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Score: 21.00 |
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| Title: Incorporation and distribution of tritium in rats exposed to tritiated rice or tritiated soybean .
| | Author: Takeda H Iwakura T | | Journal: J Radiat . Res . Citation: V : 33 ( 4 ) P : 309-18 Year: 1992 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1293301 Accession (PMID): 1293301 | | Abstract: The incorporation and distribution of tritium were examined in rats exposed to tritiated rice or tritiated soybean by single ingestion or continuous feeding .
Results were compared with those for tritiated wheat and tritiated water in a previous study done under the same experimental conditions .
All the tritiated crops examined were more efficiently incorporated into rat it issues than was tritiated water , the extent of incorporation depending on the kind of crop .
The differences in incorporation were clear in organically bound tritium determined as tritium in dried it issue .
The respective concentrations of organically bound tritium after a single ingestion of tritiated rice , tritiated wheat or tritiated soybean were about 10-20 , 20-30 and 25-60 times higher than after the ingestion of tritiated water .
After continuous feeding for 22 days with tritiated rice , tritiated wheat or tritiated soybean , the respective concentrations of organically bound tritium were 5-8 , 6-11 and 10-25 times the values after continuous ingestion of tritiated water .
At the end of continuous ingestion , the radiation dose rates to almost of the it issues from all three tritiated crops were estimated to be 2-3 times that for tritiated water . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 5.00 ]: The respective concentrations of organically bound tritium after a single ingestion of tritiated rice , tritiated wheat or tritiated soybean were about 10-20 , 20-30 and 25-60 times higher than after the ingestion of tritiated water .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 5.00 ]: After continuous feeding for 22 days with tritiated rice , tritiated wheat or tritiated soybean , the respective concentrations of organically bound tritium were 5-8 , 6-11 and 10-25 times the values after continuous ingestion of tritiated water .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 3.00 ]: The incorporation and distribution of tritium were examined in rats exposed to tritiated rice or tritiated soybean by single ingestion or continuous feeding .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: Results were compared with those for tritiated wheat and tritiated water in a previous study done under the same experimental conditions .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: All the tritiated crops examined were more efficiently incorporated into rat it issues than was tritiated water , the extent of incorporation depending on the kind of crop .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: The differences in incorporation were clear in organically bound tritium determined as tritium in dried it issue .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: At the end of continuous ingestion , the radiation dose rates to almost of the it issues from all three tritiated crops were estimated to be 2-3 times that for tritiated water .
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Score: 16.00 |
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| Title: TriFLDB : A Database of Clustered Full-Length Coding Sequences from Triticeae with Applications to Comparative Grass Genomics .
| | Author: Mochida K Yoshida T Sakurai T Ogihara Y Shinozaki K | | Journal: Plant Physiol Citation: V : P : Year: 2009 Type: Publisher | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19448038 Accession (PMID): 19448038 | | Abstract: The Triticeae Full-Length Coding Sequence ( CDS ) Database ( TriFLDB ) contains available information regarding full-length CDSs of the Triticeae crops wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and includes functional annotations and comparative genomics features .
TriFLDB provides a search interface using keywords for gene function and related Gene Ontology ( GO ) terms and a similarity search for DNA and deduced translated amino acid sequences to access annotations of Triticeae full-length CDS ( TriFLCDS ) entries .
Annotations consist of similarity search results against several sequence databases and domain structure predictions by InterProScan .
The deduced amino acid sequences in TriFLDB are grouped with the proteome datasets for Arabidopsis , rice , and sorghum by hierarchical clustering in stepwise thresholds of sequence identity , providing hierarchical clustering results based on full-length protein sequences .
The database also provides sequence similarity results based on comparative mapping of TriFLCDSs onto the rice and sorghum genome sequences , which together with current annotations can be used to predict gene structures for TriFLCDS entries .
To provide the possible genetic locations of full-length CDSs , TriFLCDS entries are also assigned to the genetically mapped cDNA sequences of barley and diploid wheat , which are currently accommodated in TriMEDB ( Triticeae Mapped EST Database ) .
These relational data are searchable from the search interfaces of both databases .
The current TriFLDB contains 15 , 871 full-length CDSs from barley and wheat and includes putative full-length cDNAs for barley and wheat , which are publicly accessible .
This informative content provides an informatics gateway for Triticeae genomics and grass comparative genomics .
TriFLDB is publicly available at http : //TriFLDB . psc . riken . jp/ .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 4.00 ]: The Triticeae Full-Length Coding Sequence ( CDS ) Database ( TriFLDB ) contains available information regarding full-length CDSs of the Triticeae crops wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and includes functional annotations and comparative genomics features .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: TriFLDB provides a search interface using keywords for gene function and related Gene Ontology ( GO ) terms and a similarity search for DNA and deduced translated amino acid sequences to access annotations of Triticeae full-length CDS ( TriFLCDS ) entries .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 3.00 ]: To provide the possible genetic locations of full-length CDSs , TriFLCDS entries are also assigned to the genetically mapped cDNA sequences of barley and diploid wheat , which are currently accommodated in TriMEDB ( Triticeae Mapped EST Database ) .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: The database also provides sequence similarity results based on comparative mapping of TriFLCDSs onto the rice and sorghum genome sequences , which together with current annotations can be used to predict gene structures for TriFLCDS entries .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The deduced amino acid sequences in TriFLDB are grouped with the proteome datasets for Arabidopsis , rice , and sorghum by hierarchical clustering in stepwise thresholds of sequence identity , providing hierarchical clustering results based on full-length protein sequences .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The current TriFLDB contains 15 , 871 full-length CDSs from barley and wheat and includes putative full-length cDNAs for barley and wheat , which are publicly accessible .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: This informative content provides an informatics gateway for Triticeae genomics and grass comparative genomics .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: TriFLDB is publicly available at http : //TriFLDB . psc . riken . jp/ .
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Score: 14.00 |
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| Title: Growth-inhibitory and cell cycle-arresting properties of the rice bran constituent tricin in human-derived breast cancer cells in vitro and in nude mice in vivo .
| | Author: Cai H Hudson EA Mann P Verschoyle RD Greaves P Manson MM Steward WP Gescher AJ .
| | Journal: Br .
J Cancer Citation: V : 91 ( 7 ) P : 1364-71 Year: 2004 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15316567 Accession (PMID): 15316567 | | Abstract: Tricin , a flavone found in rice bran , inhibits the growth of human-derived malignant MDA-MB-468 breast tumour cells at submicromolar concentrations .
As part of the exploration of tricin as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent , we investigated the duration and cell cycle specificity of growth inhibition elicited by tricin in vitro and the effect of tricin on the development of MDA-MB-468 tumours grown in immune-compromised MF-1 mice in vivo .
Preincubation of MDA-MB-468 cells with tricin ( 1-40 microM ) for 72 h compromised cell growth after tricin removal , and such irreversibility was not observed in human breast-derived nonmalignant HBL-100 cells .
Tricin ( >/=5 microM ) arrested MDA-MB-468 cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle without inducing apoptosis as adjudged by annexin V staining .
In nude mice consumption of tricin with the diet ( 0 . 2% , w w ( -1 ) ) from 1 week prior to MDA-MB-468 cell implantation failed to impede tumour development .
Steady-state levels of tricin in plasma , breast tumour it issue and intestinal mucosa , as measured by HPLC , were 0 . 13 microM and 0 . 11 and 63 nmol g ( -1 ) , respectively .
Cells were exposed to tricin ( 0 . 11 , 1 . 1 or 11 microM ) in vitro for 72 h and then implanted into mice .
The volume of tumours in animals bearing cells pre-exposed to 11 microM tricin was less than a third of that in mice with control cells , while tumours from cells incubated with 0 . 1 or 1 . 1 microM tricin were indistinguishable from controls .
These results suggest that the potent breast tumour cell growth-inhibitory activity of tricin in vitro does not directly translate into activity in the nude mouse bearing the MDA MB-468 tumour .
While the results do not support the notion that tricin is a promising candidate for breast cancer chemoprevention , its high levels in the gastrointestinal tract after dietary intake render exploration of its ability to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis propitious . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: As part of the exploration of tricin as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent , we investigated the duration and cell cycle specificity of growth inhibition elicited by tricin in vitro and the effect of tricin on the development of MDA-MB-468 tumours grown in immune-compromised MF-1 mice in vivo .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: Preincubation of MDA-MB-468 cells with tricin ( 1-40 microM ) for 72 h compromised cell growth after tricin removal , and such irreversibility was not observed in human breast-derived nonmalignant HBL-100 cells .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: The volume of tumours in animals bearing cells pre-exposed to 11 microM tricin was less than a third of that in mice with control cells , while tumours from cells incubated with 0 . 1 or 1 . 1 microM tricin were indistinguishable from controls .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin , a flavone found in rice bran , inhibits the growth of human-derived malignant MDA-MB-468 breast tumour cells at submicromolar concentrations .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin ( >/=5 microM ) arrested MDA-MB-468 cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle without inducing apoptosis as adjudged by annexin V staining .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In nude mice consumption of tricin with the diet ( 0 . 2% , w w ( -1 ) ) from 1 week prior to MDA-MB-468 cell implantation failed to impede tumour development .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Steady-state levels of tricin in plasma , breast tumour it issue and intestinal mucosa , as measured by HPLC , were 0 . 13 microM and 0 . 11 and 63 nmol g ( -1 ) , respectively .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cells were exposed to tricin ( 0 . 11 , 1 . 1 or 11 microM ) in vitro for 72 h and then implanted into mice .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results suggest that the potent breast tumour cell growth-inhibitory activity of tricin in vitro does not directly translate into activity in the nude mouse bearing the MDA MB-468 tumour .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: While the results do not support the notion that tricin is a promising candidate for breast cancer chemoprevention , its high levels in the gastrointestinal tract after dietary intake render exploration of its ability to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis propitious .
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Score: 13.00 |
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| Title: Isolation and characterization of wheat triticin cDNA revealing a unique lysine-rich repetitive domain .
| | Author: Singh NK Donovan GR Carpenter HC Skerritt JH Langridge P | | Journal: Plant Mol . Biol . Citation: V : 22 ( 2 ) P : 227-37 Year: 1993 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8507826 Accession (PMID): 8507826 | | Abstract: Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a purified 22 kDa triticin polypeptide ( delta ) and were used to screen a wheat seed cDNA library in the Escherichia coli expression vector lambda gt11 .
The isolated cDNA clones were grouped into three families based on their cross-hybridization reactions in DNA dot-blot studies .
Southern blots of genomic DNAs extracted from ditelocentric and nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring wheat , probes with the excised cDNA inserts , indicated that one of the three families ( 9 clones ) had triticin clones .
This was finally confirmed by comparing the predicted amino acid sequences of two of these clones ( lambda Tri-12 , lambda Tri-25 ) with the published tryptic peptide sequences of triticin .
The Southern blots also showed that there is at least one triticin gene located on the short arm of each of the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes ( 1A , 1B , 1D ) , although till now no triticin protein product has been identified for the chromosome 1B .
The nucleotide sequence of the largest triticin cDNA clone lambda Tri-25 ( 1567 bp ) is presented here , and its predicted amino acid sequence shows strong homology with the legumin-like proteins of oats ( 12S globulin ) , rice ( glutelin ) and legume seeds .
A unique feature of the triticin sequence is that it contains a lysine-rich repetitive domain , inserted in the hypervariable region of the typical legumin-like genes .
Northern blotting of total RNA extracted from different stages of the developing wheat seed revealed that the triticin gene expression is switched on 5-10 days after anthesis ( DAA ) .
There was a steady increase in the level of triticin mRNA until 20 DAA , after which it started decreasing .
The maximum mRNA accumulation occurred between 17 and 20 DAA .
These observations conform closely with the published data on triticin protein accumulation during grain development .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 3.00 ]: This was finally confirmed by comparing the predicted amino acid sequences of two of these clones ( lambda Tri-12 , lambda Tri-25 ) with the published tryptic peptide sequences of triticin .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: The Southern blots also showed that there is at least one triticin gene located on the short arm of each of the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes ( 1A , 1B , 1D ) , although till now no triticin protein product has been identified for the chromosome 1B .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: The nucleotide sequence of the largest triticin cDNA clone lambda Tri-25 ( 1567 bp ) is presented here , and its predicted amino acid sequence shows strong homology with the legumin-like proteins of oats ( 12S globulin ) , rice ( glutelin ) and legume seeds .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a purified 22 kDa triticin polypeptide ( delta ) and were used to screen a wheat seed cDNA library in the Escherichia coli expression vector lambda gt11 .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Southern blots of genomic DNAs extracted from ditelocentric and nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring wheat , probes with the excised cDNA inserts , indicated that one of the three families ( 9 clones ) had triticin clones .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: A unique feature of the triticin sequence is that it contains a lysine-rich repetitive domain , inserted in the hypervariable region of the typical legumin-like genes .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Northern blotting of total RNA extracted from different stages of the developing wheat seed revealed that the triticin gene expression is switched on 5-10 days after anthesis ( DAA ) .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: There was a steady increase in the level of triticin mRNA until 20 DAA , after which it started decreasing .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: These observations conform closely with the published data on triticin protein accumulation during grain development .
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Score: 12.00 |
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| Title: Flavor production from edible oils and their constituents by Penicillium corylophilum .
| | Author: Fujikawa H Ibe A Wauke T Morozumi S Mori H | | Journal: Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi Citation: V : 43 ( 3 ) P : 160-4 Year: 2002 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12238154 Accession (PMID): 12238154 | | Abstract: Production of volatile substances from edible oils and their constituents by Penicillium corylophilum was studied to clarify the mechanism of flavor production from a non-stick oil by the organism in a rice cake system .
First , edible oils from plant and animal origins were tested for flavor production .
Among the oils tested , coconut oil was the only one from which the flavor was produced .
Second , triacylglycerols consisting of fatty acids with various lengths of carbon chain ( C6 to C13 ) were studied for flavor production .
Among the triacylglycerols tested , flavors were produced from those consisting of fatty acids with carbon chains of C6 to C11 .
The flavors consisted of methylketones and secondary alcohols , whose carbon chains were one carbon shorter than the precursor fatty acid molecules of the triacylglycerols .
Flavors similar to that from the non-stick oil were produced from tricaprylin ( C8 ) , trinonanoin ( C9 ) , and tridecanoin ( C10 ) among the triacylglycerols tested .
Formation of mould spores was more strongly suppressed by triacylglycerols with shorter chain fatty acids .
Third , fatty acids with various lengths of carbon chain ( C7 to C15 ) were studied for flavor production .
Among the fatty acids tested , flavors were produced from decanoic ( C10 ) and undecanoic ( C11 ) acids only .
The flavors also consisted of methylketones and secondary alcohols one carbon shorter than the precursor fatty acids .
Fatty acids with short carbon chains ( C7 to C9 ) completely inhibited the mould growth .
Our study showed that the range of carbon chain length of fatty acids capable of the flavor production ( C10 to C11 ) was narrower than that of triacylglycerols ( C6 to C11 ) .
It was also found that the non-stick oil and coconut oil contain tricaprylin and tridecanoin as triacylglycerols and decanoic acid as fatty acid .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 4.00 ]: Flavors similar to that from the non-stick oil were produced from tricaprylin ( C8 ) , trinonanoin ( C9 ) , and tridecanoin ( C10 ) among the triacylglycerols tested .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 3.00 ]: It was also found that the non-stick oil and coconut oil contain tricaprylin and tridecanoin as triacylglycerols and decanoic acid as fatty acid .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Second , triacylglycerols consisting of fatty acids with various lengths of carbon chain ( C6 to C13 ) were studied for flavor production .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Among the triacylglycerols tested , flavors were produced from those consisting of fatty acids with carbon chains of C6 to C11 .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The flavors consisted of methylketones and secondary alcohols , whose carbon chains were one carbon shorter than the precursor fatty acid molecules of the triacylglycerols .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Formation of mould spores was more strongly suppressed by triacylglycerols with shorter chain fatty acids .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Our study showed that the range of carbon chain length of fatty acids capable of the flavor production ( C10 to C11 ) was narrower than that of triacylglycerols ( C6 to C11 ) .
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Score: 12.00 |
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| Title: [ Behavior of HTO in simulated rice-water-soil ecosystem ] | | Author: Shi J Guo J | | Journal: Citation: V : 14 ( 2 ) P : 269-72 Year: 2003 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12827885 Accession (PMID): 12827885 | | Abstract: The behavior of transportation , accumulation and disappearance of HTO ( tritium water ) in a simulated rice-water-soil ecosystem was studied by using isotope-tracer techniques for simulated pollutants , and the fitting equation was confirmed by application of the open three-compartment system model and nonlinear regression method .
The results showed that HTO in water was not only transferred to other compartments in the ecosystem , but also vaporized into atmosphere rapidly .
Both free water tritium and bound tritium were found in the rice , and tritium of hygroscopic and crystalline water was consisted in the soil .
The specific activity of free water tritium ( or tritium of hygroscopic water ) was stronger than that of bound tritium ( or tritium of crystalline water ) .
The specific activity of total tritium reduced after reaching the maximum in the rice and soil , and the bound tritium increased slowly .
The specific activity of total tritium in stem was the strongest in the rice , and reached equipoise each other in the later stage gradually .
The regression equations of accumulation and disappearance for the specific activity of total tritium in the water , soil and rice were given by analyzing the obtained data with exponential regression method .
The analysis results of variance showed that each regression equation could describe the behavior of accumulation and disappearance of HTO in the rice-water-soil ecosystems preferably . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 4.00 ]: The specific activity of free water tritium ( or tritium of hygroscopic water ) was stronger than that of bound tritium ( or tritium of crystalline water ) .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 3.00 ]: Both free water tritium and bound tritium were found in the rice , and tritium of hygroscopic and crystalline water was consisted in the soil .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: The specific activity of total tritium reduced after reaching the maximum in the rice and soil , and the bound tritium increased slowly .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The behavior of transportation , accumulation and disappearance of HTO ( tritium water ) in a simulated rice-water-soil ecosystem was studied by using isotope-tracer techniques for simulated pollutants , and the fitting equation was confirmed by application of the open three-compartment system model and nonlinear regression method .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The specific activity of total tritium in stem was the strongest in the rice , and reached equipoise each other in the later stage gradually .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The regression equations of accumulation and disappearance for the specific activity of total tritium in the water , soil and rice were given by analyzing the obtained data with exponential regression method .
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Score: 12.00 |
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| Title: Allelochemical tricin in rice hull and its aurone isomer against rice seedling rot disease .
| | Author: Kong CH Xu XH Zhang M Zhang SZ | | Journal: Pest Manag Sci Citation: V : 66 P : 1018-24 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20730995 Accession (PMID): 20730995 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : One promising area of rice disease management is the potential of exploiting biological control agents .
Rice seedling rot disease caused by soil-borne pathogenic fungi has become a dominant disease problem because of greater use of direct seeding .
Rice hull has been potentially used to control paddy weeds , but little information is available on rice disease .
This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between disease incidence and soil amended with tricin-releasing rice hull , and to assess fungicidal activity of tricin and its synthesised aurone isomer , with an attempt to develop an allelochemical-based fungicide against rice seedling rot disease .
RESULTS : Tricin was detected in all hulls of 12 rice cultivars tested , but its contents in rice hulls varied greatly with the cultivar and genotype .
Tricin in rice hulls was released into the soil once amended .
Disease incidence was significantly reduced by soil amended with rice hull .
Tricin-rich rice hull amendment greatly suppressed soil-borne pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht . and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn which cause rice seedling rot disease .
In attempting to obtain enough tricin for further experiments , the aurone isomer ( 5 , 7 , 4-trihydroxy-3 , 5-dimethoxyaurone ) of tricin rather than tricin itself was unexpectedly synthesised .
This aurone isomer had much stronger fungicidal activity on both F oxysporum and R solani than tricin itself .
CONCLUSION : Soil amended with tricin-rich rice hull was associated with reduced risk of developing seedling rot disease .
The tricin isomer , aurone , is more effective against rice seedling rot disease than tricin itself , making it an ideal lead compound for new fungicide discovery .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 3.00 ]: In attempting to obtain enough tricin for further experiments , the aurone isomer ( 5 , 7 , 4-trihydroxy-3 , 5-dimethoxyaurone ) of tricin rather than tricin itself was unexpectedly synthesised .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between disease incidence and soil amended with tricin-releasing rice hull , and to assess fungicidal activity of tricin and its synthesised aurone isomer , with an attempt to develop an allelochemical-based fungicide against rice seedling rot disease .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 2.00 ]: The tricin isomer , aurone , is more effective against rice seedling rot disease than tricin itself , making it an ideal lead compound for new fungicide discovery .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : Tricin was detected in all hulls of 12 rice cultivars tested , but its contents in rice hulls varied greatly with the cultivar and genotype .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin in rice hulls was released into the soil once amended .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin-rich rice hull amendment greatly suppressed soil-borne pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht . and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn which cause rice seedling rot disease .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: This aurone isomer had much stronger fungicidal activity on both F oxysporum and R solani than tricin itself .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSION : Soil amended with tricin-rich rice hull was associated with reduced risk of developing seedling rot disease .
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Score: 11.00 |
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| Title: Use of a nonionic detergent ( Triton WR 1339 ) in healthy cats to assess hepatic secretion of triglyceride .
| | Author: Hall JA Gradin JL Andreasen CB Wander RC .
| | Journal: Am .
J Vet . Res . Citation: V : 61 ( 8 ) P : 941-50 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10951988 Accession (PMID): 10951988 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To determine whether a nonionic detergent ( Triton WR 1339 ) can be used in cats to assess hepatic secretion of triglyceride .
ANIMALS : 28 healthy cats .
PROCEDURE : Triton WR 1339 was administered IV according to the following schedule : 5 , 50 , 150 , and 250 mg/kg of body weight .
Control cats did not receive an injection or received 0 . 9% NaCl or PBS solutions at the same osmolarity and volume as the 250 mg/kg group .
Blood samples were collected throughout the 48-hour period after administration for determination of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and for RBC morphology and osmotic fragility studies .
RESULTS : Administration of Triton WR 1339 at 150 and 250 mg/kg caused profound hypertriglyceridemia .
Triglyceride concentrations increased in a curvilinear fashion for the first 2 hours and remained increased for approximately 24 hours .
Area under the time-concentration curve for triglyceride at 5 hours differed significantly among groups .
At 12 and 24 hours , cholesterol was significantly higher in cats receiving 250 mg/kg .
The most dramatic changes in osmotic fragility and RBC morphology were in cats receiving 250 mg/kg ; 1 of these cats developed severe icterus and died 5 days later .
Feeding rice and casein before administering Triton WR 1339 at 150 mg/kg did not appear to affect the hypertriglyceridemia response .
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE : Triton WR 1339 can be administered IV to cats at a rate of 150 mg/kg to assess hepatic triglyceride secretion , although some cats may have increased RBC osmotic fragility .
Higher dosages caused substantial adverse effects , whereas lower dosages did not alter plasma triglyceride concentration . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : To determine whether a nonionic detergent ( Triton WR 1339 ) can be used in cats to assess hepatic secretion of triglyceride .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 2.00 ]: CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE : Triton WR 1339 can be administered IV to cats at a rate of 150 mg/kg to assess hepatic triglyceride secretion , although some cats may have increased RBC osmotic fragility .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: PROCEDURE : Triton WR 1339 was administered IV according to the following schedule : 5 , 50 , 150 , and 250 mg/kg of body weight .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Blood samples were collected throughout the 48-hour period after administration for determination of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and for RBC morphology and osmotic fragility studies .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : Administration of Triton WR 1339 at 150 and 250 mg/kg caused profound hypertriglyceridemia .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Triglyceride concentrations increased in a curvilinear fashion for the first 2 hours and remained increased for approximately 24 hours .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Area under the time-concentration curve for triglyceride at 5 hours differed significantly among groups .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Feeding rice and casein before administering Triton WR 1339 at 150 mg/kg did not appear to affect the hypertriglyceridemia response .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Higher dosages caused substantial adverse effects , whereas lower dosages did not alter plasma triglyceride concentration .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 11.00 |
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| Title: Primary Trisomics of Rice : Origin , Morphology , Cytology and Use in Linkage Mapping .
| | Author: Khush GS Singh RJ Sur SC Librojo AL .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 107 ( 1 ) P : 141-163 Year: 1984 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17246212 Accession (PMID): 17246212 | | Abstract: Twelve primary trisomics of Oryza sativa L were isolated from the progenies of spontaneous triploids and were transferred by backcrossing to the genetic background of IR36 , a widely grown high yielding rice variety .
Eleven trisomics can be identified morphologically from one another and from diploids .
However , triplo 11 is difficult to distinguish from diploid sibs . -The extra chromosome of each trisomic was identified cytologically at pachytene stage of meiosis , and the chromosomes were numbered according to their length at this stage .
The major distinguishing features of each pachytene chromosome were redescribed . -The female transmission rates varied from 15 . 5% for triplo 1 , the longest chromosome , to 43 . 9% for triplo 12 , the shortest chromosome .
Seven of the 12 primary trisomics transmitted the extra chromosome through the male .
The low level of chromosomal imbalance tolerated by rice and other evidence are interpreted to indicate that this species is a basic diploid . -Genetic segregation for 22 marker genes in the trisomic progenies was studied .
Of a possible 264 combinations , involving 22 genes and 12 trisomics , 120 were examined .
Marker genes for each of the 12 chromosomes were identified .
The results helped establish associations between linkage groups and cytologically identifiable chromosomes of rice for the first time .
Relationships between various systems of numbering chromosomes , trisomics , linkage groups and marker genes are described , and a revised linkage map of rice is presented . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Twelve primary trisomics of Oryza sativa L were isolated from the progenies of spontaneous triploids and were transferred by backcrossing to the genetic background of IR36 , a widely grown high yielding rice variety .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: However , triplo 11 is difficult to distinguish from diploid sibs . -The extra chromosome of each trisomic was identified cytologically at pachytene stage of meiosis , and the chromosomes were numbered according to their length at this stage .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: The major distinguishing features of each pachytene chromosome were redescribed . -The female transmission rates varied from 15 . 5% for triplo 1 , the longest chromosome , to 43 . 9% for triplo 12 , the shortest chromosome .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Eleven trisomics can be identified morphologically from one another and from diploids .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Seven of the 12 primary trisomics transmitted the extra chromosome through the male .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The low level of chromosomal imbalance tolerated by rice and other evidence are interpreted to indicate that this species is a basic diploid . -Genetic segregation for 22 marker genes in the trisomic progenies was studied .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Of a possible 264 combinations , involving 22 genes and 12 trisomics , 120 were examined .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Relationships between various systems of numbering chromosomes , trisomics , linkage groups and marker genes are described , and a revised linkage map of rice is presented .
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Score: 11.00 |
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| Title: Genetically engineered Fusarium as a tool to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis .
| | Author: Ochiai N Tokai T Takahashi-Ando N Fujimura M Kimura M | | Journal: FEMS Microbiol Lett Citation: V : 275 P : 53-61 Year: 2007 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17711459 Accession (PMID): 17711459 | | Abstract: Fusarium graminearum was engineered for expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein gene ( egfp ) as a reporter regulated in a manner similar to Tri5 , a key pathway gene in trichothecene biosynthesis .
Using the transgenic fungus , it was found that the reporter gene was induced to express in aerial hyphae developed on trichothecene noninducing medium YG solidified by agar .
Unexpectedly , the transcriptional activation of egfp was markedly suppressed by adding NaCl that does not significantly affect fungal growth .
As suggested by these findings , wild-type F graminearum that formed aerial hyphae on YG agar plates produced trichothecenes and the production was effectively suppressed by adding 1% NaCl to the agar .
To evaluate the effects of abiotic stress on the expression of trichothecene biosynthesis ( Tri ) genes , a sensitive plate assay was established using GYEP medium ( which very weakly induces trichothecene production ) solidified with gellan gum .
Using this assay , triazole fungicides were shown to cause transcriptional activation of egfp at sublethal concentrations .
Indeed , trichothecene production significantly increased when F graminearum was grown in rice medium ( which moderately induces trichothecene ) amended with low doses of tebuconazole .
The real-time monitoring system described here may help predict the risks of trichothecene contamination by the fungus under various environmental conditions .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 3.00 ]: To evaluate the effects of abiotic stress on the expression of trichothecene biosynthesis ( Tri ) genes , a sensitive plate assay was established using GYEP medium ( which very weakly induces trichothecene production ) solidified with gellan gum .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Fusarium graminearum was engineered for expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein gene ( egfp ) as a reporter regulated in a manner similar to Tri5 , a key pathway gene in trichothecene biosynthesis .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: Indeed , trichothecene production significantly increased when F graminearum was grown in rice medium ( which moderately induces trichothecene ) amended with low doses of tebuconazole .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Using the transgenic fungus , it was found that the reporter gene was induced to express in aerial hyphae developed on trichothecene noninducing medium YG solidified by agar .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: As suggested by these findings , wild-type F graminearum that formed aerial hyphae on YG agar plates produced trichothecenes and the production was effectively suppressed by adding 1% NaCl to the agar .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Using this assay , triazole fungicides were shown to cause transcriptional activation of egfp at sublethal concentrations .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The real-time monitoring system described here may help predict the risks of trichothecene contamination by the fungus under various environmental conditions .
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Score: 11.00 |
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| Title: Dietary tricin suppresses inflammation-related colon carcinogenesis in male Crj : CD-1 mice .
| | Author: Oyama T Yasui Y Sugie S Koketsu M Watanabe K Tanaka T | | Journal: Cancer Prev Res ( Phila Pa ) Citation: V : 2 P : 1031-8 Year: 2009 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19934339 Accession (PMID): 19934339 | | Abstract: The flavone 4 , 5 , 7-trihydroxy-3 , 5-dimethoxyflavone ( tricin ) present in rice , oats , barley , and wheat exhibits antigrowth activity in several human cancer cell lines and anti-inflammatory potential However , the chemopreventive activity has not yet been elucidated in preclinical animal models of colorectal cancer .
This study was designed to determine whether dietary tricin exerts inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium in mice .
Male Crj : CD-1 mice were initiated with a single i . p . injection of azoxymethane ( 10 mg/kg body weight ) and followed by a 1-week exposure to dextran sulfate sodium ( 1 . 5% , w/v ) in drinking water to induce colonic neoplasms .
They were then given the experimental diet containing 50 or 250 ppm tricin .
The experiment was terminated at week 18 to determine the chemopreventive efficacy of tricin .
In addition , the effects of dietary tricin on the expression of several inflammatory cytokines , including tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -alpha , were assayed .
The development of colonic adenomas and adenocarcinomas was significantly reduced by feeding with 50 and 250 ppm tricin , respectively .
Dietary tricin also significantly reduced the proliferation of adenocarcinoma cells as well as the numbers of mitoses/anaphase bridging in adenocarcinoma cells .
The dietary administration with tricin significantly inhibited the expression of TNF-alpha in the nonlesional cypts .
Our findings that dietary tricin inhibits inflammation-related mouse colon carcinogenesis by suppressing the expression of TNF-alpha in the nonlesional cyrpts and the proliferation of adenocarcinomas suggest a potential use of tricin for clinical trials of colorectal cancer chemoprevention .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 3.00 ]: Our findings that dietary tricin inhibits inflammation-related mouse colon carcinogenesis by suppressing the expression of TNF-alpha in the nonlesional cyrpts and the proliferation of adenocarcinomas suggest a potential use of tricin for clinical trials of colorectal cancer chemoprevention .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The flavone 4 , 5 , 7-trihydroxy-3 , 5-dimethoxyflavone ( tricin ) present in rice , oats , barley , and wheat exhibits antigrowth activity in several human cancer cell lines and anti-inflammatory potential However , the chemopreventive activity has not yet been elucidated in preclinical animal models of colorectal cancer .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: This study was designed to determine whether dietary tricin exerts inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium in mice .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: They were then given the experimental diet containing 50 or 250 ppm tricin .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The experiment was terminated at week 18 to determine the chemopreventive efficacy of tricin .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: In addition , the effects of dietary tricin on the expression of several inflammatory cytokines , including tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -alpha , were assayed .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The development of colonic adenomas and adenocarcinomas was significantly reduced by feeding with 50 and 250 ppm tricin , respectively .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Dietary tricin also significantly reduced the proliferation of adenocarcinoma cells as well as the numbers of mitoses/anaphase bridging in adenocarcinoma cells .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: The dietary administration with tricin significantly inhibited the expression of TNF-alpha in the nonlesional cypts .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: Modeled concentrations in rice and ingestion doses from chronic atmospheric releases of tritium .
| | Author: Peterson SR Davis PA .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 78 ( 5 ) P : 533-41 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10772027 Accession (PMID): 10772027 | | Abstract: The expansion of nuclear power programs in Asia has stimulated interest in the improved modeling of concentrations of tritium in rice , a staple crop grown throughout the far east Normally , the specific activity model is used to calculate concentrations of tritium in the it issue water of edible plants to assess ingestion dose from chronic releases .
However , because rice , like other grains , has much lower water content than most crops , the calculation must also account for organically bound tritium .
This paper reviews ways to calculate steady-state concentrations of tritium in rice , including the methods of Canadian and United States regulatory models , and the assumptions behind them .
Concentrations in rice and resulting ingestion doses are compared for the various methods , and equations for calculating concentrations are recommended .
The regulatory models underestimate doses received from ingestion of rice contaminated with tritium since they do not account explicitly for organically bound tritium .
The importance of including organically bound tritium is illustrated in a comparison of doses from rice , leafy vegetables and milk for an Asian diet .
Dose factors from tritium for these foods are estimated to be 135 , 47 , and 20 nSv y ( -1 ) / ( Bq m ( -3 ) ) , respectively .
Assuming known air concentrations , tritium concentrations in rice , calculated with the recommended equations , are uncertain by less than a factor 2 when tritium concentrations in the rice paddy water are known , and by less than a factor of 2 . 3 when concentrations in paddy water are unknown . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: The expansion of nuclear power programs in Asia has stimulated interest in the improved modeling of concentrations of tritium in rice , a staple crop grown throughout the far east Normally , the specific activity model is used to calculate concentrations of tritium in the it issue water of edible plants to assess ingestion dose from chronic releases .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: The regulatory models underestimate doses received from ingestion of rice contaminated with tritium since they do not account explicitly for organically bound tritium .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: Assuming known air concentrations , tritium concentrations in rice , calculated with the recommended equations , are uncertain by less than a factor 2 when tritium concentrations in the rice paddy water are known , and by less than a factor of 2 . 3 when concentrations in paddy water are unknown .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , because rice , like other grains , has much lower water content than most crops , the calculation must also account for organically bound tritium .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: This paper reviews ways to calculate steady-state concentrations of tritium in rice , including the methods of Canadian and United States regulatory models , and the assumptions behind them .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The importance of including organically bound tritium is illustrated in a comparison of doses from rice , leafy vegetables and milk for an Asian diet .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Dose factors from tritium for these foods are estimated to be 135 , 47 , and 20 nSv y ( -1 ) / ( Bq m ( -3 ) ) , respectively .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: TriMEDB : a database to integrate transcribed markers and facilitate genetic studies of the tribe Triticeae .
| | Author: Mochida K Saisho D Yoshida T Sakurai T Shinozaki K | | Journal: BMC Plant Biol Citation: V : 8 P : 72 Year: 2008 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18590523 Accession (PMID): 18590523 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : The recent rapid accumulation of sequence resources of various crop species ensures an improvement in the genetics approach , including quantitative trait loci ( QTL ) analysis as well as the holistic population analysis and association mapping of natural variations .
Because the tribe Triticeae includes important cereals such as wheat and barley , integration of information on the genetic markers in these crops should effectively accelerate map-based genetic studies on Triticeae species and lead to the discovery of key loci involved in plant productivity , which can contribute to sustainable food production .
Therefore , informatics applications and a semantic knowledgebase of genome-wide markers are required for the integration of information on and further development of genetic markers in wheat and barley in order to advance conventional marker-assisted genetic analyses and population genomics of Triticeae species .
DESCRIPTION : The Triticeae mapped expressed sequence tag ( EST ) database ( TriMEDB ) provides information , along with various annotations , regarding mapped cDNA markers that are related to barley and their homologues in wheat .
The current version of TriMEDB provides map-location data for barley and wheat ESTs that were retrieved from 3 published barley linkage maps ( the barley single nucleotide polymorphism database of the Scottish Crop Research Institute , the barley transcript map of Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research , and HarvEST barley ver .
1 . 63 ) and 1 diploid wheat map .
These data were imported to CMap to allow the visualization of the map positions of the ESTs and interrelationships of these ESTs with public gene models and representative cDNA sequences .
The retrieved cDNA sequences corresponding to each EST marker were assigned to the rice genome to predict an exon-intron structure .
Furthermore , to generate a unique set of EST markers in Triticeae plants among the public domain , 3472 markers were assembled to form 2737 unique marker groups as contigs .
These contigs were applied for pairwise comparison among linkage maps obtained from different EST map resources .
CONCLUSION : TriMEDB provides information regarding transcribed genetic markers and functions as a semantic knowledgebase offering an informatics facility for the acceleration of QTL analysis and for population genetics studies of Triticeae .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: Because the tribe Triticeae includes important cereals such as wheat and barley , integration of information on the genetic markers in these crops should effectively accelerate map-based genetic studies on Triticeae species and lead to the discovery of key loci involved in plant productivity , which can contribute to sustainable food production .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: DESCRIPTION : The Triticeae mapped expressed sequence tag ( EST ) database ( TriMEDB ) provides information , along with various annotations , regarding mapped cDNA markers that are related to barley and their homologues in wheat .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: CONCLUSION : TriMEDB provides information regarding transcribed genetic markers and functions as a semantic knowledgebase offering an informatics facility for the acceleration of QTL analysis and for population genetics studies of Triticeae .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Therefore , informatics applications and a semantic knowledgebase of genome-wide markers are required for the integration of information on and further development of genetic markers in wheat and barley in order to advance conventional marker-assisted genetic analyses and population genomics of Triticeae species .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The current version of TriMEDB provides map-location data for barley and wheat ESTs that were retrieved from 3 published barley linkage maps ( the barley single nucleotide polymorphism database of the Scottish Crop Research Institute , the barley transcript map of Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research , and HarvEST barley ver .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Furthermore , to generate a unique set of EST markers in Triticeae plants among the public domain , 3472 markers were assembled to form 2737 unique marker groups as contigs .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: Constructing common cohorts from trials with overlapping eligibility criteria : implications for comparing effect sizes between trials .
| | Author: Mount DL Feeney P Fabricatore AN Coday M Bahnson J Byington R Phelan S Wilmoth S Knowler WC Hramiak I Osei K Sweeney ME Espeland MA | | Journal: Clin Trials Citation: V : 6 P : 416-29 Year: 2009 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19737845 Accession (PMID): 19737845 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Comparing findings from separate trials is necessary to choose among treatment options , however differences among study cohorts may impede these comparisons .
PURPOSE : As a case study , to examine the overlap of study cohorts in two large randomized controlled clinical trials that assess interventions to reduce risk of major cardiovascular disease events in adults with type 2 diabetes in order to explore the feasibility of cross-trial comparisons METHODS : The Action for Health in Diabetes ( Look AHEAD ) and The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ( ACCORD ) trials enrolled 5145 and 10 , 251 adults with type 2 diabetes , respectively .
Look AHEAD assesses the efficacy of an intensive lifestyle intervention designed to produce weight loss ; ACCORD tests pharmacological therapies for control of glycemia , hyperlipidemia , and hypertension .
Incidence of major cardiovascular disease events is the primary outcome for both trials .
A sample was constructed to include participants from each trial who appeared to meet eligibility criteria and be appropriate candidates for the other trials interventions .
Demographic characteristics , health status , and outcomes of members and nonmembers of this constructed sample were compared .
RESULTS : Nearly 80% of Look AHEAD participants were projected to be ineligible for ACCORD ; ineligibility was primarily due to better glycemic control or no early history of cardiovascular disease .
Approximately 30% of ACCORD participants were projected to be ineligible for Look AHEAD , often for reasons linked to poorer health .
The characteristics of participants projected to be jointly eligible for both trials continued to reflect differences between trials according to factors likely linked to retention , adherence , and study outcomes .
LIMITATIONS : Accurate ascertainment of cross-trial eligibility was hampered by differences between protocols .
CONCLUSIONS : Despite several similarities , the Look AHEAD and ACCORD cohorts represent distinct populations .
Even within the subsets of participants who appear to be eligible and appropriate candidates for trials of both modes of intervention , differences remained .
Direct comparisons of results from separate trials of lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions are compromised by marked differences in enrolled cohorts .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: PURPOSE : As a case study , to examine the overlap of study cohorts in two large randomized controlled clinical trials that assess interventions to reduce risk of major cardiovascular disease events in adults with type 2 diabetes in order to explore the feasibility of cross-trial comparisons METHODS : The Action for Health in Diabetes ( Look AHEAD ) and The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ( ACCORD ) trials enrolled 5145 and 10 , 251 adults with type 2 diabetes , respectively .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: A sample was constructed to include participants from each trial who appeared to meet eligibility criteria and be appropriate candidates for the other trials interventions .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 2.00 ]: The characteristics of participants projected to be jointly eligible for both trials continued to reflect differences between trials according to factors likely linked to retention , adherence , and study outcomes .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: BACKGROUND : Comparing findings from separate trials is necessary to choose among treatment options , however differences among study cohorts may impede these comparisons .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Incidence of major cardiovascular disease events is the primary outcome for both trials .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: Even within the subsets of participants who appear to be eligible and appropriate candidates for trials of both modes of intervention , differences remained .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Direct comparisons of results from separate trials of lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions are compromised by marked differences in enrolled cohorts .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: Vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) : species complexes of the vectors .
| | Author: Sucharit S Surathin K Shrestha SR .
| | Journal: Southeast Asian J Trop . Med . Public Health Citation: V : 20 ( 4 ) P : 611-21 Year: 1989 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub2576966 Accession (PMID): 2576966 | | Abstract: The vectors of JEV are Cx . tritaeniorhynchus , Cx . vishnui , Cx . pseudovishnui , Cx . gelidus , Cx . fuscocephala , Cx . quinquefasciatus , Cx . pipiens pallens , Cx . bitaeniorhynchus , Cx . annulirostris , Aedes togoi , Ae . japonicus , Ae . vexans nipponii , Anopheles annularis and An . vagus .
Cx . tritaeniorhynchus is in the tritaeniorhynchus complex , breeds in rice fields , ground pools in vast areas .
Two types of mating behavior , eurygamy and moderate stenogamy were detected .
In the case of the eurygamy type , the mosquitoes were from Southern Thailand and hilly areas near Kanchanaburi , Thailand .
Female mosquitoes are usually dark in color , the cibarial armature has rod teeth and the posterior end of the cibarial armature is bowl shaped with a typical rim .
The rim of the bowl is everted .
The moderate stenogamy type were mosquitoes from the plain areas such as Bangkok , Ayutthaya , Suphan Buri and Saraburi .
The posterior end of the cibarial armature is bowl shaped with a stout rim .
The larvae were characteristic in their siphon index , antennal index , hair O of prothoracic segment , and comb scale number and arrangement .
Cx . tritaeniorhynchus summorosus from Japan , Los Banos and Luzon , Philippines , differed from Cx . tritaeniorhynchus in that on the lateral plate of the phallosome tritaeniorhynchus teeth are somewhat weakly developed and only gently curved whereas in tritaeniorhynchus summorosus they are strongly developed , considerably longer , and sharply recurved .
The siphons of larvae are short , the sides parallel and the apex truncate in tritaeniorhynchus whereas in tritaeniorhynchus summorosus they are long and slender .
Cx . tritaeniorhynchus var . siamensis is possibly present .
Colonies have been maintained in the Department of Medical Entomology for 31 generations .
The characteristics are in hair O ( short , less than 20 branches , and without secondary branching and the larval siphon ( short and broad where the others are long ) .
Cx . vishnui and Cx . pseudovishnui are in the vishnui complex Cx . quinquefasciatus and Cx . pipiens pallens are in the Cx . pipiens complex comprising : ( 1 ) Cx . pipiens ; ( 2 ) Cx . quinquefasciatus Say ; ( 3 ) Cx . molestus Forskal ; ( 4 ) Cx . pipiens pallens ; ( 5 ) Cx . australicus ; ( 6 ) Cx . globocoxitus .
Anopheles annularis is a species complex evidenced by two types of polytene chromosomes .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 4.00 ]: Cx . tritaeniorhynchus summorosus from Japan , Los Banos and Luzon , Philippines , differed from Cx . tritaeniorhynchus in that on the lateral plate of the phallosome tritaeniorhynchus teeth are somewhat weakly developed and only gently curved whereas in tritaeniorhynchus summorosus they are strongly developed , considerably longer , and sharply recurved .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: Cx . tritaeniorhynchus is in the tritaeniorhynchus complex , breeds in rice fields , ground pools in vast areas .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: The siphons of larvae are short , the sides parallel and the apex truncate in tritaeniorhynchus whereas in tritaeniorhynchus summorosus they are long and slender .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The vectors of JEV are Cx . tritaeniorhynchus , Cx . vishnui , Cx . pseudovishnui , Cx . gelidus , Cx . fuscocephala , Cx . quinquefasciatus , Cx . pipiens pallens , Cx . bitaeniorhynchus , Cx . annulirostris , Aedes togoi , Ae . japonicus , Ae . vexans nipponii , Anopheles annularis and An . vagus .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cx . tritaeniorhynchus var . siamensis is possibly present .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: Cytological identification of an isotetrasomic in rice and its application to centromere mapping .
| | Author: Cheng ZK Yu HX Yan CJ Zhu LH Gu MH .
| | Journal: Cell Res .
Citation: V : 7 ( 1 ) P : 31-8 Year: 1997 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9261560 Accession (PMID): 9261560 | | Abstract: The aneuploid with isochromosome or telochromosome is ideal material for exploring the position of centromere in lingkage map .
For obtaining these aneuploids in rice , the primary trisomics from triplo-1 to triplo-12 and the aneuploids derived from a triploid of indica rice variety Zhongxian 3037 were carefully investigated .
From the offsprings of triplo-10 , a primary trisomic of chromosome 10 of the variety , an isotetrasomic "triplo-10-1" was obtained .
Cytological investigation revealed that a pair of extra isochromosomes of triplo-10-1 were come from the short arm of chromosome 10 .
In the offsprings of the isotetrasomic , a secondary trisomic "triplo-10-2" , in which the extra chromosome was an isochromosome derived from the short arm of chromosome 10 , was identified .
With the isotetrasomic , secondary trisomic , primary trisomic and diploid of variety Zhongxian 3037 , different molecular markers were used for exploring the position of the centromere of chromosome 10 .
Based on the DNA dosage effect , it was verified that the molecular markers G1125 , G333 and L169 were located on the short arm , G1084 and other 16 available molecular markers were on the long arm of chromosome 10 .
So the centromere of chromosome 10 was located somewhere between G1125 and G1084 according to the RFLP linkage map given by Kurata et al [ 1 ] .
The distance from G1125 to G1084 was about 3 . 2 cM . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 4.00 ]: For obtaining these aneuploids in rice , the primary trisomics from triplo-1 to triplo-12 and the aneuploids derived from a triploid of indica rice variety Zhongxian 3037 were carefully investigated .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: From the offsprings of triplo-10 , a primary trisomic of chromosome 10 of the variety , an isotetrasomic "triplo-10-1" was obtained .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: With the isotetrasomic , secondary trisomic , primary trisomic and diploid of variety Zhongxian 3037 , different molecular markers were used for exploring the position of the centromere of chromosome 10 .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cytological investigation revealed that a pair of extra isochromosomes of triplo-10-1 were come from the short arm of chromosome 10 .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the offsprings of the isotetrasomic , a secondary trisomic "triplo-10-2" , in which the extra chromosome was an isochromosome derived from the short arm of chromosome 10 , was identified .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Macrocyclic trichothecenes are undetectable in kudzu ( Pueraria montana ) plants treated with a high-producing isolate of Myrothecium verrucaria .
| | Author: Abbas HK Tak H Boyette CD Shier WT Jarvis BB .
| | Journal: Phytochemistry Citation: V : 58 ( 2 ) P : 269-76 Year: 2001 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11551550 Accession (PMID): 11551550 | | Abstract: Myrothecium verrucaria was found to be an effective pathogen against kudzu grown in the greenhouse and the field .
M verrucaria produced large amounts of macrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium , including epiroridin E ( 16 . 8 mg/g crude extract ) , epiisororidin E ( 1 mg/g ) , roridin E ( 8 . 7 mg/g ) , roridin H ( 31 . 3 mg/g ) , trichoverrin A ( 0 . 6 mg/g ) , trichoverrin B ( 0 . 1 mg/g ) , verrucarin A ( 37 . 4 mg/g ) , and verrucarin J ( 2 . 2 mg/g ) .
Most of these toxins were also isolated from M verrucaria spores and mycelia grown on potato dextrose agar medium , including epiroridin E ( 32 . 3 mg/g ) , epiisororidin E ( 28 . 6 mg/g ) , roridin E ( 0 mg/g ) , roridin H ( 60 mg/g ) , trichoverrin A ( 1 . 3 mg/g ) , trichoverrin B ( 1 . 8 mg/g ) , verrucarin A ( 13 . 8 mg/g ) , and verrucarin J ( 131 mg/g ) .
When M verrucaria was cultured on liquid media , the numbers but not the amounts of toxins decreased .
Only epiroridin E ( 28 . 3 mg/g ) , epiisororidin E ( 29 . 6 mg/g ) , verrucarin B ( 195 mg/g ) and verrucarin J ( 52 . 6 mg/g ) were measured when the fungus was cultured on cornsteep medium .
On soyflour-cornmeal broth M verrucaria produced several toxins , including epiroridin E ( 58 . 1 mg/g ) , epiisororidin E ( 5 . 8 mg/g ) , verrucarin B ( 29 . 9 mg/g ) and verrucarin J ( 32 mg/g ) .
In contrast , no macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC analysis of plant it issues of kudzu , sicklepod , and soybean treated with aqueous suspensions of M verrucaria spores formulated with a surfactant .
Chloroform-methanol extracts of kudzu leaves and stems treated with M verrucaria spores were less cytotoxic to four cultured mammalian cell lines than the corresponding extracts from control plants .
Purified macrocyclic trichothecenes ( verrucarin A and T-2 toxin ) were very cytotoxic to the same cell lines ( < or = 2 ng/ml ) .
These results show that neither intact macrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metabolites could be detected in plant it issues after treatment with M verrucaria spores .
These results argue for both safety and efficacy for the use of M verrucaria in biological control of kudzu and other noxious weeds , and support proceeding to animal feeding trials for further evaluation of safety .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: M verrucaria produced large amounts of macrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium , including epiroridin E ( 16 . 8 mg/g crude extract ) , epiisororidin E ( 1 mg/g ) , roridin E ( 8 . 7 mg/g ) , roridin H ( 31 . 3 mg/g ) , trichoverrin A ( 0 . 6 mg/g ) , trichoverrin B ( 0 . 1 mg/g ) , verrucarin A ( 37 . 4 mg/g ) , and verrucarin J ( 2 . 2 mg/g ) .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: Most of these toxins were also isolated from M verrucaria spores and mycelia grown on potato dextrose agar medium , including epiroridin E ( 32 . 3 mg/g ) , epiisororidin E ( 28 . 6 mg/g ) , roridin E ( 0 mg/g ) , roridin H ( 60 mg/g ) , trichoverrin A ( 1 . 3 mg/g ) , trichoverrin B ( 1 . 8 mg/g ) , verrucarin A ( 13 . 8 mg/g ) , and verrucarin J ( 131 mg/g ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: In contrast , no macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC analysis of plant it issues of kudzu , sicklepod , and soybean treated with aqueous suspensions of M verrucaria spores formulated with a surfactant .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Purified macrocyclic trichothecenes ( verrucarin A and T-2 toxin ) were very cytotoxic to the same cell lines ( < or = 2 ng/ml ) .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results show that neither intact macrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metabolites could be detected in plant it issues after treatment with M verrucaria spores .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results argue for both safety and efficacy for the use of M verrucaria in biological control of kudzu and other noxious weeds , and support proceeding to animal feeding trials for further evaluation of safety .
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Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating cholera .
| | Author: Murphy C Hahn S Volmink J | | Journal: Citation: V : -4 P : CD003754 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15495063 Accession (PMID): 15495063 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) is used to treat dehydration caused by diarrheal diseases including cholera .
Reduced osmolarity formulations are safe and more effective than standard ORS for treating non-cholera diarrhea .
As cholera causes rapid electrolyte loss , it is important to know if these benefits are similar for people with cholera .
OBJECTIVES : To compare the safety and efficacy of reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) with standard ORS for treating diarrhea due to cholera .
SEARCH STRATEGY : We searched the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group Specialized Register ( January 2004 ) , CENTRAL ( The Cochrane Library Issue 1 , 2004 ) , MEDLINE ( 1966 to January 2004 ) , EMBASE ( 1974 to January 2004 ) , and LILACS ( 1982 to January 2004 ) .
We also contacted organizations and searched reference lists .
SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomized controlled trials comparing reduced osmolarity ORS with standard ORS for treating adults and children with acute diarrhea due to cholera .
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria , assessed trial quality , and extracted data .
We pooled binary data using relative risks ( RR ) , continuous data using weighted mean difference ( WMD ) or the standardized mean difference ( SMD ) , and presented the results with 95% confidence intervals ( CI ) .
MAIN RESULTS : For glucose-based reduced osmolarity ORS , seven trials ( 718 participants ) met the inclusion criteria .
Biochemical hyponatremia ( serum sodium < 130 mmol/L ) was more common with reduced osmolarity ORS ( RR 1 . 67 , CI 1 . 09 to 2 . 57 ; 465 participants , 4 trials ) ; for severe biochemical hyponatremia ( serum sodium < 125 mmol/L ) this was not significant ( RR 1 . 58 , CI 0 . 62 to 4 . 04 ; 465 participants , 4 trials ) .
No trials reported symptomatic hyponatremia or death .
We found no statistically significant difference in the need for unscheduled intravenous infusion .
Analyses separating children and adults showed no obvious trends . Two trials also examined rice-based ORS .
In the reduced osmolarity group , duration of diarrhea was shorter ( WMD -16 . 85 hours , CI -21 . 22 to -12 . 48 ; 102 participants , 2 trials ) .
REVIEWERS CONCLUSIONS : In people with cholera , reduced osmolarity ORS is associated with biochemical hyponatremia when compared with standard ORS , although there are similar benefits in terms of other outcomes .
Although this risk does not appear to be accompanied by serious consequences , the total patient experience in existing trials is small .
Under wider practice conditions , especially where patient monitoring is difficult , caution is warranted .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: Biochemical hyponatremia ( serum sodium < 130 mmol/L ) was more common with reduced osmolarity ORS ( RR 1 . 67 , CI 1 . 09 to 2 . 57 ; 465 participants , 4 trials ) ; for severe biochemical hyponatremia ( serum sodium < 125 mmol/L ) this was not significant ( RR 1 . 58 , CI 0 . 62 to 4 . 04 ; 465 participants , 4 trials ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomized controlled trials comparing reduced osmolarity ORS with standard ORS for treating adults and children with acute diarrhea due to cholera .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria , assessed trial quality , and extracted data .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: MAIN RESULTS : For glucose-based reduced osmolarity ORS , seven trials ( 718 participants ) met the inclusion criteria .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: No trials reported symptomatic hyponatremia or death .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 1.00 ]: Analyses separating children and adults showed no obvious trends . Two trials also examined rice-based ORS .
[ Sen. 15, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the reduced osmolarity group , duration of diarrhea was shorter ( WMD -16 . 85 hours , CI -21 . 22 to -12 . 48 ; 102 participants , 2 trials ) .
[ Sen. 17, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although this risk does not appear to be accompanied by serious consequences , the total patient experience in existing trials is small .
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Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: The rice bran constituent tricin potently inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes and interferes with intestinal carcinogenesis in ApcMin mice .
| | Author: Cai H Al-Fayez M Tunstall RG Platton S Greaves P Steward WP Gescher AJ .
| | Journal: Mol .
Cancer Ther .
Citation: V : 4 ( 9 ) P : 1287-92 Year: 2005 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16170019 Accession (PMID): 16170019 | | Abstract: While brown rice is a staple dietary constituent in Asia , rice consumed in the Western world is generally white , obtained from brown rice by removal of the bran .
Rice bran contains the flavone tricin , which has been shown to inhibit colon cancer cell growth .
We tested the hypothesis that tricin interferes with adenoma formation in the Apc ( Min ) mouse .
Mice received tricin ( 0 . 2% ) in their American Institute of Nutrition 93G diet throughout their postweaning life span ( 4-18 weeks ) .
Consumption of tricin reduced numbers of intestinal adenomas by 33% ( P < 0 . 05 ) compared with mice on control diet .
We explored whether tricin may exert its effect via inhibition of cyclooxygenase ( COX ) enzymes .
Its effect on COX activity was assessed in purified enzyme preparations in vitro and its ability to reduce prostaglandin E ( 2 ) ( PGE ( 2 ) ) levels in human colon-derived human colon epithelial cell ( HCEC ) and HCA-7 cells in vitro and in Apc ( Min ) mice in vivo .
Tricin inhibited activity of purified COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme preparations with IC ( 50 ) values of approximately 1 micromol/L At 5 micromol/L , it reduced PGE ( 2 ) production in HCEC or HCA-7 cells by 36% ( P < 0 . 01 ) and 35% ( P < 0 . 05 ) , respectively .
COX-2 expression was reduced by tricin weakly in HCEC and unaffected in HCA-7 cells .
PGE ( 2 ) levels in the small intestinal mucosa and blood of Apc ( Min ) mice that had received tricin were reduced by 34% ( P < 0 . 01 ) and 40% ( P < 0 . 05 ) , respectively , compared with control mice .
The results suggest that tricin should be further evaluated as a putative colorectal cancer chemopreventive agent . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Rice bran contains the flavone tricin , which has been shown to inhibit colon cancer cell growth .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: We tested the hypothesis that tricin interferes with adenoma formation in the Apc ( Min ) mouse .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Mice received tricin ( 0 . 2% ) in their American Institute of Nutrition 93G diet throughout their postweaning life span ( 4-18 weeks ) .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Consumption of tricin reduced numbers of intestinal adenomas by 33% ( P < 0 . 05 ) compared with mice on control diet .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: We explored whether tricin may exert its effect via inhibition of cyclooxygenase ( COX ) enzymes .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Tricin inhibited activity of purified COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme preparations with IC ( 50 ) values of approximately 1 micromol/L At 5 micromol/L , it reduced PGE ( 2 ) production in HCEC or HCA-7 cells by 36% ( P < 0 . 01 ) and 35% ( P < 0 . 05 ) , respectively .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: COX-2 expression was reduced by tricin weakly in HCEC and unaffected in HCA-7 cells .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: PGE ( 2 ) levels in the small intestinal mucosa and blood of Apc ( Min ) mice that had received tricin were reduced by 34% ( P < 0 . 01 ) and 40% ( P < 0 . 05 ) , respectively , compared with control mice .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: The results suggest that tricin should be further evaluated as a putative colorectal cancer chemopreventive agent .
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Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Recombinant interferon beta or glatiramer acetate for delaying conversion of the first demyelinating event to multiple sclerosis .
| | Author: Clerico M Faggiano F Palace J Rice G Tintore M Durelli L | | Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Citation: V : P : CD005278 Year: 2008 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18425915 Accession (PMID): 18425915 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Immunomodulatory drugs have been shown to be only modestly effective in clinically definite relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis ( RRMS ) .
It has been hypothesized that their efficacy could be higher if used at the first appearance of symptoms , that is in the clinically isolated syndromes ( CIS ) suggestive of demyelinating events , a pathology which carries a high risk to convert to clinically definite MS ( CDMS ) .
OBJECTIVES : The objective of this review was to assess the effects of immunomodulatory drugs compared to placebo in adults in preventing conversion from CIS to CDMS which means the prevention of a second attack .
SEARCH STRATEGY : We searched the Cochrane MS Group Trials Register ( June 2007 ) , Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( CENTRAL ) The Cochrane Library Issue 3 , 2007 , MEDLINE ( January 1966 to June 2007 ) , EMBASE ( January 1974 to June 2007 ) and reference lists of articles .
We also contacted manufacturers and researchers in the field .
SELECTION CRITERIA : The trials selected were double-blind , placebo-controlled , randomised trials of CIS patients treated with immunomodulatory drugs .
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Study selection have been independently done by two reviewers .
Two further reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted and analysed data .
Study authors were contacted for additional informations .
Adverse effects information was collected from the trials .
MAIN RESULTS : Only three trials tested the efficacy of interferon ( IFN ) beta including a total of 1160 participants ( 639 treatment , 521 placebo ) ; no trial tested the efficacy of glatiramer acetate ( GA ) .
The metanalyses showed that the proportion of patients converting to CDMS was significantly lower in IFN beta-treated than in placebo-treated patients both after one year ( pooled OR 0 . 53 ; 95% CI , 0 . 40 to 0 . 71 ; p <0 . 0001 ) as well as after two years of follow-up ( pooled OR 0 . 52 ; 95% CI , 0 . 38 to 0 . 70 ; p <0 . 0001 ) .
Early treatment with IFN beta was associated with the side effect profile reported by the randomised controlled trials with this drug .
Since side effects were reported with some heterogeneity in the three studies the metanalysis was possible only for the frequency of serious adverse events , not significantly different in IFN beta-treated or placebo-treated patients .
AUTHORS CONCLUSIONS : The efficacy of IFN beta treatment on preventing the conversion from CIS to CDMS was confirmed over two years of follow-up .
Since patients had some clinical heterogeneity ( length of follow-up , clinical findings of initial attack ) , it could be useful for the clinical practice to further analyse the efficacy of IFN beta treatment in different patient subgroups .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: SEARCH STRATEGY : We searched the Cochrane MS Group Trials Register ( June 2007 ) , Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( CENTRAL ) The Cochrane Library Issue 3 , 2007 , MEDLINE ( January 1966 to June 2007 ) , EMBASE ( January 1974 to June 2007 ) and reference lists of articles .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: SELECTION CRITERIA : The trials selected were double-blind , placebo-controlled , randomised trials of CIS patients treated with immunomodulatory drugs .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: MAIN RESULTS : Only three trials tested the efficacy of interferon ( IFN ) beta including a total of 1160 participants ( 639 treatment , 521 placebo ) ; no trial tested the efficacy of glatiramer acetate ( GA ) .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Two further reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted and analysed data .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Adverse effects information was collected from the trials .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Early treatment with IFN beta was associated with the side effect profile reported by the randomised controlled trials with this drug .
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