichothecenes and the production was effectively suppressed by adding 1% NaCl to the agar .
To evaluate the effects of abiotic stress on the expression of trichothecene biosynthesis ( Tri ) genes , a sensitive plate assay was established using GYEP medium ( which very weakly induces trichothecene production ) solidified with gellan gum .
Using this assay , triazole fungicides were shown to cause transcriptional activation of egfp at sublethal concentrations .
Indeed , trichothecene production significantly increased when F graminearum was grown in rice medium ( which moderately induces trichothecene ) amended with low doses of tebuconazole .
The real-time monitoring system described here may help predict the risks of trichothecene contamination by the fungus under various environmental conditions .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 3.00 ]: To evaluate the effects of abiotic stress on the expression of trichothecene biosynthesis ( Tri ) genes , a sensitive plate assay was established using GYEP medium ( which very weakly induces trichothecene production ) solidified with gellan gum .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Fusarium graminearum was engineered for expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein gene ( egfp ) as a reporter regulated in a manner similar to Tri5 , a key pathway gene in trichothecene biosynthesis .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: Indeed , trichothecene production significantly increased when F graminearum was grown in rice medium ( which moderately induces trichothecene ) amended with low doses of tebuconazole .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Using the transgenic fungus , it was found that the reporter gene was induced to express in aerial hyphae developed on trichothecene noninducing medium YG solidified by agar .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: As suggested by these findings , wild-type F graminearum that formed aerial hyphae on YG agar plates produced trichothecenes and the production was effectively suppressed by adding 1% NaCl to the agar .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Using this assay , triazole fungicides were shown to cause transcriptional activation of egfp at sublethal concentrations .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The real-time monitoring system described here may help predict the risks of trichothecene contamination by the fungus under various environmental conditions .
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Score: 11.00 |
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| Title: Dietary tricin suppresses inflammation-related colon carcinogenesis in male Crj : CD-1 mice .
| | Author: Oyama T Yasui Y Sugie S Koketsu M Watanabe K Tanaka T | | Journal: Cancer Prev Res ( Phila Pa ) Citation: V : 2 P : 1031-8 Year: 2009 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19934339 Accession (PMID): 19934339 | | Abstract: The flavone 4 , 5 , 7-trihydroxy-3 , 5-dimethoxyflavone ( tricin ) present in rice , oats , barley , and wheat exhibits antigrowth activity in several human cancer cell lines and anti-inflammatory potential However , the chemopreventive activity has not yet been elucidated in preclinical animal models of colorectal cancer .
This study was designed to determine whether dietary tricin exerts inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium in mice .
Male Crj : CD-1 mice were initiated with a single i . p . injection of azoxymethane ( 10 mg/kg body weight ) and followed by a 1-week exposure to dextran sulfate sodium ( 1 . 5% , w/v ) in drinking water to induce colonic neoplasms .
They were then given the experimental diet containing 50 or 250 ppm tricin .
The experiment was terminated at week 18 to determine the chemopreventive efficacy of tricin .
In addition , the effects of dietary tricin on the expression of several inflammatory cytokines , including tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -alpha , were assayed .
The development of colonic adenomas and adenocarcinomas was significantly reduced by feeding with 50 and 250 ppm tricin , respectively .
Dietary tricin also significantly reduced the proliferation of adenocarcinoma cells as well as the numbers of mitoses/anaphase bridging in adenocarcinoma cells .
The dietary administration with tricin significantly inhibited the expression of TNF-alpha in the nonlesional cypts .
Our findings that dietary tricin inhibits inflammation-related mouse colon carcinogenesis by suppressing the expression of TNF-alpha in the nonlesional cyrpts and the proliferation of adenocarcinomas suggest a potential use of tricin for clinical trials of colorectal cancer chemoprevention .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 3.00 ]: Our findings that dietary tricin inhibits inflammation-related mouse colon carcinogenesis by suppressing the expression of TNF-alpha in the nonlesional cyrpts and the proliferation of adenocarcinomas suggest a potential use of tricin for clinical trials of colorectal cancer chemoprevention .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The flavone 4 , 5 , 7-trihydroxy-3 , 5-dimethoxyflavone ( tricin ) present in rice , oats , barley , and wheat exhibits antigrowth activity in several human cancer cell lines and anti-inflammatory potential However , the chemopreventive activity has not yet been elucidated in preclinical animal models of colorectal cancer .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: This study was designed to determine whether dietary tricin exerts inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium in mice .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: They were then given the experimental diet containing 50 or 250 ppm tricin .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The experiment was terminated at week 18 to determine the chemopreventive efficacy of tricin .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: In addition , the effects of dietary tricin on the expression of several inflammatory cytokines , including tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -alpha , were assayed .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The development of colonic adenomas and adenocarcinomas was significantly reduced by feeding with 50 and 250 ppm tricin , respectively .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Dietary tricin also significantly reduced the proliferation of adenocarcinoma cells as well as the numbers of mitoses/anaphase bridging in adenocarcinoma cells .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: The dietary administration with tricin significantly inhibited the expression of TNF-alpha in the nonlesional cypts .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: Modeled concentrations in rice and ingestion doses from chronic atmospheric releases of tritium .
| | Author: Peterson SR Davis PA .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 78 ( 5 ) P : 533-41 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10772027 Accession (PMID): 10772027 | | Abstract: The expansion of nuclear power programs in Asia has stimulated interest in the improved modeling of concentrations of tritium in rice , a staple crop grown throughout the far east Normally , the specific activity model is used to calculate concentrations of tritium in the it issue water of edible plants to assess ingestion dose from chronic releases .
However , because rice , like other grains , has much lower water content than most crops , the calculation must also account for organically bound tritium .
This paper reviews ways to calculate steady-state concentrations of tritium in rice , including the methods of Canadian and United States regulatory models , and the assumptions behind them .
Concentrations in rice and resulting ingestion doses are compared for the various methods , and equations for calculating concentrations are recommended .
The regulatory models underestimate doses received from ingestion of rice contaminated with tritium since they do not account explicitly for organically bound tritium .
The importance of including organically bound tritium is illustrated in a comparison of doses from rice , leafy vegetables and milk for an Asian diet .
Dose factors from tritium for these foods are estimated to be 135 , 47 , and 20 nSv y ( -1 ) / ( Bq m ( -3 ) ) , respectively .
Assuming known air concentrations , tritium concentrations in rice , calculated with the recommended equations , are uncertain by less than a factor 2 when tritium concentrations in the rice paddy water are known , and by less than a factor of 2 . 3 when concentrations in paddy water are unknown . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: The expansion of nuclear power programs in Asia has stimulated interest in the improved modeling of concentrations of tritium in rice , a staple crop grown throughout the far east Normally , the specific activity model is used to calculate concentrations of tritium in the it issue water of edible plants to assess ingestion dose from chronic releases .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: The regulatory models underestimate doses received from ingestion of rice contaminated with tritium since they do not account explicitly for organically bound tritium .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: Assuming known air concentrations , tritium concentrations in rice , calculated with the recommended equations , are uncertain by less than a factor 2 when tritium concentrations in the rice paddy water are known , and by less than a factor of 2 . 3 when concentrations in paddy water are unknown .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , because rice , like other grains , has much lower water content than most crops , the calculation must also account for organically bound tritium .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: This paper reviews ways to calculate steady-state concentrations of tritium in rice , including the methods of Canadian and United States regulatory models , and the assumptions behind them .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The importance of including organically bound tritium is illustrated in a comparison of doses from rice , leafy vegetables and milk for an Asian diet .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Dose factors from tritium for these foods are estimated to be 135 , 47 , and 20 nSv y ( -1 ) / ( Bq m ( -3 ) ) , respectively .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: TriMEDB : a database to integrate transcribed markers and facilitate genetic studies of the tribe Triticeae .
| | Author: Mochida K Saisho D Yoshida T Sakurai T Shinozaki K | | Journal: BMC Plant Biol Citation: V : 8 P : 72 Year: 2008 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18590523 Accession (PMID): 18590523 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : The recent rapid accumulation of sequence resources of various crop species ensures an improvement in the genetics approach , including quantitative trait loci ( QTL ) analysis as well as the holistic population analysis and association mapping of natural variations .
Because the tribe Triticeae includes important cereals such as wheat and barley , integration of information on the genetic markers in these crops should effectively accelerate map-based genetic studies on Triticeae species and lead to the discovery of key loci involved in plant productivity , which can contribute to sustainable food production .
Therefore , informatics applications and a semantic knowledgebase of genome-wide markers are required for the integration of information on and further development of genetic markers in wheat and barley in order to advance conventional marker-assisted genetic analyses and population genomics of Triticeae species .
DESCRIPTION : The Triticeae mapped expressed sequence tag ( EST ) database ( TriMEDB ) provides information , along with various annotations , regarding mapped cDNA markers that are related to barley and their homologues in wheat .
The current version of TriMEDB provides map-location data for barley and wheat ESTs that were retrieved from 3 published barley linkage maps ( the barley single nucleotide polymorphism database of the Scottish Crop Research Institute , the barley transcript map of Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research , and HarvEST barley ver .
1 . 63 ) and 1 diploid wheat map .
These data were imported to CMap to allow the visualization of the map positions of the ESTs and interrelationships of these ESTs with public gene models and representative cDNA sequences .
The retrieved cDNA sequences corresponding to each EST marker were assigned to the rice genome to predict an exon-intron structure .
Furthermore , to generate a unique set of EST markers in Triticeae plants among the public domain , 3472 markers were assembled to form 2737 unique marker groups as contigs .
These contigs were applied for pairwise comparison among linkage maps obtained from different EST map resources .
CONCLUSION : TriMEDB provides information regarding transcribed genetic markers and functions as a semantic knowledgebase offering an informatics facility for the acceleration of QTL analysis and for population genetics studies of Triticeae .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: Because the tribe Triticeae includes important cereals such as wheat and barley , integration of information on the genetic markers in these crops should effectively accelerate map-based genetic studies on Triticeae species and lead to the discovery of key loci involved in plant productivity , which can contribute to sustainable food production .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: DESCRIPTION : The Triticeae mapped expressed sequence tag ( EST ) database ( TriMEDB ) provides information , along with various annotations , regarding mapped cDNA markers that are related to barley and their homologues in wheat .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: CONCLUSION : TriMEDB provides information regarding transcribed genetic markers and functions as a semantic knowledgebase offering an informatics facility for the acceleration of QTL analysis and for population genetics studies of Triticeae .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Therefore , informatics applications and a semantic knowledgebase of genome-wide markers are required for the integration of information on and further development of genetic markers in wheat and barley in order to advance conventional marker-assisted genetic analyses and population genomics of Triticeae species .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The current version of TriMEDB provides map-location data for barley and wheat ESTs that were retrieved from 3 published barley linkage maps ( the barley single nucleotide polymorphism database of the Scottish Crop Research Institute , the barley transcript map of Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research , and HarvEST barley ver .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Furthermore , to generate a unique set of EST markers in Triticeae plants among the public domain , 3472 markers were assembled to form 2737 unique marker groups as contigs .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: Constructing common cohorts from trials with overlapping eligibility criteria : implications for comparing effect sizes between trials .
| | Author: Mount DL Feeney P Fabricatore AN Coday M Bahnson J Byington R Phelan S Wilmoth S Knowler WC Hramiak I Osei K Sweeney ME Espeland MA | | Journal: Clin Trials Citation: V : 6 P : 416-29 Year: 2009 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19737845 Accession (PMID): 19737845 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Comparing findings from separate trials is necessary to choose among treatment options , however differences among study cohorts may impede these comparisons .
PURPOSE : As a case study , to examine the overlap of study cohorts in two large randomized controlled clinical trials that assess interventions to reduce risk of major cardiovascular disease events in adults with type 2 diabetes in order to explore the feasibility of cross-trial comparisons METHODS : The Action for Health in Diabetes ( Look AHEAD ) and The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ( ACCORD ) trials enrolled 5145 and 10 , 251 adults with type 2 diabetes , respectively .
Look AHEAD assesses the efficacy of an intensive lifestyle intervention designed to produce weight loss ; ACCORD tests pharmacological therapies for control of glycemia , hyperlipidemia , and hypertension .
Incidence of major cardiovascular disease events is the primary outcome for both trials .
A sample was constructed to include participants from each trial who appeared to meet eligibility criteria and be appropriate candidates for the other trials interventions .
Demographic characteristics , health status , and outcomes of members and nonmembers of this constructed sample were compared .
RESULTS : Nearly 80% of Look AHEAD participants were projected to be ineligible for ACCORD ; ineligibility was primarily due to better glycemic control or no early history of cardiovascular disease .
Approximately 30% of ACCORD participants were projected to be ineligible for Look AHEAD , often for reasons linked to poorer health .
The characteristics of participants projected to be jointly eligible for both trials continued to reflect differences between trials according to factors likely linked to retention , adherence , and study outcomes .
LIMITATIONS : Accurate ascertainment of cross-trial eligibility was hampered by differences between protocols .
CONCLUSIONS : Despite several similarities , the Look AHEAD and ACCORD cohorts represent distinct populations .
Even within the subsets of participants who appear to be eligible and appropriate candidates for trials of both modes of intervention , differences remained .
Direct comparisons of results from separate trials of lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions are compromised by marked differences in enrolled cohorts .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: PURPOSE : As a case study , to examine the overlap of study cohorts in two large randomized controlled clinical trials that assess interventions to reduce risk of major cardiovascular disease events in adults with type 2 diabetes in order to explore the feasibility of cross-trial comparisons METHODS : The Action for Health in Diabetes ( Look AHEAD ) and The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ( ACCORD ) trials enrolled 5145 and 10 , 251 adults with type 2 diabetes , respectively .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: A sample was constructed to include participants from each trial who appeared to meet eligibility criteria and be appropriate candidates for the other trials interventions .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 2.00 ]: The characteristics of participants projected to be jointly eligible for both trials continued to reflect differences between trials according to factors likely linked to retention , adherence , and study outcomes .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: BACKGROUND : Comparing findings from separate trials is necessary to choose among treatment options , however differences among study cohorts may impede these comparisons .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Incidence of major cardiovascular disease events is the primary outcome for both trials .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: Even within the subsets of participants who appear to be eligible and appropriate candidates for trials of both modes of intervention , differences remained .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Direct comparisons of results from separate trials of lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions are compromised by marked differences in enrolled cohorts .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: Vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) : species complexes of the vectors .
| | Author: Sucharit S Surathin K Shrestha SR .
| | Journal: Southeast Asian J Trop . Med . Public Health Citation: V : 20 ( 4 ) P : 611-21 Year: 1989 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub2576966 Accession (PMID): 2576966 | | Abstract: The vectors of JEV are Cx . tritaeniorhynchus , Cx . vishnui , Cx . pseudovishnui , Cx . gelidus , Cx . fuscocephala , Cx . quinquefasciatus , Cx . pipiens pallens , Cx . bitaeniorhynchus , Cx . annulirostris , Aedes togoi , Ae . japonicus , Ae . vexans nipponii , Anopheles annularis and An . vagus .
Cx . tritaeniorhynchus is in the tritaeniorhynchus complex , breeds in rice fields , ground pools in vast areas .
Two types of mating behavior , eurygamy and moderate stenogamy were detected .
In the case of the eurygamy type , the mosquitoes were from Southern Thailand and hilly areas near Kanchanaburi , Thailand .
Female mosquitoes are usually dark in color , the cibarial armature has rod teeth and the posterior end of the cibarial armature is bowl shaped with a typical rim .
The rim of the bowl is everted .
The moderate stenogamy type were mosquitoes from the plain areas such as Bangkok , Ayutthaya , Suphan Buri and Saraburi .
The posterior end of the cibarial armature is bowl shaped with a stout rim .
The larvae were characteristic in their siphon index , antennal index , hair O of prothoracic segment , and comb scale number and arrangement .
Cx . tritaeniorhynchus summorosus from Japan , Los Banos and Luzon , Philippines , differed from Cx . tritaeniorhynchus in that on the lateral plate of the phallosome tritaeniorhynchus teeth are somewhat weakly developed and only gently curved whereas in tritaeniorhynchus summorosus they are strongly developed , considerably longer , and sharply recurved .
The siphons of larvae are short , the sides parallel and the apex truncate in tritaeniorhynchus whereas in tritaeniorhynchus summorosus they are long and slender .
Cx . tritaeniorhynchus var . siamensis is possibly present .
Colonies have been maintained in the Department of Medical Entomology for 31 generations .
The characteristics are in hair O ( short , less than 20 branches , and without secondary branching and the larval siphon ( short and broad where the others are long ) .
Cx . vishnui and Cx . pseudovishnui are in the vishnui complex Cx . quinquefasciatus and Cx . pipiens pallens are in the Cx . pipiens complex comprising : ( 1 ) Cx . pipiens ; ( 2 ) Cx . quinquefasciatus Say ; ( 3 ) Cx . molestus Forskal ; ( 4 ) Cx . pipiens pallens ; ( 5 ) Cx . australicus ; ( 6 ) Cx . globocoxitus .
Anopheles annularis is a species complex evidenced by two types of polytene chromosomes .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 4.00 ]: Cx . tritaeniorhynchus summorosus from Japan , Los Banos and Luzon , Philippines , differed from Cx . tritaeniorhynchus in that on the lateral plate of the phallosome tritaeniorhynchus teeth are somewhat weakly developed and only gently curved whereas in tritaeniorhynchus summorosus they are strongly developed , considerably longer , and sharply recurved .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: Cx . tritaeniorhynchus is in the tritaeniorhynchus complex , breeds in rice fields , ground pools in vast areas .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: The siphons of larvae are short , the sides parallel and the apex truncate in tritaeniorhynchus whereas in tritaeniorhynchus summorosus they are long and slender .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The vectors of JEV are Cx . tritaeniorhynchus , Cx . vishnui , Cx . pseudovishnui , Cx . gelidus , Cx . fuscocephala , Cx . quinquefasciatus , Cx . pipiens pallens , Cx . bitaeniorhynchus , Cx . annulirostris , Aedes togoi , Ae . japonicus , Ae . vexans nipponii , Anopheles annularis and An . vagus .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cx . tritaeniorhynchus var . siamensis is possibly present .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: Cytological identification of an isotetrasomic in rice and its application to centromere mapping .
| | Author: Cheng ZK Yu HX Yan CJ Zhu LH Gu MH .
| | Journal: Cell Res .
Citation: V : 7 ( 1 ) P : 31-8 Year: 1997 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9261560 Accession (PMID): 9261560 | | Abstract: The aneuploid with isochromosome or telochromosome is ideal material for exploring the position of centromere in lingkage map .
For obtaining these aneuploids in rice , the primary trisomics from triplo-1 to triplo-12 and the aneuploids derived from a triploid of indica rice variety Zhongxian 3037 were carefully investigated .
From the offsprings of triplo-10 , a primary trisomic of chromosome 10 of the variety , an isotetrasomic "triplo-10-1" was obtained .
Cytological investigation revealed that a pair of extra isochromosomes of triplo-10-1 were come from the short arm of chromosome 10 .
In the offsprings of the isotetrasomic , a secondary trisomic "triplo-10-2" , in which the extra chromosome was an isochromosome derived from the short arm of chromosome 10 , was identified .
With the isotetrasomic , secondary trisomic , primary trisomic and diploid of variety Zhongxian 3037 , different molecular markers were used for exploring the position of the centromere of chromosome 10 .
Based on the DNA dosage effect , it was verified that the molecular markers G1125 , G333 and L169 were located on the short arm , G1084 and other 16 available molecular markers were on the long arm of chromosome 10 .
So the centromere of chromosome 10 was located somewhere between G1125 and G1084 according to the RFLP linkage map given by Kurata et al [ 1 ] .
The distance from G1125 to G1084 was about 3 . 2 cM . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 4.00 ]: For obtaining these aneuploids in rice , the primary trisomics from triplo-1 to triplo-12 and the aneuploids derived from a triploid of indica rice variety Zhongxian 3037 were carefully investigated .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: From the offsprings of triplo-10 , a primary trisomic of chromosome 10 of the variety , an isotetrasomic "triplo-10-1" was obtained .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: With the isotetrasomic , secondary trisomic , primary trisomic and diploid of variety Zhongxian 3037 , different molecular markers were used for exploring the position of the centromere of chromosome 10 .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cytological investigation revealed that a pair of extra isochromosomes of triplo-10-1 were come from the short arm of chromosome 10 .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the offsprings of the isotetrasomic , a secondary trisomic "triplo-10-2" , in which the extra chromosome was an isochromosome derived from the short arm of chromosome 10 , was identified .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Macrocyclic trichothecenes are undetectable in kudzu ( Pueraria montana ) plants treated with a high-producing isolate of Myrothecium verrucaria .
| | Author: Abbas HK Tak H Boyette CD Shier WT Jarvis BB .
| | Journal: Phytochemistry Citation: V : 58 ( 2 ) P : 269-76 Year: 2001 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11551550 Accession (PMID): 11551550 | | Abstract: Myrothecium verrucaria was found to be an effective pathogen against kudzu grown in the greenhouse and the field .
M verrucaria produced large amounts of macrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium , including epiroridin E ( 16 . 8 mg/g crude extract ) , epiisororidin E ( 1 mg/g ) , roridin E ( 8 . 7 mg/g ) , roridin H ( 31 . 3 mg/g ) , trichoverrin A ( 0 . 6 mg/g ) , trichoverrin B ( 0 . 1 mg/g ) , verrucarin A ( 37 . 4 mg/g ) , and verrucarin J ( 2 . 2 mg/g ) .
Most of these toxins were also isolated from M verrucaria spores and mycelia grown on potato dextrose agar medium , including epiroridin E ( 32 . 3 mg/g ) , epiisororidin E ( 28 . 6 mg/g ) , roridin E ( 0 mg/g ) , roridin H ( 60 mg/g ) , trichoverrin A ( 1 . 3 mg/g ) , trichoverrin B ( 1 . 8 mg/g ) , verrucarin A ( 13 . 8 mg/g ) , and verrucarin J ( 131 mg/g ) .
When M verrucaria was cultured on liquid media , the numbers but not the amounts of toxins decreased .
Only epiroridin E ( 28 . 3 mg/g ) , epiisororidin E ( 29 . 6 mg/g ) , verrucarin B ( 195 mg/g ) and verrucarin J ( 52 . 6 mg/g ) were measured when the fungus was cultured on cornsteep medium .
On soyflour-cornmeal broth M verrucaria produced several toxins , including epiroridin E ( 58 . 1 mg/g ) , epiisororidin E ( 5 . 8 mg/g ) , verrucarin B ( 29 . 9 mg/g ) and verrucarin J ( 32 mg/g ) .
In contrast , no macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC analysis of plant it issues of kudzu , sicklepod , and soybean treated with aqueous suspensions of M verrucaria spores formulated with a surfactant .
Chloroform-methanol extracts of kudzu leaves and stems treated with M verrucaria spores were less cytotoxic to four cultured mammalian cell lines than the corresponding extracts from control plants .
Purified macrocyclic trichothecenes ( verrucarin A and T-2 toxin ) were very cytotoxic to the same cell lines ( < or = 2 ng/ml ) .
These results show that neither intact macrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metabolites could be detected in plant it issues after treatment with M verrucaria spores .
These results argue for both safety and efficacy for the use of M verrucaria in biological control of kudzu and other noxious weeds , and support proceeding to animal feeding trials for further evaluation of safety .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: M verrucaria produced large amounts of macrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium , including epiroridin E ( 16 . 8 mg/g crude extract ) , epiisororidin E ( 1 mg/g ) , roridin E ( 8 . 7 mg/g ) , roridin H ( 31 . 3 mg/g ) , trichoverrin A ( 0 . 6 mg/g ) , trichoverrin B ( 0 . 1 mg/g ) , verrucarin A ( 37 . 4 mg/g ) , and verrucarin J ( 2 . 2 mg/g ) .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: Most of these toxins were also isolated from M verrucaria spores and mycelia grown on potato dextrose agar medium , including epiroridin E ( 32 . 3 mg/g ) , epiisororidin E ( 28 . 6 mg/g ) , roridin E ( 0 mg/g ) , roridin H ( 60 mg/g ) , trichoverrin A ( 1 . 3 mg/g ) , trichoverrin B ( 1 . 8 mg/g ) , verrucarin A ( 13 . 8 mg/g ) , and verrucarin J ( 131 mg/g ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: In contrast , no macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC analysis of plant it issues of kudzu , sicklepod , and soybean treated with aqueous suspensions of M verrucaria spores formulated with a surfactant .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Purified macrocyclic trichothecenes ( verrucarin A and T-2 toxin ) were very cytotoxic to the same cell lines ( < or = 2 ng/ml ) .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results show that neither intact macrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metabolites could be detected in plant it issues after treatment with M verrucaria spores .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results argue for both safety and efficacy for the use of M verrucaria in biological control of kudzu and other noxious weeds , and support proceeding to animal feeding trials for further evaluation of safety .
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| Title: Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating cholera .
| | Author: Murphy C Hahn S Volmink J | | Journal: Citation: V : -4 P : CD003754 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15495063 Accession (PMID): 15495063 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) is used to treat dehydration caused by diarrheal diseases including cholera .
Reduced osmolarity formulations are safe and more effective than standard ORS for treating non-cholera diarrhea .
As cholera causes rapid electrolyte loss , it is important to know if these benefits are similar for people with cholera .
OBJECTIVES : To compare the safety and efficacy of reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) with standard ORS for treating diarrhea due to cholera .
SEARCH STRATEGY : We searched the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group Specialized Register ( January 2004 ) , CENTRAL ( The Cochrane Library Issue 1 , 2004 ) , MEDLINE ( 1966 to January 2004 ) , EMBASE ( 1974 to January 2004 ) , and LILACS ( 1982 to January 2004 ) .
We also contacted organizations and searched reference lists .
SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomized controlled trials comparing reduced osmolarity ORS with standard ORS for treating adults and children with acute diarrhea due to cholera .
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria , assessed trial quality , and extracted data .
We pooled binary data using relative risks ( RR ) , continuous data using weighted mean difference ( WMD ) or the standardized mean difference ( SMD ) , and presented the results with 95% confidence intervals ( CI ) .
MAIN RESULTS : For glucose-based reduced osmolarity ORS , seven trials ( 718 participants ) met the inclusion criteria .
Biochemical hyponatremia ( serum sodium < 130 mmol/L ) was more common with reduced osmolarity ORS ( RR 1 . 67 , CI 1 . 09 to 2 . 57 ; 465 participants , 4 trials ) ; for severe biochemical hyponatremia ( serum sodium < 125 mmol/L ) this was not significant ( RR 1 . 58 , CI 0 . 62 to 4 . 04 ; 465 participants , 4 trials ) .
No trials reported symptomatic hyponatremia or death .
We found no statistically significant difference in the need for unscheduled intravenous infusion .
Analyses separating children and adults showed no obvious trends . Two trials also examined rice-based ORS .
In the reduced osmolarity group , duration of diarrhea was shorter ( WMD -16 . 85 hours , CI -21 . 22 to -12 . 48 ; 102 participants , 2 trials ) .
REVIEWERS CONCLUSIONS : In people with cholera , reduced osmolarity ORS is associated with biochemical hyponatremia when compared with standard ORS , although there are similar benefits in terms of other outcomes .
Although this risk does not appear to be accompanied by serious consequences , the total patient experience in existing trials is small .
Under wider practice conditions , especially where patient monitoring is difficult , caution is warranted .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: Biochemical hyponatremia ( serum sodium < 130 mmol/L ) was more common with reduced osmolarity ORS ( RR 1 . 67 , CI 1 . 09 to 2 . 57 ; 465 participants , 4 trials ) ; for severe biochemical hyponatremia ( serum sodium < 125 mmol/L ) this was not significant ( RR 1 . 58 , CI 0 . 62 to 4 . 04 ; 465 participants , 4 trials ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomized controlled trials comparing reduced osmolarity ORS with standard ORS for treating adults and children with acute diarrhea due to cholera .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria , assessed trial quality , and extracted data .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: MAIN RESULTS : For glucose-based reduced osmolarity ORS , seven trials ( 718 participants ) met the inclusion criteria .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: No trials reported symptomatic hyponatremia or death .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 1.00 ]: Analyses separating children and adults showed no obvious trends . Two trials also examined rice-based ORS .
[ Sen. 15, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the reduced osmolarity group , duration of diarrhea was shorter ( WMD -16 . 85 hours , CI -21 . 22 to -12 . 48 ; 102 participants , 2 trials ) .
[ Sen. 17, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although this risk does not appear to be accompanied by serious consequences , the total patient experience in existing trials is small .
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| Title: The rice bran constituent tricin potently inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes and interferes with intestinal carcinogenesis in ApcMin mice .
| | Author: Cai H Al-Fayez M Tunstall RG Platton S Greaves P Steward WP Gescher AJ .
| | Journal: Mol .
Cancer Ther .
Citation: V : 4 ( 9 ) P : 1287-92 Year: 2005 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16170019 Accession (PMID): 16170019 | | Abstract: While brown rice is a staple dietary constituent in Asia , rice consumed in the Western world is generally white , obtained from brown rice by removal of the bran .
Rice bran contains the flavone tricin , which has been shown to inhibit colon cancer cell growth .
We tested the hypothesis that tricin interferes with adenoma formation in the Apc ( Min ) mouse .
Mice received tricin ( 0 . 2% ) in their American Institute of Nutrition 93G diet throughout their postweaning life span ( 4-18 weeks ) .
Consumption of tricin reduced numbers of intestinal adenomas by 33% ( P < 0 . 05 ) compared with mice on control diet .
We explored whether tricin may exert its effect via inhibition of cyclooxygenase ( COX ) enzymes .
Its effect on COX activity was assessed in purified enzyme preparations in vitro and its ability to reduce prostaglandin E ( 2 ) ( PGE ( 2 ) ) levels in human colon-derived human colon epithelial cell ( HCEC ) and HCA-7 cells in vitro and in Apc ( Min ) mice in vivo .
Tricin inhibited activity of purified COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme preparations with IC ( 50 ) values of approximately 1 micromol/L At 5 micromol/L , it reduced PGE ( 2 ) production in HCEC or HCA-7 cells by 36% ( P < 0 . 01 ) and 35% ( P < 0 . 05 ) , respectively .
COX-2 expression was reduced by tricin weakly in HCEC and unaffected in HCA-7 cells .
PGE ( 2 ) levels in the small intestinal mucosa and blood of Apc ( Min ) mice that had received tricin were reduced by 34% ( P < 0 . 01 ) and 40% ( P < 0 . 05 ) , respectively , compared with control mice .
The results suggest that tricin should be further evaluated as a putative colorectal cancer chemopreventive agent . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Rice bran contains the flavone tricin , which has been shown to inhibit colon cancer cell growth .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: We tested the hypothesis that tricin interferes with adenoma formation in the Apc ( Min ) mouse .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Mice received tricin ( 0 . 2% ) in their American Institute of Nutrition 93G diet throughout their postweaning life span ( 4-18 weeks ) .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Consumption of tricin reduced numbers of intestinal adenomas by 33% ( P < 0 . 05 ) compared with mice on control diet .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: We explored whether tricin may exert its effect via inhibition of cyclooxygenase ( COX ) enzymes .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin inhibited activity of purified COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme preparations with IC ( 50 ) values of approximately 1 micromol/L At 5 micromol/L , it reduced PGE ( 2 ) production in HCEC or HCA-7 cells by 36% ( P < 0 . 01 ) and 35% ( P < 0 . 05 ) , respectively .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: COX-2 expression was reduced by tricin weakly in HCEC and unaffected in HCA-7 cells .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: PGE ( 2 ) levels in the small intestinal mucosa and blood of Apc ( Min ) mice that had received tricin were reduced by 34% ( P < 0 . 01 ) and 40% ( P < 0 . 05 ) , respectively , compared with control mice .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: The results suggest that tricin should be further evaluated as a putative colorectal cancer chemopreventive agent .
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| Title: Recombinant interferon beta or glatiramer acetate for delaying conversion of the first demyelinating event to multiple sclerosis .
| | Author: Clerico M Faggiano F Palace J Rice G Tintore M Durelli L | | Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Citation: V : P : CD005278 Year: 2008 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18425915 Accession (PMID): 18425915 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Immunomodulatory drugs have been shown to be only modestly effective in clinically definite relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis ( RRMS ) .
It has been hypothesized that their efficacy could be higher if used at the first appearance of symptoms , that is in the clinically isolated syndromes ( CIS ) suggestive of demyelinating events , a pathology which carries a high risk to convert to clinically definite MS ( CDMS ) .
OBJECTIVES : The objective of this review was to assess the effects of immunomodulatory drugs compared to placebo in adults in preventing conversion from CIS to CDMS which means the prevention of a second attack .
SEARCH STRATEGY : We searched the Cochrane MS Group Trials Register ( June 2007 ) , Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( CENTRAL ) The Cochrane Library Issue 3 , 2007 , MEDLINE ( January 1966 to June 2007 ) , EMBASE ( January 1974 to June 2007 ) and reference lists of articles .
We also contacted manufacturers and researchers in the field .
SELECTION CRITERIA : The trials selected were double-blind , placebo-controlled , randomised trials of CIS patients treated with immunomodulatory drugs .
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Study selection have been independently done by two reviewers .
Two further reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted and analysed data .
Study authors were contacted for additional informations .
Adverse effects information was collected from the trials .
MAIN RESULTS : Only three trials tested the efficacy of interferon ( IFN ) beta including a total of 1160 participants ( 639 treatment , 521 placebo ) ; no trial tested the efficacy of glatiramer acetate ( GA ) .
The metanalyses showed that the proportion of patients converting to CDMS was significantly lower in IFN beta-treated than in placebo-treated patients both after one year ( pooled OR 0 . 53 ; 95% CI , 0 . 40 to 0 . 71 ; p <0 . 0001 ) as well as after two years of follow-up ( pooled OR 0 . 52 ; 95% CI , 0 . 38 to 0 . 70 ; p <0 . 0001 ) .
Early treatment with IFN beta was associated with the side effect profile reported by the randomised controlled trials with this drug .
Since side effects were reported with some heterogeneity in the three studies the metanalysis was possible only for the frequency of serious adverse events , not significantly different in IFN beta-treated or placebo-treated patients .
AUTHORS CONCLUSIONS : The efficacy of IFN beta treatment on preventing the conversion from CIS to CDMS was confirmed over two years of follow-up .
Since patients had some clinical heterogeneity ( length of follow-up , clinical findings of initial attack ) , it could be useful for the clinical practice to further analyse the efficacy of IFN beta treatment in different patient subgroups .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: SEARCH STRATEGY : We searched the Cochrane MS Group Trials Register ( June 2007 ) , Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( CENTRAL ) The Cochrane Library Issue 3 , 2007 , MEDLINE ( January 1966 to June 2007 ) , EMBASE ( January 1974 to June 2007 ) and reference lists of articles .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: SELECTION CRITERIA : The trials selected were double-blind , placebo-controlled , randomised trials of CIS patients treated with immunomodulatory drugs .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: MAIN RESULTS : Only three trials tested the efficacy of interferon ( IFN ) beta including a total of 1160 participants ( 639 treatment , 521 placebo ) ; no trial tested the efficacy of glatiramer acetate ( GA ) .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Two further reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted and analysed data .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Adverse effects information was collected from the trials .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Early treatment with IFN beta was associated with the side effect profile reported by the randomised controlled trials with this drug .
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| Title: A randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema .
| | Author: | | Journal: Ophthalmology Citation: V : 115 P : 1447-9 , 1449 . e1-10 Year: 2008 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18662829 Accession (PMID): 18662829 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 1-mg and 4-mg doses of preservative-free intravitreal triamcinolone in comparison with focal/grid photocoagulation for the treatment of diabetic macular edema ( DME ) .
DESIGN : Multicenter , randomized clinical trial PARTICIPANTS : Eight hundred forty study eyes of 693 subjects with DME involving the fovea and with visual acuity of 20/40 to 20/320 .
METHODS : Eyes were randomized to focal/grid photocoagulation ( n = 330 ) , 1 mg intravitreal triamcinolone ( n = 256 ) , or 4 mg intravitreal triamcinolone ( n = 254 ) .
Retreatment was given for persistent or new edema at 4-month intervals .
The primary outcome was evaluated at 2 years .
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Visual acuity measured with the electronic Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study method ( primary ) , optical coherence tomography-measured retinal thickness ( secondary ) , and safety .
RESULTS : At 4 months , mean visual acuity was better in the 4-mg triamcinolone group than in either the laser group ( P<0 . 001 ) or the 1-mg triamcinolone group ( P = 0 . 001 ) .
By 1 year , there were no significant differences among groups in mean visual acuity .
At the 16-month visit and extending through the primary outcome visit at 2 years , mean visual acuity was better in the laser group than in the other 2 groups ( at 2 years , P = 0 . 02 comparing the laser and 1-mg groups , P = 0 . 002 comparing the laser and 4-mg groups , and P = 0 . 49 comparing the 1-mg and 4-mg groups ) .
Treatment group differences in the visual acuity outcome could not be attributed solely to cataract formation .
Optical coherence tomography results generally paralleled the visual acuity results .
Intraocular pressure increased from baseline by 10 mmHg or more at any visit in 4% , 16% , and 33% of eyes in the 3 treatment groups , respectively , and cataract surgery was performed in 13% , 23% , and 51% of eyes in the 3 treatment groups , respectively .
CONCLUSIONS : Over a 2-year period , focal/grid photocoagulation is more effective and has fewer side effects than 1-mg or 4-mg doses of preservative-free intravitreal triamcinolone for most patients with DME who have characteristics similar to the cohort in this clinical trial The results of this study also support that focal/grid photocoagulation currently should be the benchmark against which other treatments are compared in clinical trials of DME .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 3.00 ]: CONCLUSIONS : Over a 2-year period , focal/grid photocoagulation is more effective and has fewer side effects than 1-mg or 4-mg doses of preservative-free intravitreal triamcinolone for most patients with DME who have characteristics similar to the cohort in this clinical trial The results of this study also support that focal/grid photocoagulation currently should be the benchmark against which other treatments are compared in clinical trials of DME .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: METHODS : Eyes were randomized to focal/grid photocoagulation ( n = 330 ) , 1 mg intravitreal triamcinolone ( n = 256 ) , or 4 mg intravitreal triamcinolone ( n = 254 ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: RESULTS : At 4 months , mean visual acuity was better in the 4-mg triamcinolone group than in either the laser group ( P<0 . 001 ) or the 1-mg triamcinolone group ( P = 0 . 001 ) .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 1-mg and 4-mg doses of preservative-free intravitreal triamcinolone in comparison with focal/grid photocoagulation for the treatment of diabetic macular edema ( DME ) .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: DESIGN : Multicenter , randomized clinical trial PARTICIPANTS : Eight hundred forty study eyes of 693 subjects with DME involving the fovea and with visual acuity of 20/40 to 20/320 .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Behavior of sprayed tricyclazole in rice paddy lysimeters .
| | Author: Phong TK Nhung DT Yamazaki K Takagi K Watanabe H | | Journal: Chemosphere Citation: V : 74 P : 1085-9 Year: 2009 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19062069 Accession (PMID): 19062069 | | Abstract: The behavior of sprayed tricyclazole in rice paddy lysimeters was studied .
Tricyclazole residues were measured from rice leaves and paddy water after tricyclazole spraying in paddy lysimeters .
The rate of photolysis and hydrolysis of tricyclazole on the surface of rice leaves was also determined in a laboratory experiment .
Tricyclazole was extracted from leaf and water samples and determined by liquid chromatography with UV or mass spectrometry .
The hydrolysis half-lives of tricyclazole on rice leaves were 11 . 9 and 5 . 1 d for the formulated product and standard , respectively .
The photolysis half-lives were longer , 16 . 4d for the formulated product and 20 . 9 d for the standard .
In the paddy lysimeter , tricyclazole dissipation on leaves involved either biphasic first-order kinetics or single-phase first-order kinetics , depending on the rainfall pattern .
Half-lives of tricyclazole on lysimeter rice leaves were from 3 . 0 to 5 . 7 d .
The dissipation of tricyclazole in paddy water followed single-phase first-order kinetics with half-lives ranging from 2 . 1 to 5 . 0 d .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: Tricyclazole residues were measured from rice leaves and paddy water after tricyclazole spraying in paddy lysimeters .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The behavior of sprayed tricyclazole in rice paddy lysimeters was studied .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rate of photolysis and hydrolysis of tricyclazole on the surface of rice leaves was also determined in a laboratory experiment .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricyclazole was extracted from leaf and water samples and determined by liquid chromatography with UV or mass spectrometry .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The hydrolysis half-lives of tricyclazole on rice leaves were 11 . 9 and 5 . 1 d for the formulated product and standard , respectively .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the paddy lysimeter , tricyclazole dissipation on leaves involved either biphasic first-order kinetics or single-phase first-order kinetics , depending on the rainfall pattern .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Half-lives of tricyclazole on lysimeter rice leaves were from 3 . 0 to 5 . 7 d .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: The dissipation of tricyclazole in paddy water followed single-phase first-order kinetics with half-lives ranging from 2 . 1 to 5 . 0 d .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Mechanism-based alternative monitoring of endoplasmic reticulum stress by 8-keto-trichothecene mycotoxins using human intestinal epithelial cell line .
| | Author: Yang H Park SH Choi HJ Do KH Kim J An TJ Lee SH Moon Y | | Journal: Toxicol Lett Citation: V : 198 P : 317-23 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20682335 Accession (PMID): 20682335 | | Abstract: Type B 8-keto trichothecenes are muco-active mycotoxins that are notable contaminants in cereal-based food stuffs .
Epithelial responses are of primary concern during gastrointestinal exposure in human and animal intoxications .
Therefore , optimized biomarkers to assess the specific action of trichothecenes on the human epithelial barrier are needed .
In the present study , 8-keto trichothecenes were tested to trigger endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stresses that are evident as alteration of eukaryotic initiation factors 2alpha phosphorylation and other ER stress markers in human intestinal epithelial cells .
Based on the ER stress-inducing activity of 8-keto trichothecenes , we developed a bio-monitoring method using intestinal epithelial cells constitutively expressing secretory alkaline phosphatase ( SEAP ) reporter , which can be used as a sensitive and selective indicator for monitoring ER stress in the epithelial barrier .
Type B 8-keto trichothecenes suppressed the release of SEAP in a dose-dependent manner , showing a negative correlation between logarithm of toxin dose and SEAP activity .
However , tested toxins did not affect SEAP enzymatic activity and mRNA levels , but reduced the cellular release of SEAP .
Moreover , in order to correct the monitoring of 8-keto trichothecene in crop matrix , the bioassay was proven to work in standard cereal extract of corn and rice .
The mechanism-based monitoring of 8-keto trichothecenes is promising as a supplementary analysis means of the presence of bioactive 8-keto trichothecenes , which are potentially exposed in human gut epithelia .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: In the present study , 8-keto trichothecenes were tested to trigger endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stresses that are evident as alteration of eukaryotic initiation factors 2alpha phosphorylation and other ER stress markers in human intestinal epithelial cells .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 2.00 ]: The mechanism-based monitoring of 8-keto trichothecenes is promising as a supplementary analysis means of the presence of bioactive 8-keto trichothecenes , which are potentially exposed in human gut epithelia .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Type B 8-keto trichothecenes are muco-active mycotoxins that are notable contaminants in cereal-based food stuffs .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Therefore , optimized biomarkers to assess the specific action of trichothecenes on the human epithelial barrier are needed .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Based on the ER stress-inducing activity of 8-keto trichothecenes , we developed a bio-monitoring method using intestinal epithelial cells constitutively expressing secretory alkaline phosphatase ( SEAP ) reporter , which can be used as a sensitive and selective indicator for monitoring ER stress in the epithelial barrier .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Type B 8-keto trichothecenes suppressed the release of SEAP in a dose-dependent manner , showing a negative correlation between logarithm of toxin dose and SEAP activity .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Moreover , in order to correct the monitoring of 8-keto trichothecene in crop matrix , the bioassay was proven to work in standard cereal extract of corn and rice .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Synthesis of new compounds related to the commercial fungicide tricyclazole .
| | Author: Balcer JL DeAmicis CV Johnson PL Klosin J Whiteker GT Rao CS Dai D | | Journal: Pest Manag Sci Citation: V : 67 P : 556-9 Year: 2011 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21254328 Accession (PMID): 21254328 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Tricyclazole is a commercial fungicide used to control rice blast As part of re-registration activities , samples of metabolites and process impurities are required .
In addition , isotopically labeled tricyclazole samples are also required .
RESULTS : Four new compounds related to tricyclazole are reported .
An isotopically labeled sample of tricyclazole was prepared that contained two ( 15 ) N atoms and one ( 13 ) C atom .
Radiolabeled tricyclazole with ( 14 ) C at the triazole C3 position was also synthesized .
A new process impurity in technical tricyclazole was identified and synthesized .
A new metabolite of tricyclazole was identified , independently synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography .
CONCLUSION : A previously unreported metabolite of tricyclazole has been identified and structurally characterized .
In addition , a new process impurity has been identified by independent synthesis .
Identification of these new compounds has facilitated the continued registration of this important fungicide .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: Radiolabeled tricyclazole with ( 14 ) C at the triazole C3 position was also synthesized .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: BACKGROUND : Tricyclazole is a commercial fungicide used to control rice blast As part of re-registration activities , samples of metabolites and process impurities are required .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: In addition , isotopically labeled tricyclazole samples are also required .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : Four new compounds related to tricyclazole are reported .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: An isotopically labeled sample of tricyclazole was prepared that contained two ( 15 ) N atoms and one ( 13 ) C atom .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: A new process impurity in technical tricyclazole was identified and synthesized .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: A new metabolite of tricyclazole was identified , independently synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSION : A previously unreported metabolite of tricyclazole has been identified and structurally characterized .
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Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Investigation of the potential for triterpene synthesis in rice through genome mining and metabolic engineering .
| | Author: Inagaki YS Etherington G Geisler K Field B Dokarry M Ikeda K Mutsukado Y Dicks J Osbourn A | | Journal: New Phytol Citation: V : 191 P : 432-48 Year: 2011 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21501172 Accession (PMID): 21501172 | | Abstract: The first committed step in sterol biosynthesis in plants involves the cyclization of 2 , 3-oxidosqualene by the oxidosqualene cyclase ( OSC ) enzyme cycloartenol synthase .
2 , 3-Oxidosqualene is also a precursor for triterpene synthesis .
Antimicrobial triterpenes are common in dicots , but seldom found in monocots , with the notable exception of oat .
Here , through genome mining and metabolic engineering , we investigate the potential for triterpene synthesis in rice .
The first two steps in the oat triterpene pathway are catalysed by a divergent OSC ( AsbAS1 ) and a cytochrome P450 ( CYP51 ) .
The genes for these enzymes form part of a metabolic gene cluster .
To investigate the origins of triterpene synthesis in monocots , we analysed systematically the OSC and CYP51 gene families in rice .
We also engineered rice for elevated triterpene content .
We discovered a total of 12 OSC and 12 CYP51 genes in rice and uncovered key events in the evolution of triterpene synthesis .
We further showed that the expression of AsbAS1 in rice leads to the accumulation of the simple triterpene , beta-amyrin .
These findings provide new insights into the evolution of triterpene synthesis in monocots and open up opportunities for metabolic engineering for disease resistance in rice and other cereals .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: 2 , 3-Oxidosqualene is also a precursor for triterpene synthesis .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Antimicrobial triterpenes are common in dicots , but seldom found in monocots , with the notable exception of oat .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Here , through genome mining and metabolic engineering , we investigate the potential for triterpene synthesis in rice .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The first two steps in the oat triterpene pathway are catalysed by a divergent OSC ( AsbAS1 ) and a cytochrome P450 ( CYP51 ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: To investigate the origins of triterpene synthesis in monocots , we analysed systematically the OSC and CYP51 gene families in rice .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: We also engineered rice for elevated triterpene content .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: We discovered a total of 12 OSC and 12 CYP51 genes in rice and uncovered key events in the evolution of triterpene synthesis .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: We further showed that the expression of AsbAS1 in rice leads to the accumulation of the simple triterpene , beta-amyrin .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: These findings provide new insights into the evolution of triterpene synthesis in monocots and open up opportunities for metabolic engineering for disease resistance in rice and other cereals .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera : /= 310 mOsm/L solutions .
| | Author: Musekiwa A Volmink J | | Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Citation: V : 12 P : CD003754 Year: 2011 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22161381 Accession (PMID): 22161381 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) is used to treat the dehydration caused by diarrhoeal diseases , including cholera .
ORS formulations with an osmolarity ( a measure of solute concentration ) of /= 310 mOsm/L ( ORS >/= 310 ) for treating non-cholera diarrhoea .
As cholera causes rapid electrolyte loss , it is important to know if these benefits are similar for people suffering from cholera .
OBJECTIVES : To compare the safety and efficacy of ORS /= 310 for treating dehydration due to cholera .
SEARCH METHODS : We searched the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group Specialized Register ( April 2011 ) , CENTRAL ( The Cochrane Library Issue 4 , 2011 ) , MEDLINE ( 1966 to April 2011 ) , EMBASE ( 1974 to April 2011 ) , and LILACS ( 1982 to April 2011 ) .
We also contacted organizations and searched reference lists .
SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomized controlled trials comparing ORS /= 310 for treating adults and children with acute diarrhoea due to cholera .
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria , assessed trial quality , and extracted data .
We pooled dichotomous data using risk ratio ( RR ) , pooled continuous data using mean difference ( MD ) or the standardized mean difference ( SMD ) , and presented the results with 95% confidence intervals ( CI ) .
MAIN RESULTS : For glucose-based ORS , seven trials ( 718 participants ) met the inclusion criteria .
Biochemical hyponatraemia ( blood sodium levels < 130 mmol/L ) was more common with ORS trials ) , while a higher level of severe biochemical hyponatraemia ( blood sodium levels < 125 mmol/L ) in the same group was not significant ( RR 1 . 58 , CI 0 . 62 to 4 . 04 ; 465 participants , four trials ) .
No instances of symptomatic hyponatraemia or death were noted in the trials that intended to record them .
We found no statistically significant difference in the need for unscheduled intravenous infusion .
Analyses separating children and adults showed no obvious trends . Two trials also examined rice-based ORS .
In the ORS trials ) .
AUTHORS CONCLUSIONS : In people with cholera , ORS /= 310 , but there are no differences in terms of other outcomes .
Although this risk does not appear to be associated with any serious consequences , the total patient experience in existing trials is small .
Under wider practice conditions , especially where patient monitoring is difficult , caution is warranted .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: Biochemical hyponatraemia ( blood sodium levels < 130 mmol/L ) was more common with ORS trials ) , while a higher level of severe biochemical hyponatraemia ( blood sodium levels < 125 mmol/L ) in the same group was not significant ( RR 1 . 58 , CI 0 . 62 to 4 . 04 ; 465 participants , four trials ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomized controlled trials comparing ORS /= 310 for treating adults and children with acute diarrhoea due to cholera .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria , assessed trial quality , and extracted data .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: MAIN RESULTS : For glucose-based ORS , seven trials ( 718 participants ) met the inclusion criteria .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: No instances of symptomatic hyponatraemia or death were noted in the trials that intended to record them .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 1.00 ]: Analyses separating children and adults showed no obvious trends . Two trials also examined rice-based ORS .
[ Sen. 15, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the ORS trials ) .
[ Sen. 17, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although this risk does not appear to be associated with any serious consequences , the total patient experience in existing trials is small .
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| Title: Questionnaire survey and prevalence of intestinal helminthic infections in Barru , Sulawesi , Indonesia .
| | Author: Toma A Miyagi I Kamimura K Tokuyama Y Hasegawa H Selomo M Dahlan D Majid I Hasanuddi I Ngatimin R Mogi M Kuwabara N | | Journal: Southeast Asian J Trop . Med . Public Health Citation: V : 30 ( 1 ) P : 68-77 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10695792 Accession (PMID): 10695792 | | Abstract: A questionnaire survey with parasitological study was carried out on the inhabitants of 4 villages in Barru district , Sulawesi , Indonesia from 1994 to 1995 .
The questionnaire dealt with life style and sanitary conditions .
In 482 houses in the 4 villages , interviews for the items of the questionnaire were conducted with the owner , housekeeper and children of the same family .
In Pancana and Lalolang , 37 . 7% and 50% respectively of man inhabitants surveyed were fishermen , while in Lompo Riaja and Pattappa , 38 . 6% and 65 . 5% respectively were farmers .
The highest proportion of official workers was 33 . 7% in Lompo Riaja .
Educational level was low ; 88 . 4% in Pancana , 90 . 4% in Lalolang , 62 . 1% in Lompo Riaja and 91 . 2% in Pattappa had elementary or below elementary school education .
In Lompo Riaja , 30 . 8% of the inhabitants graduated from senior high school or university .
The percentage of families having their own latrine was 30 . 3% in Pancana , 13 . 2% in Lalolang , 31 . 9% in Pattapa and 60% in Lompo Riaja .
The people without latrines usually defecated in rice fields , seaside or riverside .
A total of 654 fecal samples was examined by the modified Kato-Katz thick smear method .
Five nematode species , Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura , Necator americanus , Strongyloides stercoralis and unidentified Rhabditoids of free-living nature were detected .
Cestode , Hymenolepis nana infection was confirmed .
All the hookworms examined by the modified Harada-Mori culture technic were Necator americanus .
Trichuris infection was most common , followed by hookworm and Ascaris infections , both in young ( aged 4-14 ) and older ( aged over 15 ) age groups .
The prevalence of hookworm infection was significantly higher in males than in females of older age .
Among the older age group , the prevalence of Trichuris infection was significantly lower in Lompo Riaja , while hookworm infection was the highest in Pattappa .
Among all the inhabitants examined for parasite infection , 17 . 4% had 3 kinds of nematode , Ascaris , Trichuris and hookworm .
However , egg counts revealed that most of the inhabitants with Trichuris or hookworm had light infections .
The inhabitants with higher education background had significantly lower infection rates of Ascaris and Trichuris .
The prevalence of hookworm infection was not significantly different between the inhabitants owning latrine and without it , but the prevalence of Ascaris and Trichuris , differed significantly .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: Five nematode species , Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura , Necator americanus , Strongyloides stercoralis and unidentified Rhabditoids of free-living nature were detected .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 1.00 ]: Trichuris infection was most common , followed by hookworm and Ascaris infections , both in young ( aged 4-14 ) and older ( aged over 15 ) age groups .
[ Sen. 16, subscore: 1.00 ]: Among the older age group , the prevalence of Trichuris infection was significantly lower in Lompo Riaja , while hookworm infection was the highest in Pattappa .
[ Sen. 17, subscore: 1.00 ]: Among all the inhabitants examined for parasite infection , 17 . 4% had 3 kinds of nematode , Ascaris , Trichuris and hookworm .
[ Sen. 18, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , egg counts revealed that most of the inhabitants with Trichuris or hookworm had light infections .
[ Sen. 19, subscore: 1.00 ]: The inhabitants with higher education background had significantly lower infection rates of Ascaris and Trichuris .
[ Sen. 20, subscore: 1.00 ]: The prevalence of hookworm infection was not significantly different between the inhabitants owning latrine and without it , but the prevalence of Ascaris and Trichuris , differed significantly .
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| Title: Insecticide resistance spectra and resistance mechanisms in populations of Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes , Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx . gelidus , in Sri Lanka .
| | Author: Karunaratne SH Hemingway J | | Journal: Med . Vet . Entomol . Citation: V : 14 ( 4 ) P : 430-6 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11129708 Accession (PMID): 11129708 | | Abstract: Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Cx . gelidus Theobald ( Diptera : Culicidae ) , both vectors of Japanese encephalitis , were collected in 1984 and 1998 from two disease endemic localities in Sri Lanka : Anaradhapura and Kandy .
Using wild-caught adult mosquitoes from light traps , log dosage-probit mortality curves for insecticide bioassays were obtained for three insecticides : malathion ( organophosphate ) , propoxur ( carbamate ) and permethrin ( pyrethroid ) .
LD50 values showed that , in 1998 , Cx . tritaeniorhynchus was -100-fold more resistant to malathion and 10-fold more resistant to propoxur than was Cx . gelidus .
This difference was attributed to Cx . tritaeniorhynchus breeding mostly in irrigated rice paddy fields , where it would have been exposed to pesticide selection pressure , whereas Cx . gelidus breeds in other types of aquatic habitats less prone to pesticide applications .
Resistance in Cx . tritaeniorhynchus increased between 1984 and 1998 , whereas Cx . gelidus remained predominantly susceptible .
Propoxur inhibition of acetylcholinesterase ( AChE ) activity ( the target site of organophosphates and carbamates ) indicated that in 1998 , frequencies of insensitive AChE-based resistance were 9% in Cx . gelidus and 2-23% in Cx . tritaeniorhynchus , whereas in 1984 this resistance mechanism was detected only in 2% of the latter species from Anaradhapura .
The AChE inhibition coefficient ( ki ) with propoxur was 1 . 86+/-0 . 24 x 10 ( 5 ) M ( - ) 1 min ( -1 ) for Cx . tritaeniorhynchus from Anaradhapura in 1998 .
Both species were tested for activity levels of detoxifying glutathione S-transferases ( GSTs ) and malathion-specific as well as general carboxylesterases .
High activities of GSTs and carboxylesterases were detected in Cx . tritaeniorhynchus but not Cx . gelidus .
Malathion-specific carboxylesterase was absent from both species .
Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved two elevated general carboxylesterases , CtrEstbeta1 and CtrEstalpha1 , from Cx . tritaeniorhynchus and none from Cx . gelidus .
CtrEstbeta1 was the most intensely staining band .
Gel inhibition experiments showed that both elevated esterases were inhibited by organophosphates and carbamates but not by pyrethroids .
The major elevated esterase CtrEstbeta1 was partially purified ( 15-fold ) by sequential Q-Sepharose and phenyl Sepharose column chromatography .
The bimolecular rate constant ( ka ) and the deacylation rate constant ( k3 ) for the malaoxon/enzyme interaction were 9 . 9+/-1 . 1 x 10 ( 3 ) M ( -1 ) min ( -1 ) and 3 . 5+/-0 . 05 x 10 ( -4 ) M ( -1 ) min ( -1 ) , respectively , demonstrating that the role of this enzyme in organophosphorus insecticide resistance is sequestration .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Cx . gelidus Theobald ( Diptera : Culicidae ) , both vectors of Japanese encephalitis , were collected in 1984 and 1998 from two disease endemic localities in Sri Lanka : Anaradhapura and Kandy .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: LD50 values showed that , in 1998 , Cx . tritaeniorhynchus was -100-fold more resistant to malathion and 10-fold more resistant to propoxur than was Cx . gelidus .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: This difference was attributed to Cx . tritaeniorhynchus breeding mostly in irrigated rice paddy fields , where it would have been exposed to pesticide selection pressure , whereas Cx . gelidus breeds in other types of aquatic habitats less prone to pesticide applications .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Resistance in Cx . tritaeniorhynchus increased between 1984 and 1998 , whereas Cx . gelidus remained predominantly susceptible .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Propoxur inhibition of acetylcholinesterase ( AChE ) activity ( the target site of organophosphates and carbamates ) indicated that in 1998 , frequencies of insensitive AChE-based resistance were 9% in Cx . gelidus and 2-23% in Cx . tritaeniorhynchus , whereas in 1984 this resistance mechanism was detected only in 2% of the latter species from Anaradhapura .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The AChE inhibition coefficient ( ki ) with propoxur was 1 . 86+/-0 . 24 x 10 ( 5 ) M ( - ) 1 min ( -1 ) for Cx . tritaeniorhynchus from Anaradhapura in 1998 .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: High activities of GSTs and carboxylesterases were detected in Cx . tritaeniorhynchus but not Cx . gelidus .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved two elevated general carboxylesterases , CtrEstbeta1 and CtrEstalpha1 , from Cx . tritaeniorhynchus and none from Cx . gelidus .
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| Title: Comparative mapping of a major aluminum tolerance gene in sorghum and other species in the poaceae .
| | Author: Magalhaes JV Garvin DF Wang Y Sorrells ME Klein PE Schaffert RE Li L Kochian LV .
| | Journal: Genetics Citation: V : 167 ( 4 ) P : 1905-14 Year: 2004 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15342528 Accession (PMID): 15342528 | | Abstract: In several crop species within the Triticeae tribe of the grass family Poaceae , single major aluminum ( Al ) tolerance genes have been identified that effectively mitigate Al toxicity , a major abiotic constraint to crop production on acidic soils .
However , the trait is quantitatively inherited in species within other tribes , and the possible ancestral relationships between major Al tolerance genes and QTL in the grasses remain unresolved .
To help establish these relationships , we conducted a molecular genetic analysis of Al tolerance in sorghum and integrated our findings with those from previous studies performed in crop species belonging to different grass tribes .
A single locus , AltSB , was found to control Al tolerance in two highly Al tolerant sorghum cultivars .
Significant macrosynteny between sorghum and the Triticeae was observed for molecular markers closely linked to putatively orthologous Al tolerance loci present in the group 4 chromosomes of wheat , barley , and rye .
However , AltSB was not located within the homeologous region of sorghum but rather mapped near the end of sorghum chromosome 3 .
Thus , AltSB not only is the first major Al tolerance gene mapped in a grass species that does not belong to the Triticeae , but also appears to be different from the major Al tolerance locus in the Triticeae .
Intertribe map comparisons suggest that a major Al tolerance QTL on rice chromosome 1 is likely to be orthologous to AltSB , whereas another rice QTL on chromosome 3 is likely to correspond to the Triticeae group 4 Al tolerance locus .
Therefore , this study demonstrates a clear evolutionary link between genes and QTL encoding the same trait in distantly related species within a single plant family .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: In several crop species within the Triticeae tribe of the grass family Poaceae , single major aluminum ( Al ) tolerance genes have been identified that effectively mitigate Al toxicity , a major abiotic constraint to crop production on acidic soils .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: Thus , AltSB not only is the first major Al tolerance gene mapped in a grass species that does not belong to the Triticeae , but also appears to be different from the major Al tolerance locus in the Triticeae .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , the trait is quantitatively inherited in species within other tribes , and the possible ancestral relationships between major Al tolerance genes and QTL in the grasses remain unresolved .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: To help establish these relationships , we conducted a molecular genetic analysis of Al tolerance in sorghum and integrated our findings with those from previous studies performed in crop species belonging to different grass tribes .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Significant macrosynteny between sorghum and the Triticeae was observed for molecular markers closely linked to putatively orthologous Al tolerance loci present in the group 4 chromosomes of wheat , barley , and rye .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Intertribe map comparisons suggest that a major Al tolerance QTL on rice chromosome 1 is likely to be orthologous to AltSB , whereas another rice QTL on chromosome 3 is likely to correspond to the Triticeae group 4 Al tolerance locus .
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| Title: Preliminary safety evaluation of the putative cancer chemopreventive agent tricin , a naturally occurring flavone .
| | Author: Verschoyle RD Greaves P Cai H Borkhardt A Broggini M DIncalci M Riccio E Doppalapudi R Kapetanovic IM Steward WP Gescher AJ .
| | Journal: Cancer Chemother . Pharmacol . Citation: V : 57 ( 1 ) P : 1-6 Year: 2006 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16001171 Accession (PMID): 16001171 | | Abstract: PURPOSE : Naturally occurring flavonoids such as quercetin and genistein possess cancer chemopreventive properties in experimental models .
However , adverse effects such as their mutagenicity confound their potential clinical usefulness .
Furthermore in leukaemia cells some flavonoids cleave the breakpoint cluster region of the mixed lineage leukaemia ( MLL ) gene as a consequence of inhibition of topoisomerase II .
The choice of flavonoids to be developed as cancer chemopreventive agents depends crucially on their safety .
Here , we explored safety aspects of the novel flavone tricin , a constituent of rice bran and other grass species , which has recently been found to interfere with murine gastrointestinal carcinogenesis .
METHODS : Evidence of pathological or morphological changes in liver , lung , heart , spleen , kidney , adrenal gland , pancreas or thymus it issues was studied in mice which received tricin , genistein or quercetin 1 , 000 mg/kg daily by the oral route on five consecutive days .
The ability of tricin ( 50 microM ) to cleave the MLL gene was studied in human leukaemia cells by Southern blotting , and its effect on human topoisomerase II activity was investigated in incubations with supercoiled DNA .
The mutagenicity of tricin was assessed in the Salmonella/Escherichia coli assay , and its clastogenicity was adjudged by chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells and occurrence of micronuclei in bone marrow erythrocytes in Swiss-Webster mice .
RESULTS : Neither tricin , quercetin , or genistein caused pathological or morphological changes in any of the murine it issues studied .
Tricin ( 50 microM ) failed to cause MLL gene breakage , and it inhibited topoisomerase II only at 500 microM , but not at 10 , 50 or 100 microM .
Tricin lacked genotoxic properties in the systems studied here .
CONCLUSION : The results tentatively suggest that tricin may be considered safe enough for clinical development as a cancer chemopreventive agent .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Here , we explored safety aspects of the novel flavone tricin , a constituent of rice bran and other grass species , which has recently been found to interfere with murine gastrointestinal carcinogenesis .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: METHODS : Evidence of pathological or morphological changes in liver , lung , heart , spleen , kidney , adrenal gland , pancreas or thymus it issues was studied in mice which received tricin , genistein or quercetin 1 , 000 mg/kg daily by the oral route on five consecutive days .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The ability of tricin ( 50 microM ) to cleave the MLL gene was studied in human leukaemia cells by Southern blotting , and its effect on human topoisomerase II activity was investigated in incubations with supercoiled DNA .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The mutagenicity of tricin was assessed in the Salmonella/Escherichia coli assay , and its clastogenicity was adjudged by chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells and occurrence of micronuclei in bone marrow erythrocytes in Swiss-Webster mice .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : Neither tricin , quercetin , or genistein caused pathological or morphological changes in any of the murine it issues studied .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin ( 50 microM ) failed to cause MLL gene breakage , and it inhibited topoisomerase II only at 500 microM , but not at 10 , 50 or 100 microM .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin lacked genotoxic properties in the systems studied here .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSION : The results tentatively suggest that tricin may be considered safe enough for clinical development as a cancer chemopreventive agent .
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| Title: Epidemio-entomological survey of Japanese encephalitis in Korea .
| | Author: Baik DH Joo CY .
| | Journal: Kisaengchunghak Chapchi Citation: V : 29 ( 1 ) P : 67-85 Year: 1991 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1655009 Accession (PMID): 1655009 | | Abstract: In order to determine the seasonal prevalence and population dynamics of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in relation to the epidemics of Japanese encephalitis , and ecology of these vector mosquito in Kyungpook Province , Korea , studies were conducted during the period of 7 years from 1984 to 1990 .
Cx . tritaeniorhynchus first collected in June between 4th and 28th , and trapped in large numbers during the period from mid-August to early September , showed a simple sharply pointed one-peaked curve .
There was a gradual decrease from mid-September , with a very small number of them collected until early October in every year .
The average number of Cx . tritaeniorhynchus rapidly decreased after 1985 , and the number became particularly low in 1989 .
The highest population density , which was observed in August during the initial three years , was found to be delayed in the following years , accompanied by a decrease in the number of mosquitoes .
In the trend of nocturnal activity of Cx . tritaeniorhynchus , with oncoming darkness they become very active , gradually decreasing in activity toward mid night , but slightly increasing toward dawn .
The immature stages of Cx . tritaeniorhynchus were first found in rice fields contributing to peak adult densities in mid-July .
The highest average densities of Cx . tritaeniorhynchus was 14 , 900 per m2 on mid-August 19th .
The larval Cx . tritaeniorhynchus showed high resistance levels and resistance ratios against 5 organophosphorus compounds .
In the adult horizontal life table characteristics of Kyungsan colonies of Cx . tritaeniorhynchus under insectary conditions , life expectancy was 28 . 3 days for males and 59 . 8 days for females .
The net reproductive rate was 7 . 8 and generation time was 25 . 6 days .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: In order to determine the seasonal prevalence and population dynamics of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in relation to the epidemics of Japanese encephalitis , and ecology of these vector mosquito in Kyungpook Province , Korea , studies were conducted during the period of 7 years from 1984 to 1990 .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cx . tritaeniorhynchus first collected in June between 4th and 28th , and trapped in large numbers during the period from mid-August to early September , showed a simple sharply pointed one-peaked curve .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The average number of Cx . tritaeniorhynchus rapidly decreased after 1985 , and the number became particularly low in 1989 .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the trend of nocturnal activity of Cx . tritaeniorhynchus , with oncoming darkness they become very active , gradually decreasing in activity toward mid night , but slightly increasing toward dawn .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The immature stages of Cx . tritaeniorhynchus were first found in rice fields contributing to peak adult densities in mid-July .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The highest average densities of Cx . tritaeniorhynchus was 14 , 900 per m2 on mid-August 19th .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: The larval Cx . tritaeniorhynchus showed high resistance levels and resistance ratios against 5 organophosphorus compounds .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the adult horizontal life table characteristics of Kyungsan colonies of Cx . tritaeniorhynchus under insectary conditions , life expectancy was 28 . 3 days for males and 59 . 8 days for females .
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| Title: Emerging antifungal azoles and effects on Magnaporthe grisea .
| | Author: Mares D Romagnoli C Andreotti E Forlani G Guccione S Vicentini CB .
| | Journal: Mycol . Res . Citation: V : 110 ( Pt 6 ) P : 686-96 Year: 2006 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16769209 Accession (PMID): 16769209 | | Abstract: Derivatives of pyrazolo [ 1 , 5-a ] [ 1 , 3 , 5 ] triazine-2 , 4-dione , pyrazolo [ 1 , 5-c ] [ 1 , 3 , 5 ] thiadiazine-2-one , pyrazolo [ 3 , 4-d ] [ 1 , 3 ] thiazine-4-one , and pyrazolo [ 3 , 4-d ] [ 1 , 3 ] thiazine-4-thione were screened for antifungal activity against the causal agent of rice blast disease , Magnaporthe grisea .
The compounds were tested at doses ranging from 10 to 200mugml ( -1 ) , using the commercial fungicide tricyclazole as reference compound .
All triazine derivatives inhibited the growth and pigmentation of the mycelia less effectively than tricyclazole .
The thiadiazine derivatives proved to be more effective than their triazine counterparts , but only 4- ( butylimino ) -7-methylpyrazolo [ 1 , 5-c ] [ 1 , 3 , 5 ] thiadiazine-2-one ( 2h ) and 4- ( cyclohexylimino ) -7-methylpyrazolo [ 1 , 5-c ] [ 1 , 3 , 5 ] thiadiazine-2-one ( 2j ) were more effective than tricyclazole .
Pyrazolo [ 3 , 4-d ] [ 1 , 3 ] thiazine-4-one derivatives were active only at the highest doses , whereas members of the pyrazolo [ 3 , 4-d ] [ 1 , 3 ] thiazine-4-thione series inhibited fungal growth at the lowest concentrations used , at which tricyclazole had no effect .
A dose-dependent mechanism might be responsible for this effect , with lipophilicity as the governing factor .
Within a given set , the presence of a cyclohexyl or an n-butyl group generally increased antifungal activity , with respect to both growth inhibition and cell de-pigmentation of the mycelium , suggesting that a higher lipophilicity might improve transport inside the cells .
SEM and TEM of M grisea hyphae showed that treatment with the most active substance ( 2h ) caused significant ultrastructural effects , particularly on the endomembrane system , suggesting a mechanism of action similar to that of most azole fungicides .
Dissimilarities were also observed , with no alterations of the cell wall evident .
In conclusion , several compounds showed greater inhibition than tricyclazole , and therefore provide useful new chemistry for control of M grisea infections . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: All triazine derivatives inhibited the growth and pigmentation of the mycelia less effectively than tricyclazole .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: The thiadiazine derivatives proved to be more effective than their triazine counterparts , but only 4- ( butylimino ) -7-methylpyrazolo [ 1 , 5-c ] [ 1 , 3 , 5 ] thiadiazine-2-one ( 2h ) and 4- ( cyclohexylimino ) -7-methylpyrazolo [ 1 , 5-c ] [ 1 , 3 , 5 ] thiadiazine-2-one ( 2j ) were more effective than tricyclazole .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Derivatives of pyrazolo [ 1 , 5-a ] [ 1 , 3 , 5 ] triazine-2 , 4-dione , pyrazolo [ 1 , 5-c ] [ 1 , 3 , 5 ] thiadiazine-2-one , pyrazolo [ 3 , 4-d ] [ 1 , 3 ] thiazine-4-one , and pyrazolo [ 3 , 4-d ] [ 1 , 3 ] thiazine-4-thione were screened for antifungal activity against the causal agent of rice blast disease , Magnaporthe grisea .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The compounds were tested at doses ranging from 10 to 200mugml ( -1 ) , using the commercial fungicide tricyclazole as reference compound .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Pyrazolo [ 3 , 4-d ] [ 1 , 3 ] thiazine-4-one derivatives were active only at the highest doses , whereas members of the pyrazolo [ 3 , 4-d ] [ 1 , 3 ] thiazine-4-thione series inhibited fungal growth at the lowest concentrations used , at which tricyclazole had no effect .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: In conclusion , several compounds showed greater inhibition than tricyclazole , and therefore provide useful new chemistry for control of M grisea infections .
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| Title: Phytotoxic effects of trichothecenes on the growth and morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana .
| | Author: Masuda D Ishida M Yamaguchi K Yamaguchi I Kimura M Nishiuchi T | | Journal: Citation: V : ( ) P : Year: 2007 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17426057 Accession (PMID): 17426057 | | Abstract: Non-volatile sesquiterpenoids , a trichothecene family of phytotoxins such as deoxynivalenol ( DON ) and T-2 toxin , contain numerous molecular species and are synthesized by phytopathogenic Fusarium species .
Although trichothecene chemotypes might play a role in the virulence of individual Fusarium strains , the phytotoxic action of individual trichothecenes has not been systematically studied .
To perform a comparative analysis of the phytotoxic action of representative trichothecenes , the growth and morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana growing on media containing these compounds was investigated .
Both DON and diacetoxyscirpenol ( DAS ) preferentially inhibited root elongation .
DON-treated roots were less organized compared with control roots .
Moreover , preferential inhibition of root growth by DON was also observed in wheat plants .
In addition , T-2 toxin-treated seedlings exhibited dwarfism with aberrant morphological changes ( eg petiole shortening , curled dark-green leaves , and reduced cell size ) .
These results imply that the phytotoxic action of trichothecenes differed among their molecular species .
Cycloheximide ( CHX ) -treated seedlings displayed neither feature , although it is known that trichothecenes inhibit translation in eukaryotic ribosomes .
Microarray analyses suggested that T-2 toxin caused a defence response , the inactivation of brassinosteroid ( BR ) , and the generation of reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis .
This observation is in agreement with our previous reports in which trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin have an elicitor-like activity when infiltrated into the leaves of Arabidopsis .
Since it has been reported that BR plays an important role in a broad range of disease resistance in tobacco and rice , inactivation of BR might affect pathogenicity during the infection of host plants by trichothecene-producing fungi .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: Although trichothecene chemotypes might play a role in the virulence of individual Fusarium strains , the phytotoxic action of individual trichothecenes has not been systematically studied .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Non-volatile sesquiterpenoids , a trichothecene family of phytotoxins such as deoxynivalenol ( DON ) and T-2 toxin , contain numerous molecular species and are synthesized by phytopathogenic Fusarium species .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: To perform a comparative analysis of the phytotoxic action of representative trichothecenes , the growth and morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana growing on media containing these compounds was investigated .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results imply that the phytotoxic action of trichothecenes differed among their molecular species .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cycloheximide ( CHX ) -treated seedlings displayed neither feature , although it is known that trichothecenes inhibit translation in eukaryotic ribosomes .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: This observation is in agreement with our previous reports in which trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin have an elicitor-like activity when infiltrated into the leaves of Arabidopsis .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: Since it has been reported that BR plays an important role in a broad range of disease resistance in tobacco and rice , inactivation of BR might affect pathogenicity during the infection of host plants by trichothecene-producing fungi .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 8.00 |
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| Title: Separation and purification of tricin from an antioxidant product derived from bamboo leaves .
| | Author: Jiao J Zhang Y Liu C Liu J Wu X Zhang Y | | Journal: J Agric Food Chem Citation: V : 55 P : 10086-92 Year: 2007 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18001030 Accession (PMID): 18001030 | | Abstract: Tricin ( 5 , 7 , 4-trihydroxy-3 , 5-dimethoxyflavone ) occurs in its glycosidic form in rice bran and other grass species such as wheat , barley , and maize .
Tricin is considered sufficiently safe for clinical development as a cancer chemopreventive agent , therefore it can be used for cancer prevention .
This study established a new method for the preparation of tricin from bamboo leaves as an alternative to traditional methods such as chemical synthesis via the Baker-Venkata-Raman reaction between acetylsyringic acid and phloroacetophenone .
Tricin was prepared from an antioxidant product that was derived from bamboo leaves ( AOB ) by extraction with aqueous ethanol .
A concentrated solution of this product was obtained and then processed by polystyrene ( AB-8 ) resin column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) with 30% ( v/v ) acetonitrile in 1% ( v/v ) acetic acid as the mobile phase .
The collected tricin-rich fraction was further sequentially purified by dialysis membrane separation and drowning-out crystallization methods .
The purity was assessed by analytical HPLC with 25% ( v/v ) acetonitrile in 1% ( v/v ) acetic acid as the mobile phase , and the chemical confirmation was evaluated by infrared , mass , nuclear magnetic resonance , and ultraviolet spectroscopies .
Tricin ( 3 . 09 g ) was prepared from 174 g of a crude column chromatography fraction obtained from 5 L of AOB concentrated solution .
The present method is appropriate for preparing quantities of pure tricin , which can be used for the quantification of tricin in various plant herbs and further for pharmaceutical/biomedical applications and evaluation .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 2.00 ]: The present method is appropriate for preparing quantities of pure tricin , which can be used for the quantification of tricin in various plant herbs and further for pharmaceutical/biomedical applications and evaluation .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin ( 5 , 7 , 4-trihydroxy-3 , 5-dimethoxyflavone ) occurs in its glycosidic form in rice bran and other grass species such as wheat , barley , and maize .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin is considered sufficiently safe for clinical development as a cancer chemopreventive agent , therefore it can be used for cancer prevention .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: This study established a new method for the preparation of tricin from bamboo leaves as an alternative to traditional methods such as chemical synthesis via the Baker-Venkata-Raman reaction between acetylsyringic acid and phloroacetophenone .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin was prepared from an antioxidant product that was derived from bamboo leaves ( AOB ) by extraction with aqueous ethanol .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The collected tricin-rich fraction was further sequentially purified by dialysis membrane separation and drowning-out crystallization methods .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin ( 3 . 09 g ) was prepared from 174 g of a crude column chromatography fraction obtained from 5 L of AOB concentrated solution .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 8.00 |
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| Title: Pharmacological interventions for clozapine-induced hypersalivation .
| | Author: Syed R Au K Cahill C Duggan L He Y Udu V Xia J | | Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Citation: V : P : CD005579 Year: 2008 Type: In-Data-Review | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18646130 Accession (PMID): 18646130 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Clozapine is widely used for people with schizophrenia .
Although agranulocytosis , weight gain , and cardiac problems are serious problems associated with its use , hypersalivation , sometimes of a gross and socially unacceptable quantity , is also common ( 30-80% ) .
OBJECTIVES : To determine the clinical effects of pharmacological interventions for clozapine-induced hypersalivation .
SEARCH STRATEGY : We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register ( March 2007 ) , inspected references of all identified studies for further trials , contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies , drug approval agencies and authors of trials .
SELECTION CRITERIA : We included randomised controlled trials comparing pharmacological interventions , at any dose and by any route of administration , for clozapine-induced hypersalivation .
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : We extracted data independently .
For dichotomous data ( homogenous ) we calculated relative risk ( RR ) with 95% confidence intervals ( CI ) and numbers needed to treat ( NNT ) on an intention-to-treat basis .
We calculated weighted mean difference ( WMD ) for continuous data .
MAIN RESULTS : Of the 15 trials identified , 14 were conducted in China and 14 in hospitals .
The quality of reporting was poor with no studies clearly describing allocation concealment and much data were missing or unusable .
All results are vulnerable to considerable bias .
Most frequently the primary outcome was the diameter of the wet patch on the pillow .
Antimuscarinics ( astemizole , diphenhydramine , propantheline , doxepin ) were the most commonly evaluated drugs .
For the outcome of no clinically important improvement astemizole and diphenhydramine were more effective than placebo ( astemizole : n=97 , 2 RCTs , RR 0 . 61 CI 0 . 47 to 0 . 81 NNT 3 CI 2 to 5 ; diphenhydramine : n=131 , 2 RCTs , RR 0 . 43 CI 0 . 31 to 0 . 58 , NNT 2 CI 1 . 5 to 2 . 5 ) , but the doses of astemizole used were those that can cause toxicity .
Data involving propantheline were heterogeneous ( I2= 86 . 6% ) , but both studies showed benefit over placebo .
Adverse effects were poorly recorded . Of the other interventions , oryzanol ( rice bran oil and rice embryo oil extract ) showed benefit over the antimuscarinic doxepin in terms of no clinically important change ( n=104 , 1 RCT , RR 0 . 45 CI 0 . 27 to 0 . 75 , NNT 4 CI 2 to 7 ) .
The Chinese medicine suo quo wan ( comprises spicebush root , Chinese yam and bitter cardamom ) showed benefit over doxepin ( n=70 , 1 RCT , RR no clinically important change 0 . 31 CI 0 . 16 to 0 . 59 , NNT 3 CI 1 . 5 to 3 . 7 ) .
AUTHORS CONCLUSIONS : There are currently insufficient data to confidently inform clinical practice .
The limitations of these studies are plentiful and the risk of bias is high .
These trials , however , are invaluable guides for current and future study design .
Well conducted randomised trials are possible .
Some may be underway .
Current practice outside of well designed randomised trials should be clearly justified .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 3.00 ]: SEARCH STRATEGY : We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register ( March 2007 ) , inspected references of all identified studies for further trials , contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies , drug approval agencies and authors of trials .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: SELECTION CRITERIA : We included randomised controlled trials comparing pharmacological interventions , at any dose and by any route of administration , for clozapine-induced hypersalivation .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: MAIN RESULTS : Of the 15 trials identified , 14 were conducted in China and 14 in hospitals .
[ Sen. 20, subscore: 1.00 ]: These trials , however , are invaluable guides for current and future study design .
[ Sen. 21, subscore: 1.00 ]: Well conducted randomised trials are possible .
[ Sen. 23, subscore: 1.00 ]: Current practice outside of well designed randomised trials should be clearly justified .
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Score: 8.00 |
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| Title: Limiting amino acids for a corn and soybean meal diet in weaned calves less than three months of age .
| | Author: Abe M Iriki T Funaba M Onda S | | Journal: J Anim . Sci . Citation: V : 76 ( 2 ) P : 628-36 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9498374 Accession (PMID): 9498374 | | Abstract: Holstein bull calves ( n = 51 ) weaned at 6 wk of age were used in four N balance trials for 4 wk ( Trials 1 to 3 ) or for 2 wk ( Trial 4 ) from 8 wk of age to identify limiting amino acids for a corn and soybean meal diet .
The calves were trained to maintain reflex closure of the reticular groove throughout the trials .
In Trial 1 , administration of . 111 g of DL-methionine plus . 333 g of L-lysine monohydrochloride/kg BW through the reticular groove increased N retention compared with the control that received isonitrogenous L-glutamine , but administration of . 333 g L-lysine monohydrochloride/kg BW alone did not increase N retention in Trial 2 .
In Trial 3 , administration of . 111 g of DL-methionine/kg BW improved N balance compared with the control , although the improvement was not detected when DL-methionine was restricted to . 022 g/kg BW .
In Trial 4 , administration of the mixture of . 111 g of DL-methionine , . 333 g of L-lysine monohydrochloride , and . 055 g of L-tryptophan/kg BW increased N retention in calves compared with calves that received an isonitrogenous mixture of . 111 g of DL-methionine and . 274 g of L-glutamine/kg BW , or . 111 g of DL-methionine , . 055 g of L-tryptophan , and . 234 g of L-glutamine/kg BW .
The present results suggest that methionine was the first-limiting and that lysine was probably the second-limiting amino acid for the corn and soybean meal diet in weaned calves less than 11 wk of age , although tryptophan may be either co-limiting with lysine or third-limiting . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 3.00 ]: Holstein bull calves ( n = 51 ) weaned at 6 wk of age were used in four N balance trials for 4 wk ( Trials 1 to 3 ) or for 2 wk ( Trial 4 ) from 8 wk of age to identify limiting amino acids for a corn and soybean meal diet .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: In Trial 1 , administration of . 111 g of DL-methionine plus . 333 g of L-lysine monohydrochloride/kg BW through the reticular groove increased N retention compared with the control that received isonitrogenous L-glutamine , but administration of . 333 g L-lysine monohydrochloride/kg BW alone did not increase N retention in Trial 2 .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The calves were trained to maintain reflex closure of the reticular groove throughout the trials .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: In Trial 3 , administration of . 111 g of DL-methionine/kg BW improved N balance compared with the control , although the improvement was not detected when DL-methionine was restricted to . 022 g/kg BW .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In Trial 4 , administration of the mixture of . 111 g of DL-methionine , . 333 g of L-lysine monohydrochloride , and . 055 g of L-tryptophan/kg BW increased N retention in calves compared with calves that received an isonitrogenous mixture of . 111 g of DL-methionine and . 274 g of L-glutamine/kg BW , or . 111 g of DL-methionine , . 055 g of L-tryptophan , and . 234 g of L-glutamine/kg BW .
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Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: A linkage map of meadow fescue ( Festuca pratensis Huds . ) and comparative mapping with other Poaceae species .
| | Author: Alm V Fang C Busso CS Devos KM Vollan K Grieg Z Rognli OA .
| | Journal: Theor . Appl . Genet . Citation: V : 108 ( 1 ) P : 25-40 Year: 2003 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12923626 Accession (PMID): 12923626 | | Abstract: A genetic linkage map has been constructed for meadow fescue ( Festuca pratensis Huds . ) ( 2n=2 x=14 ) using a full-sib family of a cross between a genotype from a Norwegian population ( HF2 ) and a genotype from a Yugoslavian cultivar ( B14 ) .
The two-way pseudo-testcross procedure has been used to develop separate maps for each parent , as well as a combined map .
A total number of 550 loci have been mapped using homologous and heterologous RFLPs , AFLPs , isozymes and SSRs .
The combined map consists of 466 markers , has a total length of 658 . 8 cM with an average marker density of 1 . 4 cM/marker .
A high degree of orthology and colinearity was observed between meadow fescue and the Triticeae genome ( s ) for all linkage groups , and the individual linkage groups were designated 1F-7F in accordance with the orthologous Triticeae chromosomes .
As expected , the meadow fescue linkage groups were highly orthologous and co-linear with Lolium , and with oat , maize and sorghum , generally in the same manner as the Triticeae chromosomes .
It was shown that the evolutionary 4AL/5AL translocation , which characterises some of the Triticeae species , is not present in the meadow fescue genome .
A putative insertion of a segment orthologous to Triticeae 2 at the top of 6F , similar to the rearrangement found in the wheat B and the rye R genome , was also observed .
In addition , chromosome 4F is completely orthologous to rice chromosome 3 in contrast to the Triticeae where this rice chromosome is distributed over homoeologous group 4 and 5 chromosomes .
The meadow fescue genome thus has a more ancestral configuration than any of the Triticeae genomes .
The extended meadow fescue map reported here provides the opportunity for beneficial cross-species transfer of genetic knowledge , particularly from the complete genome sequence of rice .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: A high degree of orthology and colinearity was observed between meadow fescue and the Triticeae genome ( s ) for all linkage groups , and the individual linkage groups were designated 1F-7F in accordance with the orthologous Triticeae chromosomes .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: As expected , the meadow fescue linkage groups were highly orthologous and co-linear with Lolium , and with oat , maize and sorghum , generally in the same manner as the Triticeae chromosomes .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: It was shown that the evolutionary 4AL/5AL translocation , which characterises some of the Triticeae species , is not present in the meadow fescue genome .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: A putative insertion of a segment orthologous to Triticeae 2 at the top of 6F , similar to the rearrangement found in the wheat B and the rye R genome , was also observed .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: In addition , chromosome 4F is completely orthologous to rice chromosome 3 in contrast to the Triticeae where this rice chromosome is distributed over homoeologous group 4 and 5 chromosomes .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: The meadow fescue genome thus has a more ancestral configuration than any of the Triticeae genomes .
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Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Structural and distributional variation of mitochondrial rps2 genes in the tribe Triticeae ( Poaceae ) .
| | Author: Kubo N Salomon B Komatsuda T von Bothmer R Kadowaki K | | Journal: Theor . Appl . Genet . Citation: V : 110 ( 6 ) P : 995-1002 Year: 2005 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15754209 Accession (PMID): 15754209 | | Abstract: The mitochondrial rps2 gene from barley , like that of rice , wheat , and maize , has an extended open reading frame ( ORF ) at the 3-region when compared to that from lower plants .
However , the extended portions are variable among these cereals .
Since barley and wheat belong to the same tribe ( Triticeae ) , it would be interesting to know when and where the two types of rps2 were generated during evolution .
To determine this , we utilized the mitochondrial ( mt ) DNA sequence to examine variations of the rps2 genes in the tribe Triticeae .
By means of the variable 3-region , the distribution of barley ( B ) -type and wheat ( W ) -type rps2 sequences was studied in 19 genera of the tribe .
The B-type sequence was identified in 10 of the 19 genera , whereas the W-type sequence was present in all 19 genera .
Thus , ten of the examined genera have both types of rps2 sequences due to the presence of two copies of the gene .
The W-type sequence was also present in the tribe Bromeae and the B-type sequence was also found in Aveneae and Poeae .
Phylogenetic trees based on the B-type and W-type sequences were different from those based on other molecular data .
This suggests that the mitochondrial genome in Triticeae has a unique evolutionary history .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: Since barley and wheat belong to the same tribe ( Triticeae ) , it would be interesting to know when and where the two types of rps2 were generated during evolution .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: To determine this , we utilized the mitochondrial ( mt ) DNA sequence to examine variations of the rps2 genes in the tribe Triticeae .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: By means of the variable 3-region , the distribution of barley ( B ) -type and wheat ( W ) -type rps2 sequences was studied in 19 genera of the tribe .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The W-type sequence was also present in the tribe Bromeae and the B-type sequence was also found in Aveneae and Poeae .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: This suggests that the mitochondrial genome in Triticeae has a unique evolutionary history .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Rapid Growth and Apparent Total Nitrogen Increases in Rice and Corn Plants following Applications of Triacontanol .
| | Author: Knowles NR Ries SK .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 68 ( 6 ) P : 1279-1284 Year: 1981 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16662092 Accession (PMID): 16662092 | | Abstract: Triacontanol ( TRIA ) increased fresh and dry weight and total reducible nitrogen ( total N ) of rice ( Oryza sativa L ) seedlings within 40 minutes .
Increases in total N in the supernatants from homogenates of corn ( Zea mays L ) and rice leaves treated with TRIA for one minute before grinding occurred within 30 and 80 minutes , respectively .
The source for the increase was investigated utilizing atmospheric substitution and enrichment and depletion studies with ( 15 ) N The increase in total N in seedlings was shown to be independent of method of N analysis and the presence of nitrate in the plants .
Automated Kjeldahl determinations showing apparent increases in N composition due to TRIA were shown to be correlated with hand Kjeldahl , elemental analysis , and chemiluminescent analysis in three independent laboratories .
TRIA did not alter the nitrate uptake or endogenous levels of nitrate in corn and rice seedlings .
Enrichment experiments revealed that the total N increases in rice seedlings , in vivo , and in supernatants of corn leaf homogenates , in vitro , are not due to atmospheric N ( 2 ) .
TRIA increased the soluble N pools of the plants , specifically the free amino acid and soluble protein fractions .
No differences in depletion or enrichment of ( 15 ) N incorporated into soluble and insoluble N fractions of rice seedlings could be detected on an atom per cent ( 15 ) N basis .
The apparent short-term total N increases can not be explained by current knowledge of major N assimilation pathways .
TRIA may stimulate a change in the chemical composition of the seedlings , resulting in interference with standard methods of N analysis . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Triacontanol ( TRIA ) increased fresh and dry weight and total reducible nitrogen ( total N ) of rice ( Oryza sativa L ) seedlings within 40 minutes .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Increases in total N in the supernatants from homogenates of corn ( Zea mays L ) and rice leaves treated with TRIA for one minute before grinding occurred within 30 and 80 minutes , respectively .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Automated Kjeldahl determinations showing apparent increases in N composition due to TRIA were shown to be correlated with hand Kjeldahl , elemental analysis , and chemiluminescent analysis in three independent laboratories .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: TRIA did not alter the nitrate uptake or endogenous levels of nitrate in corn and rice seedlings .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: TRIA increased the soluble N pools of the plants , specifically the free amino acid and soluble protein fractions .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: TRIA may stimulate a change in the chemical composition of the seedlings , resulting in interference with standard methods of N analysis .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Triacontanol and Its Second Messenger 9-beta-l ( + ) -Adenosine as Plant Growth Substances .
| | Author: Ries S | | Journal: Citation: V : 95 ( 4 ) P : 986-989 Year: 1991 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16668132 Accession (PMID): 16668132 | | Abstract: Triacontanol ( TRIA ) , a common constituent of plant waxes , was first shown in 1977 to be an active growth substance which at nanomolar concentrations increased the growth and yield of crops .
TRIA is used to increase crop yields on millions of hectares , particularly in Asia .
Many investigators have shown that it affects several basic metabolic processes including photosynthesis , nutrient uptake , and enzyme activity .
However , the initial site of action has not been elucidated .
TRIA rapidly elicits a second messenger ( TRIM ) in rice ( Oryza sativa L ) , which at nanomolar concentrations causes plants to respond in a manner similar to TRIA .
TRIM has been identified as 9-beta-l ( + ) -adenosine ( 9H-purin-6-amine , 9-beta-l-ribofuranosyl ) .
During the process of isolating and identifying 9-beta-l ( + ) -adenosine , it was shown that this enantiomer , which previously has not been reported as occurring in nature , made up about 1% of the total adenosine pool in roots from untreated rice seedlings . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 3.00 ]: TRIA rapidly elicits a second messenger ( TRIM ) in rice ( Oryza sativa L ) , which at nanomolar concentrations causes plants to respond in a manner similar to TRIA .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Triacontanol ( TRIA ) , a common constituent of plant waxes , was first shown in 1977 to be an active growth substance which at nanomolar concentrations increased the growth and yield of crops .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: TRIA is used to increase crop yields on millions of hectares , particularly in Asia .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: TRIM has been identified as 9-beta-l ( + ) -adenosine ( 9H-purin-6-amine , 9-beta-l-ribofuranosyl ) .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Transgenic rice plants expressing trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase show resistance to the Fusarium phytotoxin deoxynivalenol .
| | Author: Ohsato S Ochiai-Fukuda T Nishiuchi T Takahashi-Ando N Koizumi S Hamamoto H Kudo T Yamaguchi I Kimura M | | Journal: Plant Cell Rep .
Citation: V : 26 ( 4 ) P : 531-8 Year: 2007 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17031651 Accession (PMID): 17031651 | | Abstract: Fusarium head blight ( FHB ) is a devastating disease of small grain cereal crops caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum .
These fungi produce the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol ( DON ) and its derivatives , which enhance the disease development during their interactions with host plants .
For the self-protection , the trichothecene producer Fusarium species have Tri101 encoding trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase .
Although transgenic expression of Tri101 significantly reduced inhibitory action of DON on tobacco plants , there are several conflicting observations regarding the phytotoxicity of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol ( 3-ADON ) to cereal plants ; 3-ADON was reported to be highly phytotoxic to wheat at low concentrations .
To examine whether cereal plants show sufficient resistance to 3-ADON , we generated transgenic rice plants with stable expression and inheritance of Tri101 .
While root growth of wild-type rice plants was severely inhibited by DON in the medium , this fungal toxin was not phytotoxic to the transgenic lines that showed trichothecene 3-O-acetylation activity .
This is the first report demonstrating the DON acetylase activity and DON-resistant phenotype of cereal plants expressing the fungal gene .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 3.00 ]: For the self-protection , the trichothecene producer Fusarium species have Tri101 encoding trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: These fungi produce the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol ( DON ) and its derivatives , which enhance the disease development during their interactions with host plants .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although transgenic expression of Tri101 significantly reduced inhibitory action of DON on tobacco plants , there are several conflicting observations regarding the phytotoxicity of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol ( 3-ADON ) to cereal plants ; 3-ADON was reported to be highly phytotoxic to wheat at low concentrations .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: To examine whether cereal plants show sufficient resistance to 3-ADON , we generated transgenic rice plants with stable expression and inheritance of Tri101 .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: While root growth of wild-type rice plants was severely inhibited by DON in the medium , this fungal toxin was not phytotoxic to the transgenic lines that showed trichothecene 3-O-acetylation activity .
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Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Organic amendments affecting sorption , leaching and dissipation of fungicides in soils .
| | Author: Fernandes MC Cox L Hermos MC Cornejo J | | Journal: Pest Manag . Sci . Citation: V : 62 ( 12 ) P : 1207-15 Year: 2006 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17051652 Accession (PMID): 17051652 | | Abstract: Metalaxyl and tricyclazole are two fungicides widely used in Spain in vineyard and rice crops respectively .
In this study an investigation has been made of the effect of three organic amendments [ two commercial amendments , solid fertiormont ( SF ) and liquid fertiormont ( LF ) , and a residue from the olive oil production industry , alperujo ( OW ) ] on fungicide fate in soils .
Changes in soil porosity on amendment were studied by mercury intrusion porosimetry , sorption-desorption studies were performed by the batch equilibration method , dissipation of metalaxyl and tricyclazole in the soil was studied at - 33 kPa moisture content and 20 degrees C and leaching was studied in hand-packed soil columns .
Amendments with SF and LF reduced soil porosity , while OW increased porosity through an increase in pore volume in the highest range studied .
Tricyclazole sorbed to soils to a much higher extent than metalaxyl .
With some exceptions , sorption of both fungicides increased on amendment , especially in the case of SF-amended soils , which rendered the highest K ( oc ) values .
In soils amended with the liquid amendment LF , sorption either remained unaffected or decreased , and this decrease was much higher in the case of metalaxyl and a soil with 70% clay .
In this clay soil , amendment with OW , of very high soluble organic matter content , also decreased metalaxyl sorption .
Tricyclazole is more persistent in soil than metalaxyl , and both fungicides were found to be more persistent in amended soils than in unamended soils .
Leaching of metalaxyl and tricyclazole in soil columns was inversely related to sorption capacity .
The low recoveries of tricyclazole in leachates and in soil columns when compared with metalaxyl , a less persistent fungicide , were attributed to diffusion into micropores and to increase in sorption with residence time in the soil , both processes favoured by the low mobility of tricyclazole .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: The low recoveries of tricyclazole in leachates and in soil columns when compared with metalaxyl , a less persistent fungicide , were attributed to diffusion into micropores and to increase in sorption with residence time in the soil , both processes favoured by the low mobility of tricyclazole .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Metalaxyl and tricyclazole are two fungicides widely used in Spain in vineyard and rice crops respectively .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Changes in soil porosity on amendment were studied by mercury intrusion porosimetry , sorption-desorption studies were performed by the batch equilibration method , dissipation of metalaxyl and tricyclazole in the soil was studied at - 33 kPa moisture content and 20 degrees C and leaching was studied in hand-packed soil columns .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricyclazole sorbed to soils to a much higher extent than metalaxyl .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricyclazole is more persistent in soil than metalaxyl , and both fungicides were found to be more persistent in amended soils than in unamended soils .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Leaching of metalaxyl and tricyclazole in soil columns was inversely related to sorption capacity .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Tissue distribution in mice and metabolism in murine and human liver of apigenin and tricin , flavones with putative cancer chemopreventive properties .
| | Author: Cai H Boocock DJ Steward WP Gescher AJ .
| | Journal: Citation: V : ( ) P : Year: 2006 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17089164 Accession (PMID): 17089164 | | Abstract: PURPOSE : The flavones apigenin and tricin , which occur in leafy vegetables and rice bran , respectively , possess cancer chemopreventive properties in preclinical rodent models .
Their pharmacology is only poorly understood .
We compared their it issue levels in mice in vivo and their metabolism in liver fractions in vitro .
METHODS : Mice received apigenin or tricin ( 0 . 2% ) with their diet for 5-7 days , and flavone levels were compared in the plasma , liver and gastrointestinal mucosa using HPLC-UV .
Flavone metabolism was investigated in murine and human liver microsomes or cytosol in vitro co-incubated with uridine 5-diphosphoglucuronic acid or 3-phosphoadenosine-5 phosphosulfate .
Flavone metabolites were characterized by on-line HPLC-mass spectrometry .
RESULTS : After dietary administration of flavones for 7 days , levels of tricin in plasma , liver and mucosa exceeded those of apigenin by 350 , 33 and 100% , respectively .
Apigenin was more rapidly glucuronidated than tricin in liver microsomes , whilst tricin underwent swifter sulfonation than apigenin in liver cytosol .
For either flavone the rate of glucuronidation was much faster than that of sulfonation .
Flavone monoglucuronides and monosulfates were identified as metabolites in microsomal and cytosolic incubations , respectively .
CONCLUSIONS : When consumed with the diet in mice tricin seems to be more available than apigenin in blood and it issues .
Differences in their glucuronidation may account for their differential availability .
Thus tricin may have a pharmacokinetic advantage over apigenin .
This type of information may help decide which flavonoids to select for clinical development .
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[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: Apigenin was more rapidly glucuronidated than tricin in liver microsomes , whilst tricin underwent swifter sulfonation than apigenin in liver cytosol .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: PURPOSE : The flavones apigenin and tricin , which occur in leafy vegetables and rice bran , respectively , possess cancer chemopreventive properties in preclinical rodent models .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: METHODS : Mice received apigenin or tricin ( 0 . 2% ) with their diet for 5-7 days , and flavone levels were compared in the plasma , liver and gastrointestinal mucosa using HPLC-UV .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : After dietary administration of flavones for 7 days , levels of tricin in plasma , liver and mucosa exceeded those of apigenin by 350 , 33 and 100% , respectively .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSIONS : When consumed with the diet in mice tricin seems to be more available than apigenin in blood and it issues .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Thus tricin may have a pharmacokinetic advantage over apigenin .
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| Title: Involvement of the osmosensor histidine kinase and osmotic stress-activated protein kinases in the regulation of secondary metabolism in Fusarium graminearum .
| | Author: Ochiai N Tokai T Nishiuchi T Takahashi-Ando N Fujimura M Kimura M | | Journal: Biochem Biophys Res Commun Citation: V : 363 P : 639-44 Year: 2007 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17897620 Accession (PMID): 17897620 | | Abstract: Fusarium graminearum produces trichothecenes in aerial hyphae , a process which is markedly suppressed by NaCl without a significant effect on fungal growth .
Here we report on the involvement of kinases of the two-component osmotic signal transduction pathway in the regulation of secondary metabolism in F graminearum .
While a deletion null mutant of FgOs1 ( encoding the osmosensor histidine kinase ) ( deltaFgOs1 ) produced a reduced amount of the red pigment aurofusarin and was unaltered in its ability to produce trichothecenes , deletion null mutants of FgOs4 ( encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase ; MAPKKK ) , FgOs5 ( MAPKK ) , and FgOs2 ( MAPK ) showed markedly enhanced pigmentation and failed to produce trichothecenes in aerial hyphae .
Also , the transcript levels of PKS12 and GIP2 ( aurofusarin biosynthetic pathway and regulatory genes , respectively ) were significantly enhanced in the deltaFgOs4 , deltaFgOs5 , and deltaFgOs2 mutants and were reduced in the deltaFgOs1 mutant .
In addition , expression of Tri4 and Tri6 ( trichothecene biosynthetic pathway and regulatory genes ) and production of trichothecenes in rice medium were markedly reduced in the former three protein kinase mutants .
This is the first report demonstrating the involvement of a MAPK in the regulation of secondary metabolism .
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[ Sen. 5, subscore: 4.00 ]: In addition , expression of Tri4 and Tri6 ( trichothecene biosynthetic pathway and regulatory genes ) and production of trichothecenes in rice medium were markedly reduced in the former three protein kinase mutants .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: While a deletion null mutant of FgOs1 ( encoding the osmosensor histidine kinase ) ( deltaFgOs1 ) produced a reduced amount of the red pigment aurofusarin and was unaltered in its ability to produce trichothecenes , deletion null mutants of FgOs4 ( encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase ; MAPKKK ) , FgOs5 ( MAPKK ) , and FgOs2 ( MAPK ) showed markedly enhanced pigmentation and failed to produce trichothecenes in aerial hyphae .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Fusarium graminearum produces trichothecenes in aerial hyphae , a process which is markedly suppressed by NaCl without a significant effect on fungal growth .
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| Title: Is chemotherapy necessary for premenopausal women with lower-risk node-positive , endocrine responsive breast cancer?
10-year update of International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial 11-93 .
| | Author: Thurlimann B Price KN Gelber RD Holmberg SB Crivellari D Colleoni M Collins J Forbes JF Castiglione-Gertsch M Coates AS Goldhirsch A | | Journal: Breast Cancer Res Treat Citation: V : 113 P : 137-44 Year: 2009 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18259856 Accession (PMID): 18259856 | | Abstract: INTRODUCTION : International Breast Cancer Study Group ( IBCSG ) Trial 11-93 is the largest trial evaluating the role of the addition of chemotherapy to ovarian function suppression/ablation ( OFS ) and tamoxifen in premenopausal patients with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer .
METHODS : IBCSG Trial 11-93 is a randomized trial comparing four cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy ( AC : doxorubicin or epirubicin , plus cyclophosphamide ) added to OFS and 5 years of tamoxifen versus OFS and tamoxifen without chemotherapy in premenopausal patients with node-positive , endocrine-responsive early breast cancer .
There were 174 patients randomized from May 1993 to November 1998 .
The trial was closed before the target accrual was reached due to low accrual rate .
RESULTS : Patients randomized tended to have lower risk node-positive disease and the median age was 45 .
After 10 years median follow up , there remains no difference between the two randomized treatment groups for disease-free ( hazard ratio=1 . 02 ( 0 . 57-1 . 83 ) ; P=0 . 94 ) or overall survival ( hazard ratio=0 . 97 ( 0 . 44-2 . 16 ) ; P=0 . 94 ) .
CONCLUSION : This trial , although small , offers no evidence that AC chemotherapy provides additional disease control for premenopausal patients with lower-risk node-positive endocrine-responsive breast cancer who receive adequate adjuvant endocrine therapy .
A large trial is needed to determine whether chemotherapy adds benefit to endocrine therapy for this population .
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[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: INTRODUCTION : International Breast Cancer Study Group ( IBCSG ) Trial 11-93 is the largest trial evaluating the role of the addition of chemotherapy to ovarian function suppression/ablation ( OFS ) and tamoxifen in premenopausal patients with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: METHODS : IBCSG Trial 11-93 is a randomized trial comparing four cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy ( AC : doxorubicin or epirubicin , plus cyclophosphamide ) added to OFS and 5 years of tamoxifen versus OFS and tamoxifen without chemotherapy in premenopausal patients with node-positive , endocrine-responsive early breast cancer .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The trial was closed before the target accrual was reached due to low accrual rate .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSION : This trial , although small , offers no evidence that AC chemotherapy provides additional disease control for premenopausal patients with lower-risk node-positive endocrine-responsive breast cancer who receive adequate adjuvant endocrine therapy .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: A large trial is needed to determine whether chemotherapy adds benefit to endocrine therapy for this population .
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| Title: Chemoendocrine compared with endocrine adjuvant therapies for node-negative breast cancer : predictive value of centrally reviewed expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors--International Breast Cancer Study Group .
| | Author: Viale G Regan MM Maiorano E Mastropasqua MG Golouh R Perin T Brown RW Kovacs A Pillay K Ohlschlegel C Braye S Grigolato P Rusca T Gelber RD Castiglione-Gertsch M Price KN Goldhirsch A Gusterson BA Coates AS | | Journal: J Clin Oncol Citation: V : 26 P : 1404-10 Year: 2008 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18349391 Accession (PMID): 18349391 | | Abstract: PURPOSE : To centrally assess estrogen receptor ( ER ) and progesterone receptor ( PgR ) levels by immunohistochemistry and investigate their predictive value for benefit of chemo-endocrine compared with endocrine adjuvant therapy alone in two randomized clinical trials for node-negative breast cancer .
PATIENTS AND METHODS : International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial VIII compared cyclophosphamide , methotrexate , and fluorouracil ( CMF ) chemotherapy for 6 cycles followed by endocrine therapy with goserelin with either modality alone in pre and perimenopausal patients .
Trial IX compared three cycles of CMF followed by tamoxifen for 5 years versus tamoxifen alone in postmenopausal patients .
Central Pathology Office reviewed 883 ( 83% ) of 1 , 063 patients on Trial VIII and 1 , 365 ( 82% ) of 1 , 669 on Trial IX and determined ER and PgR by immunohistochemistry .
Disease-free survival ( DFS ) was compared across the spectrum of expression of each receptor using the Subpopulation Treatment Effect Pattern Plot methodology .
RESULTS : Both receptors displayed a bimodal distribution , with substantial proportions showing no staining ( receptor absent ) and most of the remainder showing a high percentage of stained cells .
Chemo-endocrine therapy yielded DFS superior to endocrine therapy alone for patients with receptor-absent tumors , and in some cases also for those with low levels of receptor expression .
Among patients with ER-expressing tumors , additional prediction of benefit was suggested in absent or low PgR in Trial VIII but not in Trial IX .
CONCLUSION : Low levels of ER and PgR are predictive of the benefit of adding chemotherapy to endocrine therapy .
Low PgR may add further prediction among pre and perimenopausal but not postmenopausal patients whose tumors express ER .
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[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: Central Pathology Office reviewed 883 ( 83% ) of 1 , 063 patients on Trial VIII and 1 , 365 ( 82% ) of 1 , 669 on Trial IX and determined ER and PgR by immunohistochemistry .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: Among patients with ER-expressing tumors , additional prediction of benefit was suggested in absent or low PgR in Trial VIII but not in Trial IX .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: PURPOSE : To centrally assess estrogen receptor ( ER ) and progesterone receptor ( PgR ) levels by immunohistochemistry and investigate their predictive value for benefit of chemo-endocrine compared with endocrine adjuvant therapy alone in two randomized clinical trials for node-negative breast cancer .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: PATIENTS AND METHODS : International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial VIII compared cyclophosphamide , methotrexate , and fluorouracil ( CMF ) chemotherapy for 6 cycles followed by endocrine therapy with goserelin with either modality alone in pre and perimenopausal patients .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Trial IX compared three cycles of CMF followed by tamoxifen for 5 years versus tamoxifen alone in postmenopausal patients .
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| Title: Quinic acid derivatives from Saussurea triangulata attenuates glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells .
| | Author: Chung IM Kim MY Park WH Moon HI | | Journal: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem Citation: V : 24 P : 188-91 Year: 2009 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18608779 Accession (PMID): 18608779 | | Abstract: The leaves of Saussurea triangulata ( Compositae ) have been eaten with rice as a wrapping vegetable for preventing neuro-aging .
However , the components responsible for the neuroprotective effects of S triangulata still remain unidentified .
In the process of investigating the neuroprotective activity of S triangulata , we found that a methanol extract of S triangulata exhibited significant protection against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells .
Three quinic acid derivatives were isolated from the n-BuOH fraction of S triangulata .
Among these three quinic acid derivatives , methyl 5-caffeoylquinic acid ( 3 ) exhibited significant neuroprotective activities against glutamate-induced toxicity exhibiting cell viability of about 50% , at concentrations ranging from 0 . 1 microM to 10 microM .
Therefore , the neuroprotective effect of S triangulata might be due to the inhibition of glutamate-induced toxicity by the quinic acid derivatives from S triangulata .
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[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: In the process of investigating the neuroprotective activity of S triangulata , we found that a methanol extract of S triangulata exhibited significant protection against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: Therefore , the neuroprotective effect of S triangulata might be due to the inhibition of glutamate-induced toxicity by the quinic acid derivatives from S triangulata .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The leaves of Saussurea triangulata ( Compositae ) have been eaten with rice as a wrapping vegetable for preventing neuro-aging .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , the components responsible for the neuroprotective effects of S triangulata still remain unidentified .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Three quinic acid derivatives were isolated from the n-BuOH fraction of S triangulata .
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| Title: Statin alternatives or just placebo : an objective review of omega-3 , red yeast rice and garlic in cardiovascular therapeutics .
| | Author: Ong HT Cheah JS | | Journal: Chin Med J ( Engl ) Citation: V : 121 P : 1588-94 Year: 2008 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18982874 Accession (PMID): 18982874 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : The aim of this review is to objectively access the trial evidence on the role of omega-3 , red yeast rice and garlic in preventing clinical cardiovascular events .
Given the large number of clinical trials favoring statin use in cardiovascular disease , it is important to see if evidence is available for these supplements and whether they could replace statin therapy .
DATA SOURCE : A PubMed search was conducted using the keywords trial , omega-3 , red yeast rice , xuezhikang , garlic , cholesterol , cardiovascular , outcomes ; the resulting trials were reviewed together with the references quoted in the papers obtained .
STUDY SELECTION : The studies selected are prospective , randomized , placebo-controlled studies with predefined clinical cardiovascular end-points recruiting at least 2000 patients , with a follow-up over 2 years .
RESULTS : Modest dose omega-3 fatty acid has been shown in GISSI-P ( 11 324 patients , follow-up 3 . 5 years ) to produce a reduction in sudden death of 45% , and in cardiac death of 35% , acting probably via an anti-arrhythmic effect .
In JELIS ( 18 645 patients , follow-up 4 . 6 years ) , high dose omega-3 given to Japanese patients on a high fish diet and already on statin treatment produced further benefit with a 19% reduction of nonfatal cardiovascular outcomes ; fatal cardiac events are not affected .
CCSPS ( 4870 patients , follow-up 4 years ) , a secondary prevention trial using xuezhikang , a commercial red yeast rice preparation , produced a 46% reduction in nonfatal myocardial infarction and coronary death .
There has been no trial to show that garlic reduces clinical cardiovascular outcomes .
A rigorous trial with constant assessment of chemicals in the study material in 192 patients found that over a 6-month follow-up , raw garlic and 2 commercial preparations do not significantly affect lipid levels .
CONCLUSIONS : Omega-3 in modest doses reduces cardiac deaths , and in high doses reduces nonfatal cardiovascular events .
Red yeast rice reduces adverse cardiac events to a similar degree as the statins .
It is unlikely that garlic is useful in preventing cardiovascular disease .
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[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: DATA SOURCE : A PubMed search was conducted using the keywords trial , omega-3 , red yeast rice , xuezhikang , garlic , cholesterol , cardiovascular , outcomes ; the resulting trials were reviewed together with the references quoted in the papers obtained .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : The aim of this review is to objectively access the trial evidence on the role of omega-3 , red yeast rice and garlic in preventing clinical cardiovascular events .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Given the large number of clinical trials favoring statin use in cardiovascular disease , it is important to see if evidence is available for these supplements and whether they could replace statin therapy .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: CCSPS ( 4870 patients , follow-up 4 years ) , a secondary prevention trial using xuezhikang , a commercial red yeast rice preparation , produced a 46% reduction in nonfatal myocardial infarction and coronary death .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: There has been no trial to show that garlic reduces clinical cardiovascular outcomes .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: A rigorous trial with constant assessment of chemicals in the study material in 192 patients found that over a 6-month follow-up , raw garlic and 2 commercial preparations do not significantly affect lipid levels .
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| Title: Polymer-based oral rehydration solution for treating acute watery diarrhoea .
| | Author: Gregorio GV Gonzales ML Dans LF Martinez EG | | Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Citation: V : P : CD006519 Year: 2009 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19370638 Accession (PMID): 19370638 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Acute diarrhoea is one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality among children in low-income countries .
Glucose-based ORS helps replace fluid and prevent further dehydration from acute diarrhoea .
Since 2004 , the World Health Organization has recommended the osmolarity < 270 mOsm/L ( ORS 310 mOsm/L formulation ( ORS >/= 310 ) .
Glucose polymer-based ORS ( eg prepared using rice or wheat ) slowly releases glucose and may be superior .
OBJECTIVES : To compare polymer-based ORS with glucose-based ORS for treating acute watery diarrhoea .
SEARCH STRATEGY : In September 2008 , we searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register , CENTRAL ( The Cochrane Library 2008 , Issue 3 ) , MEDLINE , EMBASE , LILACS , and mRCT .
We also contacted researchers , organizations , and pharmaceutical companies , and searched reference lists .
SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomized controlled trials of people with acute watery diarrhoea ( cholera and non-cholera associated ) comparing polymer-based and glucose-based ORS ( with identical electrolyte contents ) .
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Two authors independently assessed the search results and risk of bias , and extracted data .
In multiple treatment arms with two or more treatment groups , we combined outcomes as appropriate and compared collectively with the control group .
MAIN RESULTS : Thirty-four trials involving 4214 participants met the inclusion criteria : 27 in children , five in adults and two in both .
Twelve trials used adequate methods to conceal allocation .
Most compared polymer-based ORS with ORS >/= 310 .
There were fewer unscheduled intravenous infusions in the polymer-based ORS group compared with glucose-based ORS ( ORS >/= 310 and trials ) .
Adults positive for Vibrio cholerae had a shorter duration of diarrhoea with polymer-based ORS than with ORS trials ) .
Wheat-based ORS resulted in lower total stool output in the first 24 hours compared with ORS trials ) .
Adverse effects were similar for polymer-based ORS and glucose-based ORS .
AUTHORS CONCLUSIONS : Polymer-based ORS shows some advantages compared to ORS >/= 310 for treating all-cause diarrhoea , and in diarrhoea caused by cholera .
Comparisons favoured the polymer-based ORS over ORS trials against the current standard ( ORS | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomized controlled trials of people with acute watery diarrhoea ( cholera and non-cholera associated ) comparing polymer-based and glucose-based ORS ( with identical electrolyte contents ) .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: MAIN RESULTS : Thirty-four trials involving 4214 participants met the inclusion criteria : 27 in children , five in adults and two in both .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: Twelve trials used adequate methods to conceal allocation .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 1.00 ]: There were fewer unscheduled intravenous infusions in the polymer-based ORS group compared with glucose-based ORS ( ORS >/= 310 and trials ) .
[ Sen. 15, subscore: 1.00 ]: Adults positive for Vibrio cholerae had a shorter duration of diarrhoea with polymer-based ORS than with ORS trials ) .
[ Sen. 16, subscore: 1.00 ]: Wheat-based ORS resulted in lower total stool output in the first 24 hours compared with ORS trials ) .
[ Sen. 20, subscore: 1.00 ]: If specialists consider a potential role for polymer-based ORS , further trials against the current standard ( ORS
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| Title: Delivery of optical contrast agents using Triton-X100 , part 1 : reversible permeabilization of live cells for intracellular labeling .
| | Author: van de Ven AL Adler-Storthz K Richards-Kortum R | | Journal: J Biomed Opt Citation: V : 14 P : 021012 Year: 2009 Type: In-Data-Review | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19405725 Accession (PMID): 19405725 | | Abstract: Effective delivery of optical contrast agents into live cells remains a significant challenge .
We sought to determine whether Triton-X100 , a detergent commonly used for membrane isolation and protein purification , could be used to effectively and reversibly permeabilize live cells for delivery of targeted optical contrast agents .
Although Triton-X100 is widely recognized as a good cell permeabilization agent , no systematic study has evaluated the efficiency , reproducibility , and reversibility of Triton-X100-mediated permeabilization in live mammalian cells .
We report a series of studies to characterize macromolecule delivery in cells following Triton-X100 treatment .
Using this approach , we demonstrate that molecules ranging from 1 to 150 kDa in molecular weight can be reproducibly delivered into live cells by controlling the moles of Triton-X100 relative to the number of cells to be treated .
When Triton-X100 is administered at or near the minimum effective concentration , cell permeabilization is generally reversed within 24 h , and treated cells continue to proliferate and show metabolic activity during the restoration of membrane integrity .
We conclude that Triton-X100 is a promising permeabilization agent for efficient and reproducible delivery of optical contrast agents into live mammalian cells .
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[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: Although Triton-X100 is widely recognized as a good cell permeabilization agent , no systematic study has evaluated the efficiency , reproducibility , and reversibility of Triton-X100-mediated permeabilization in live mammalian cells .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: We sought to determine whether Triton-X100 , a detergent commonly used for membrane isolation and protein purification , could be used to effectively and reversibly permeabilize live cells for delivery of targeted optical contrast agents .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: We report a series of studies to characterize macromolecule delivery in cells following Triton-X100 treatment .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Using this approach , we demonstrate that molecules ranging from 1 to 150 kDa in molecular weight can be reproducibly delivered into live cells by controlling the moles of Triton-X100 relative to the number of cells to be treated .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: When Triton-X100 is administered at or near the minimum effective concentration , cell permeabilization is generally reversed within 24 h , and treated cells continue to proliferate and show metabolic activity during the restoration of membrane integrity .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: We conclude that Triton-X100 is a promising permeabilization agent for efficient and reproducible delivery of optical contrast agents into live mammalian cells .
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