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Score: 20.00 |
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| Title: Sugar uptake analysis of suspension Arabidopsis , tobacco , and rice cells in various media using an FT-IR/ATR method .
| | Journal: Bioprocess Biosyst Eng Citation: V : P : Year: 2012 Type: Publisher | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22395819 Accession (PMID): 22395819 | | Abstract: The kinetic behavior of the sugar uptake phenomena of a suspension of Arabidopsis cells was investigated by mid-infrared spectroscopy using Fourier transform infrared spectrometers and attenuated total reflection techniques .
The kinetic behavior of the cell growth was also studied and the growth and the sugar uptake behaviors were discussed for three typical plant cells ( Arabidopsis , TBY-2 , and rice cells ) .
The cell growth rate and the lag period were influenced by not only the types of the plant cells , but also the sugar species used as the carbon source .
The characteristics of the sugar uptake behavior were clarified based on the difference in the three types of plant cells .
The cell growth and the sugar uptake progressed at approximately the same time in the TBY-2 cells .
In the rice cells , the sugar uptake rate was relatively lower than that of the others .
On the other hand , the sugar uptake of the Arabidopsis cells started before the cell growth .
Furthermore , glucose as the carbon source of the Arabidopsis cell cultivation seems to significantly influence the sugar metabolism .
Glucose had a significant influence on the sugar metabolism of the other sugar under the conditions for the mixture of glucose and the other sugar .
The characteristics of the sugar uptake phenomena based on the cell growth stage was typical for each plant cell except for some sugars , such as galactose and trehalose , and the behavior of the total sugar uptake had not changed .
These results suggested that the cell growth and the sugar uptake in the plant cell cultivation processes may be controlled by the combined supply of the sugar species as the carbon source .
The detailed data for plant cell cultivation using each sugar obtained in this study would be useful for bioscience research and for cultivation process control using various sugars , for example , purified or sugar mixtures formed from biomass materials .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 3.00 ]: Glucose had a significant influence on the sugar metabolism of the other sugar under the conditions for the mixture of glucose and the other sugar .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 3.00 ]: The characteristics of the sugar uptake phenomena based on the cell growth stage was typical for each plant cell except for some sugars , such as galactose and trehalose , and the behavior of the total sugar uptake had not changed .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 3.00 ]: These results suggested that the cell growth and the sugar uptake in the plant cell cultivation processes may be controlled by the combined supply of the sugar species as the carbon source .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 3.00 ]: The detailed data for plant cell cultivation using each sugar obtained in this study would be useful for bioscience research and for cultivation process control using various sugars , for example , purified or sugar mixtures formed from biomass materials .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The kinetic behavior of the sugar uptake phenomena of a suspension of Arabidopsis cells was investigated by mid-infrared spectroscopy using Fourier transform infrared spectrometers and attenuated total reflection techniques .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The kinetic behavior of the cell growth was also studied and the growth and the sugar uptake behaviors were discussed for three typical plant cells ( Arabidopsis , TBY-2 , and rice cells ) .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The cell growth rate and the lag period were influenced by not only the types of the plant cells , but also the sugar species used as the carbon source .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The characteristics of the sugar uptake behavior were clarified based on the difference in the three types of plant cells .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The cell growth and the sugar uptake progressed at approximately the same time in the TBY-2 cells .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the rice cells , the sugar uptake rate was relatively lower than that of the others .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: On the other hand , the sugar uptake of the Arabidopsis cells started before the cell growth .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Furthermore , glucose as the carbon source of the Arabidopsis cell cultivation seems to significantly influence the sugar metabolism .
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Score: 14.00 |
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| Title: Interaction between rice MYBGA and the gibberellin response element controls it issue-specific sugar sensitivity of alpha-amylase genes .
| | Journal: Plant Cell Citation: V : 18 ( 9 ) P : 2326-40 Year: 2006 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16905658 Accession (PMID): 16905658 | | Abstract: Expression of alpha-amylase genes during cereal grain germination and seedling growth is regulated negatively by sugar in embryos and positively by gibberellin ( GA ) in endosperm through the sugar response complex ( SRC ) and the GA response complex ( GARC ) , respectively .
We analyzed two alpha-amylase promoters , alphaAmy3 containing only SRC and alphaAmy8 containing overlapped SRC and GARC .
alphaAmy3 was sugar-sensitive but GA-nonresponsive in both rice ( Oryza sativa ) embryos and endosperms , whereas alphaAmy8 was sugar-sensitive in embryos and GA-responsive in endosperms .
Mutation of the GA response element ( GARE ) in the alphaAmy8 promoter impaired its GA response but enhanced sugar sensitivity , and insertion of GARE in the alphaAmy3 promoter rendered it GA-responsive but sugar-insensitive in endosperms .
Expression of the GARE-interacting transcription factor MYBGA was induced by GA in endosperms , correlating with the endosperm-specific alphaAmy8 GA response . alphaAmy8 became sugar-sensitive in MYBGA knockout mutant endosperms , suggesting that the MYBGA-GARE interaction overrides the sugar sensitivity of alphaAmy8 .
In embryos overexpressing MYBGA , alphaAmy8 became sugar-insensitive , indicating that MYBGA affects sugar repression . alpha-Amylase promoters active in endosperms contain GARE , whereas those active in embryos may or may not contain GARE , confirming that the GARE and GA-induced MYBGA interaction prevents sugar feedback repression of endosperm alpha-amylase genes .
We demonstrate that the MYBGA-GARE interaction affects sugar feedback control in balanced energy production during seedling growth and provide insight into the control mechanisms of it issue-specific regulation of alpha-amylase expression by sugar and GA signaling interference . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 3.00 ]: Expression of the GARE-interacting transcription factor MYBGA was induced by GA in endosperms , correlating with the endosperm-specific alphaAmy8 GA response . alphaAmy8 became sugar-sensitive in MYBGA knockout mutant endosperms , suggesting that the MYBGA-GARE interaction overrides the sugar sensitivity of alphaAmy8 .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 3.00 ]: In embryos overexpressing MYBGA , alphaAmy8 became sugar-insensitive , indicating that MYBGA affects sugar repression . alpha-Amylase promoters active in endosperms contain GARE , whereas those active in embryos may or may not contain GARE , confirming that the GARE and GA-induced MYBGA interaction prevents sugar feedback repression of endosperm alpha-amylase genes .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Expression of alpha-amylase genes during cereal grain germination and seedling growth is regulated negatively by sugar in embryos and positively by gibberellin ( GA ) in endosperm through the sugar response complex ( SRC ) and the GA response complex ( GARC ) , respectively .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: alphaAmy3 was sugar-sensitive but GA-nonresponsive in both rice ( Oryza sativa ) embryos and endosperms , whereas alphaAmy8 was sugar-sensitive in embryos and GA-responsive in endosperms .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: Mutation of the GA response element ( GARE ) in the alphaAmy8 promoter impaired its GA response but enhanced sugar sensitivity , and insertion of GARE in the alphaAmy3 promoter rendered it GA-responsive but sugar-insensitive in endosperms .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: We demonstrate that the MYBGA-GARE interaction affects sugar feedback control in balanced energy production during seedling growth and provide insight into the control mechanisms of it issue-specific regulation of alpha-amylase expression by sugar and GA signaling interference .
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Score: 13.00 |
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| Title: Role of oviposition preference in an invasive crambid impacting two graminaceous host crops .
| | Journal: Environ Entomol Citation: V : 36 P : 938-51 Year: 2007 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17716486 Accession (PMID): 17716486 | | Abstract: Oviposition preference studies of the Mexican rice borer , Eoreuma loftini ( Dyar ) , on sugarcane , Saccharum spp . , and rice , Oryza sativa L , showed that drought stressed sugarcane was 1 . 8-fold more attractive based on egg masses/plant than well watered sugarcane .
The E loftini susceptible sugarcane cultivar LCP 85-384 was 1 . 6-fold more attractive than HoCP 85-845 based on numbers of eggs per egg mass .
Egg masses were 9 . 2-fold more abundant and 2 . 3-fold larger on sugarcane than on rice .
Rice , however , was preferred to sugarcane on a plant biomass basis .
Oviposition on sugarcane occurred exclusively on dry leaf material , which increased under drought stress .
Egg masses per plant increased on drought stressed sugarcane and were correlated with several foliar free amino acids essential for insect growth and development .
The more resistant ( based on injury ) but more attractive ( based on oviposition ) rice cultivar XL8 had higher levels of several free amino acids than the susceptible cultivar Cocodrie .
The association of host plant characteristics to oviposition preference is discussed .
Projected oviposition patterns relative to sugarcane and rice production areas were estimated for Texas and Louisiana based on the availability of each host in different regions of each state .
These results suggest that , where sugarcane and rice co-occur , the majority of eggs would be found on sugarcane early in the season , because of this crops substantially greater biomass compared with rice .
Abundance later in the season would also favor sugarcane ; however , the abundance on rice would be greater than expected solely based on host availability , largely because of the greater preference per gram of rice plant dry weight .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 3.00 ]: Oviposition preference studies of the Mexican rice borer , Eoreuma loftini ( Dyar ) , on sugarcane , Saccharum spp . , and rice , Oryza sativa L , showed that drought stressed sugarcane was 1 . 8-fold more attractive based on egg masses/plant than well watered sugarcane .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 3.00 ]: These results suggest that , where sugarcane and rice co-occur , the majority of eggs would be found on sugarcane early in the season , because of this crops substantially greater biomass compared with rice .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The E loftini susceptible sugarcane cultivar LCP 85-384 was 1 . 6-fold more attractive than HoCP 85-845 based on numbers of eggs per egg mass .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Egg masses were 9 . 2-fold more abundant and 2 . 3-fold larger on sugarcane than on rice .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Rice , however , was preferred to sugarcane on a plant biomass basis .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Oviposition on sugarcane occurred exclusively on dry leaf material , which increased under drought stress .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Egg masses per plant increased on drought stressed sugarcane and were correlated with several foliar free amino acids essential for insect growth and development .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Projected oviposition patterns relative to sugarcane and rice production areas were estimated for Texas and Louisiana based on the availability of each host in different regions of each state .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Abundance later in the season would also favor sugarcane ; however , the abundance on rice would be greater than expected solely based on host availability , largely because of the greater preference per gram of rice plant dry weight .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: Hexokinase-mediated sugar signaling controls expression of the calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase 15 gene and is perturbed by oxidative phosphorylation inhibition .
| | Journal: J Plant Physiol Citation: V : P : Year: 2012 Type: Publisher | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22796010 Accession (PMID): 22796010 | | Abstract: Calcineurin B-like ( CBL ) interacting protein kinase 15 ( CIPK15 ) is a newly identified positive regulator which is critical to directing the O ( 2 ) deficiency signal to the sugar signaling cascade as part of Amy3D ( representative Amy3 gene ) regulation in rice .
It is located upstream and probably contributes to reserve mobilization under anoxia .
In isolated starving embryos , the temporal pattern of accumulation of CIPK15 transcripts and leaky suppression of this gene suggests that factors other than CIPK15 may also be involved in the regulation of Amy3D expression .
Probing of a variety of sugars and sugar analogs has shown that hexokinase mediates the sugar regulation of CIPK15 .
For example , hexokinase substrates , such as mannose , 2-deoxyglucose , and other metabolizable sugars , repressed CIPK15 expression , whereas 3-O-methylglucose and 6-deoxyglucose did not .
By using glucosamine , a hexokinase inhibitor , to release glucose-dependent CIPK15 suppression , we confirmed that hexokinase mediates regulation of this gene .
Chemical inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transfer , proton separation or ATP synthase also effectively abolished sugar-induced repression of CIPK15 .
This type of interference , the release from glucose-induced repression of gene expression by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation , was previously identified for the Amy3D gene , which suggests that hexokinase-mediated sugar signaling may be coordinated with the cellular energy status .
Analysis of a transgenic rice cell line harboring the GUS reporter gene under the control of the CIPK15 promoter , and transient expression assay for 3 UTR of the CIPK15 gene indicate that sugar regulation of the rice CIPK15 gene is likely mediated by 2548-bp 5-flanking region , with no additional post-transcriptional control .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 3.00 ]: Probing of a variety of sugars and sugar analogs has shown that hexokinase mediates the sugar regulation of CIPK15 .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: This type of interference , the release from glucose-induced repression of gene expression by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation , was previously identified for the Amy3D gene , which suggests that hexokinase-mediated sugar signaling may be coordinated with the cellular energy status .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Calcineurin B-like ( CBL ) interacting protein kinase 15 ( CIPK15 ) is a newly identified positive regulator which is critical to directing the O ( 2 ) deficiency signal to the sugar signaling cascade as part of Amy3D ( representative Amy3 gene ) regulation in rice .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: In isolated starving embryos , the temporal pattern of accumulation of CIPK15 transcripts and leaky suppression of this gene suggests that factors other than CIPK15 may also be involved in the regulation of Amy3D expression .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: For example , hexokinase substrates , such as mannose , 2-deoxyglucose , and other metabolizable sugars , repressed CIPK15 expression , whereas 3-O-methylglucose and 6-deoxyglucose did not .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Chemical inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transfer , proton separation or ATP synthase also effectively abolished sugar-induced repression of CIPK15 .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Analysis of a transgenic rice cell line harboring the GUS reporter gene under the control of the CIPK15 promoter , and transient expression assay for 3 UTR of the CIPK15 gene indicate that sugar regulation of the rice CIPK15 gene is likely mediated by 2548-bp 5-flanking region , with no additional post-transcriptional control .
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Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Sugar coordinately and differentially regulates growth and stress-related gene expression via a complex signal transduction network and multiple control mechanisms .
| | Journal: Plant Physiol .
Citation: V : 125 ( 2 ) P : 877-90 Year: 2001 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11161045 Accession (PMID): 11161045 | | Abstract: In plants , sugars are required to sustain growth and regulate gene expression .
A large set of genes are either up or down-regulated by sugars ; however , whether there is a common mechanism and signal transduction pathway for differential and coordinated sugar regulation remain unclear .
In the present study , the rice ( Oryza sativa cv Tainan 5 ) cell culture was used as a model system to address this question .
Sucrose and glucose both played dual functions in gene regulation as exemplified by the up-regulation of growth-related genes and down-regulation of stress-related genes .
Sugar coordinately but differentially activated or repressed gene expression , and nuclear run-on transcription and mRNA half-life analyses revealed regulation of both the transcription rate and mRNA stability .
Although coordinately regulated by sugars , these growth and stress-related genes were up-regulated or down-regulated through hexokinase-dependent and/or hexokinase-independent pathways .
We also found that the sugar signal transduction pathway may overlap the glycolytic pathway for gene repression . alpha-Amylase and the stress-related genes identified in this study were coordinately expressed under sugar starvation , suggesting a convergence of the nutritional and environmental stress signal transduction pathways .
Together , our studies provide a new insight into the complex signal transduction network and mechanisms of sugar regulation of growth and stress-related genes in plants . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 3.00 ]: We also found that the sugar signal transduction pathway may overlap the glycolytic pathway for gene repression . alpha-Amylase and the stress-related genes identified in this study were coordinately expressed under sugar starvation , suggesting a convergence of the nutritional and environmental stress signal transduction pathways .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: A large set of genes are either up or down-regulated by sugars ; however , whether there is a common mechanism and signal transduction pathway for differential and coordinated sugar regulation remain unclear .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: In plants , sugars are required to sustain growth and regulate gene expression .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sugar coordinately but differentially activated or repressed gene expression , and nuclear run-on transcription and mRNA half-life analyses revealed regulation of both the transcription rate and mRNA stability .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although coordinately regulated by sugars , these growth and stress-related genes were up-regulated or down-regulated through hexokinase-dependent and/or hexokinase-independent pathways .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Together , our studies provide a new insight into the complex signal transduction network and mechanisms of sugar regulation of growth and stress-related genes in plants .
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Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Rice alpha-amylase transcriptional enhancers direct multiple mode regulation of promoters in transgenic rice .
| | Journal: J Biol . Chem . Citation: V : 277 ( 16 ) P : 13641-9 Year: 2002 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11832481 Accession (PMID): 11832481 | | Abstract: Expression of alpha-amylase genes in cereals is induced by both gibberellin ( GA ) and sugar starvation .
In a transient expression assay , a 105-bp sugar response sequence ( SRS ) in the promoter of a sugar starvation highly inducible rice alpha-amylase gene , alphaAmy3 , was shown previously to confer sugar response and to enhance the activity of the rice Act1 promoter in rice protoplasts .
A 230-bp SRS-like sequence was also found in the promoter of another sugar starvation highly inducible rice alpha-amylase gene , alphaAmy8 .
The alphaAmy8 SRS contains a GA response sequence and was designated as alphaAmy8 SRS/GARS .
In the present study , a transgenic approach was employed to characterize the function of the alpha-amylase gene SRSs in rice .
We found that the alphaAmy3 SRS significantly enhances the endogenous expression pattern of the Act1 promoter in various rice it issues throughout their developmental stages .
By contrast , the alphaAmy8 SRS/GARS significantly enhances Act1 promoter activity only in embryos and endosperms of germinating rice seeds .
A minimal promoter fused to the alphaAmy8 SRS/GARS is specifically active in rice embryo and endosperm and is subject to sugar repression and GA induction in rice embryos .
This sugar repression was found to override GA induction of alphaAmy8 SRS/GARS activity .
Our study demonstrates that the alpha-amylase transcriptional enhancers contain cis-acting elements capable of enhancing endogenous expression patterns or activating sugar-sensitive , hormone-responsive , it issue-specific , and developmental stage-dependent expression of promoters in transgenic rice .
These enhancers may facilitate the design of highly active and tightly regulated composite promoters for monocot transformation and gene expression .
Our study also reveals the existence of cross-talk between the sugar and GA signaling pathways in cereals and provides a system for analyzing the underlying molecular mechanisms involved . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: In a transient expression assay , a 105-bp sugar response sequence ( SRS ) in the promoter of a sugar starvation highly inducible rice alpha-amylase gene , alphaAmy3 , was shown previously to confer sugar response and to enhance the activity of the rice Act1 promoter in rice protoplasts .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Expression of alpha-amylase genes in cereals is induced by both gibberellin ( GA ) and sugar starvation .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: A 230-bp SRS-like sequence was also found in the promoter of another sugar starvation highly inducible rice alpha-amylase gene , alphaAmy8 .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: A minimal promoter fused to the alphaAmy8 SRS/GARS is specifically active in rice embryo and endosperm and is subject to sugar repression and GA induction in rice embryos .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: This sugar repression was found to override GA induction of alphaAmy8 SRS/GARS activity .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Our study demonstrates that the alpha-amylase transcriptional enhancers contain cis-acting elements capable of enhancing endogenous expression patterns or activating sugar-sensitive , hormone-responsive , it issue-specific , and developmental stage-dependent expression of promoters in transgenic rice .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: Our study also reveals the existence of cross-talk between the sugar and GA signaling pathways in cereals and provides a system for analyzing the underlying molecular mechanisms involved .
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Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Free Sugars in Relation to Starch Accumulation in Developing Rice Grain .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 59 ( 3 ) P : 417-421 Year: 1977 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16659864 Accession (PMID): 16659864 | | Abstract: The changes in sugars ( water-soluble carbohydrates ) were studied in the developing grain of rice ( Oryza sativa L , variety IR28 and IR29 ) in relation to the role of these sugars as precursors of ADP glucose in starch accumulation .
The levels of total sugars , total reducing sugars and free glucose , sucrose and other nonreducing sugars , maltooligosaccharides , and total and nonsucrosyl fructose followed closely the changes in the rate of starch accumulation , in both IR28 and 29 ; the peak value occurred 9 days after flowering .
The level of soluble carbohydrates remained high in the caryopsis and also in milled rice after starch accumulation , suggesting that the supply of sugar precursors does not limit starch accumulation in the rice grain .
Because of a higher level of reducing sugars , the level of free sugars in the grain of waxy rice IR29 was higher than that of nonwaxy IR28 . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: The levels of total sugars , total reducing sugars and free glucose , sucrose and other nonreducing sugars , maltooligosaccharides , and total and nonsucrosyl fructose followed closely the changes in the rate of starch accumulation , in both IR28 and 29 ; the peak value occurred 9 days after flowering .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: The changes in sugars ( water-soluble carbohydrates ) were studied in the developing grain of rice ( Oryza sativa L , variety IR28 and IR29 ) in relation to the role of these sugars as precursors of ADP glucose in starch accumulation .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: The level of soluble carbohydrates remained high in the caryopsis and also in milled rice after starch accumulation , suggesting that the supply of sugar precursors does not limit starch accumulation in the rice grain .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: Because of a higher level of reducing sugars , the level of free sugars in the grain of waxy rice IR29 was higher than that of nonwaxy IR28 .
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Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Orthologous comparison in a gene-rich region among grasses reveals stability in the sugarcane polyploid genome .
| | Journal: Citation: V : ( ) P : Year: 2007 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17425713 Accession (PMID): 17425713 | | Abstract: Modern sugarcane ( Saccharum spp . ) is an important grass that contributes 60% of the raw sugar produced worldwide and has a high biofuel production potential It was created about a century ago through hybridization of two highly polyploid species , namely S officinarum and S spontaneum .
We investigated genome dynamics in this highly polyploid context by analyzing two homoeologous sequences ( 97 and 126 kb ) in a region that has already been studied in several cereals .
Our findings indicate that the two Saccharum species diverged 1 . 5-2 million years ago from one another and 8-9 million years ago from sorghum .
The two sugarcane homoeologous haplotypes show perfect colinearity as well as high gene structure conservation .
Apart from the insertion of a few retrotransposable elements , high homology was also observed for the non-transcribed regions .
Relative to sorghum , the sugarcane sequences displayed colinearity , with the exception of two genes present only in sorghum , and striking homology in most non-coding parts of the genome .
The gene distribution highlighted high synteny and colinearity with rice , and partial colinearity with each homoeologous maize region , which became perfect when the sequences were combined .
The haplotypes observed in sugarcane may thus closely represent the ancestral Andropogoneae haplotype .
This analysis of sugarcane haplotype organization at the sequence level suggests that the high ploidy in sugarcane did not induce generalized reshaping of its genome , thus challenging the idea that polyploidy quickly induces generalized rearrangement of genomes .
These results also confirm the view that sorghum is the model of choice for sugarcane .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 3.00 ]: This analysis of sugarcane haplotype organization at the sequence level suggests that the high ploidy in sugarcane did not induce generalized reshaping of its genome , thus challenging the idea that polyploidy quickly induces generalized rearrangement of genomes .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Modern sugarcane ( Saccharum spp . ) is an important grass that contributes 60% of the raw sugar produced worldwide and has a high biofuel production potential It was created about a century ago through hybridization of two highly polyploid species , namely S officinarum and S spontaneum .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The two sugarcane homoeologous haplotypes show perfect colinearity as well as high gene structure conservation .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Relative to sorghum , the sugarcane sequences displayed colinearity , with the exception of two genes present only in sorghum , and striking homology in most non-coding parts of the genome .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The haplotypes observed in sugarcane may thus closely represent the ancestral Andropogoneae haplotype .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results also confirm the view that sorghum is the model of choice for sugarcane .
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Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: [ Reponses of sugar metabolism in seed germination of three various acid-fast plants to acid rain ] | | Journal: Huan Jing Ke Xue Citation: V : 29 P : 799-803 Year: 2008 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18649547 Accession (PMID): 18649547 | | Abstract: Responses of sugar metabolism during germination of rice ( O sativa ) , wheat ( T aestivum ) and rape ( B chinensis var . oleifera ) seeds to simulated acid rain ( pH 2 . 0 , pH 2 . 5 , pH 3 . 0 , pH 3 . 5 , pH 4 . 0 , pH 4 . 5 , pH 5 . 0 ) were investigated .
The purpose was to clarify the mechanism of acid rain affecting seed germination .
The results show that the alpha-amylase activity , contents of soluble sugar and reducing sugar of the rice , wheat and rape seeds decrease with increased stress level ( pH 5 . 0 - 2 . 0 ) , and are lower than CK .
The response order of three indexes to stress level of acid rain is that rice ( pH 3 . 5 - 4 . 0/53 . 88% - 77 . 7% ) is smaller than wheat ( pH 3 . 5 - 4 . 5/58 . 60% - 89 . 41% ) , and rape ( pH 4 . 0 - 5 . 0/60 . 14% - 100% ) is the smallest , alpha-amylase activity , contents of soluble sugar and reducing sugar of rice increase with prolonged stress time , but the three indexes of wheat and rape increase at first , and then decrease .
In the same stress time ( 3 - 7 d ) , the three indexes of the three species for all treatment groups are lower than CK , and decrease with increased stress level .
The stress time when the maximum damage of a-amylase activity , contents of soluble sugar and reducing sugar appeared is that rice ( 7 d , 7 d , 7 d ) > wheat ( 7 d , 6 d , 5 d ) > rape ( 3 d , 7 d , 5 d ) .
Responses of three indexes to stress level and stress time of acid rain show that the ability of sugar metabolism resisting acid rain is that rice is stronger than wheat and rape is the worst , and the difference in sugar metabolism of 3 species is one of the internal reasons why the germination indexes behave differently .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: The results show that the alpha-amylase activity , contents of soluble sugar and reducing sugar of the rice , wheat and rape seeds decrease with increased stress level ( pH 5 . 0 - 2 . 0 ) , and are lower than CK .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: The response order of three indexes to stress level of acid rain is that rice ( pH 3 . 5 - 4 . 0/53 . 88% - 77 . 7% ) is smaller than wheat ( pH 3 . 5 - 4 . 5/58 . 60% - 89 . 41% ) , and rape ( pH 4 . 0 - 5 . 0/60 . 14% - 100% ) is the smallest , alpha-amylase activity , contents of soluble sugar and reducing sugar of rice increase with prolonged stress time , but the three indexes of wheat and rape increase at first , and then decrease .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: The stress time when the maximum damage of a-amylase activity , contents of soluble sugar and reducing sugar appeared is that rice ( 7 d , 7 d , 7 d ) > wheat ( 7 d , 6 d , 5 d ) > rape ( 3 d , 7 d , 5 d ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: Responses of three indexes to stress level and stress time of acid rain show that the ability of sugar metabolism resisting acid rain is that rice is stronger than wheat and rape is the worst , and the difference in sugar metabolism of 3 species is one of the internal reasons why the germination indexes behave differently .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Responses of sugar metabolism during germination of rice ( O sativa ) , wheat ( T aestivum ) and rape ( B chinensis var . oleifera ) seeds to simulated acid rain ( pH 2 . 0 , pH 2 . 5 , pH 3 . 0 , pH 3 . 5 , pH 4 . 0 , pH 4 . 5 , pH 5 . 0 ) were investigated .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Interference with oxidative phosphorylation enhances anoxic expression of rice alpha-amylase genes through abolishing sugar regulation .
| | Journal: J Exp Bot Citation: V : 61 P : 3235-44 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20530196 Accession (PMID): 20530196 | | Abstract: Rice has the unique ability to express alpha-amylase under anoxic conditions , a feature that is critical for successful anaerobic germination and growth .
Previously , anaerobic conditions were shown to up-regulate the expression of Amy3 subfamily genes ( Amy3B/C , 3D , and 3E ) in rice embryos .
These genes are known to be feedback regulated by the hydrolytic products of starchy endosperm such as the simple sugar glucose .
It was found that oxygen deficiency interferes with the repression of Amy3D gene expression imposed by low concentrations of glucose but not with that imposed by higher amounts .
This differential anoxic de-repression depending on sugar concentration suggests the presence of two distinct pathways for sugar regulation of Amy3D gene expression .
Anoxic de-repression can be mimicked by treating rice embryos with inhibitors of ATP synthesis during respiration .
Other sugar-regulated rice alpha-amylase genes , Amy3B/C and 3E , behave similarly to Amy3D .
Treatment with a respiratory inhibitor or anoxia also relieved the sugar repression of the rice CIPK15 gene , a main upstream positive regulator of SnRK1A that is critical for Amy3D expression in response to sugar starvation .
SnRK1A accumulation was previously shown to be required for MYBS1 expression , which transactivates Amy3D by binding to a cis-acting element found in the proximal region of all Amy3 subfamily gene promoters ( the TA box ) .
Taken together , these results suggest that prevention of oxidative phosphorylation by oxygen deficiency interferes with the sugar repression of Amy3 subfamily gene expression , leading to their enhanced expression in rice embryos during anaerobic germination .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 3.00 ]: This differential anoxic de-repression depending on sugar concentration suggests the presence of two distinct pathways for sugar regulation of Amy3D gene expression .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: Treatment with a respiratory inhibitor or anoxia also relieved the sugar repression of the rice CIPK15 gene , a main upstream positive regulator of SnRK1A that is critical for Amy3D expression in response to sugar starvation .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 2.00 ]: Taken together , these results suggest that prevention of oxidative phosphorylation by oxygen deficiency interferes with the sugar repression of Amy3 subfamily gene expression , leading to their enhanced expression in rice embryos during anaerobic germination .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: These genes are known to be feedback regulated by the hydrolytic products of starchy endosperm such as the simple sugar glucose .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Other sugar-regulated rice alpha-amylase genes , Amy3B/C and 3E , behave similarly to Amy3D .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Mexican rice borer ( Lepidoptera : Crambidae ) oviposition site selection stimuli on sugarcane , and potential field applications .
| | Journal: J Econ Entomol Citation: V : 103 P : 1180-6 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20857726 Accession (PMID): 20857726 | | Abstract: The Mexican rice borer , Eoreuma loftini ( Dyar ) ( Lepidoptera : Crambidae ) , a key pest of sugarcane ( Saccharum spp . ) and rice , Oryza sativa L , in Texas , has not been controlled with chemical insecticides or biological agents , but some sugarcane varieties have shown degrees of resistance .
Assessment of selected sugarcane leaf characteristics indicate that preference for oviposition sites is mostly determined by the presence of a leaf fold and secondarily by the availability of dry leaf it issue , both of which are antixenotic nonchemical stimuli .
We suggest that breeding sugarcane lines bearing leaves that do not fold on drying could provide substantial antixenotic resistance against the Mexican rice borer .
Previously identified antixenotic chemical stimuli , ie , low quantities or absence of important nutrients in green leaf it issue , only become apparent when resistant and susceptible sugarcane varieties are compared .
Varietal differences in oviposition preference , however , were not observed on excised dry leaf it issue , indicating that expression of resistance in terms of chemical stimuli requires detection of biochemicals in nearby living leaf it issue .
Excised dry sugarcane leaves retain the two dominant nonchemical oviposition preference stimuli for Mexican rice borers , and the leaves effectively trapped eggs away from intact plants when dry leaves were used as "mulch" at the bottom of greenhouse cages .
Under commercial sugarcane field conditions , bundled dry leaves also collected Mexican rice borer eggs .
Possible applications of dry sugarcane leaf substrate for egg scouting and for trapping eggs are discussed .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: The Mexican rice borer , Eoreuma loftini ( Dyar ) ( Lepidoptera : Crambidae ) , a key pest of sugarcane ( Saccharum spp . ) and rice , Oryza sativa L , in Texas , has not been controlled with chemical insecticides or biological agents , but some sugarcane varieties have shown degrees of resistance .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: We suggest that breeding sugarcane lines bearing leaves that do not fold on drying could provide substantial antixenotic resistance against the Mexican rice borer .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Assessment of selected sugarcane leaf characteristics indicate that preference for oviposition sites is mostly determined by the presence of a leaf fold and secondarily by the availability of dry leaf it issue , both of which are antixenotic nonchemical stimuli .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Previously identified antixenotic chemical stimuli , ie , low quantities or absence of important nutrients in green leaf it issue , only become apparent when resistant and susceptible sugarcane varieties are compared .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Excised dry sugarcane leaves retain the two dominant nonchemical oviposition preference stimuli for Mexican rice borers , and the leaves effectively trapped eggs away from intact plants when dry leaves were used as "mulch" at the bottom of greenhouse cages .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Under commercial sugarcane field conditions , bundled dry leaves also collected Mexican rice borer eggs .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Possible applications of dry sugarcane leaf substrate for egg scouting and for trapping eggs are discussed .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Sugars act as signal molecules and osmotica to regulate the expression of alpha-amylase genes and metabolic activities in germinating cereal grains .
| | Journal: Plant Mol . Biol . Citation: V : 30 ( 6 ) P : 1277-89 Year: 1996 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8704135 Accession (PMID): 8704135 | | Abstract: The molecular mechanisms that initiate and control the metabolic activities of seed germination are largely unknown .
Sugars may play important roles in regulating such metabolic activities in addition to providing an essential carbon source for the growth of young seedlings and maintaining turgor pressure for the expansion of it issues during germination .
To test this hypothesis , we investigated the physiological role of sugars in the regulation of alpha-amylase gene expression and carbohydrate metabolism in embryo and endosperm of germinating rice seeds .
RNA gel blot analysis revealed that in the embryo and aleurone cells , expression of four alpha-amylase genes was differentially regulated by sugars via mechanisms beyond the well-known hormonal control mechanism .
In the aleurone cells , expression of these alpha-amylase genes was regulated by gibberellins produced in the embryo and by osmotically active sugars .
In the embryo , expression of two alpha-amylase genes and production of gibberellins were transient , and were probably induced by depletion of sugars in the embryo upon imbibition , and suppressed by sugars influx from the endosperm as germination proceeded .
The deferential expression of the four alpha-amylase genes in the embryo and aleurone cells was probably due to their markedly different sensitivities to changes in it issue sugar levels .
Our study supports a model in which sugars regulate the expression of alpha-amylase genes in a it issue-specific manner : via a feedback control mechanism in the embryo and via an osmotic control mechanism in the aleurone cells .
An interactive loop among sugars , gibberellins , and alpha-amylase genes in the germinating cereal grain is proposed .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: In the embryo , expression of two alpha-amylase genes and production of gibberellins were transient , and were probably induced by depletion of sugars in the embryo upon imbibition , and suppressed by sugars influx from the endosperm as germination proceeded .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sugars may play important roles in regulating such metabolic activities in addition to providing an essential carbon source for the growth of young seedlings and maintaining turgor pressure for the expansion of it issues during germination .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: To test this hypothesis , we investigated the physiological role of sugars in the regulation of alpha-amylase gene expression and carbohydrate metabolism in embryo and endosperm of germinating rice seeds .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: RNA gel blot analysis revealed that in the embryo and aleurone cells , expression of four alpha-amylase genes was differentially regulated by sugars via mechanisms beyond the well-known hormonal control mechanism .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the aleurone cells , expression of these alpha-amylase genes was regulated by gibberellins produced in the embryo and by osmotically active sugars .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The deferential expression of the four alpha-amylase genes in the embryo and aleurone cells was probably due to their markedly different sensitivities to changes in it issue sugar levels .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Our study supports a model in which sugars regulate the expression of alpha-amylase genes in a it issue-specific manner : via a feedback control mechanism in the embryo and via an osmotic control mechanism in the aleurone cells .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: An interactive loop among sugars , gibberellins , and alpha-amylase genes in the germinating cereal grain is proposed .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 9.00 |
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| Title: Sugar response sequence in the promoter of a rice alpha-amylase gene serves as a transcriptional enhancer .
| | Journal: J Biol . Chem . Citation: V : 273 ( 17 ) P : 10120-31 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9553059 Accession (PMID): 9553059 | | Abstract: Expression of alpha-amylase genes in both rice suspension cells and germinating embryos is repressed by sugars and the mechanism involves transcriptional regulation .
The promoter of a rice alpha-amylase gene alphaAmy3 was analyzed by both loss and gain-of-function studies and the major sugar response sequence ( SRS ) was located between 186 and 82 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site .
The SRS conferred sugar responsiveness to a minimal promoter in an orientation-independent manner .
It also converted a sugar-insensitive rice actin gene promoter into a sugar-sensitive promoter in a dose-dependent manner .
Linker-scan mutation studies identified three essential motifs : the GC box , the G box , and the TATCCA element , within the SRS .
Sequences containing either the GC box plus G box or the TATCCA element each mediated sugar response , however , they acted synergistically to give a high level glucose starvation-induced expression .
Nuclear proteins from rice suspension cells binding to the TATCCA element in a sequence-specific and sugar-dependent manner were identified .
The TATCCA element is also an important component of the gibberellin response complex of the alpha-amylase genes in germinating cereal grains , suggesting that the regulation of alpha-amylase gene expression by sugar and hormone signals may share common regulatory machinery . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: It also converted a sugar-insensitive rice actin gene promoter into a sugar-sensitive promoter in a dose-dependent manner .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: The TATCCA element is also an important component of the gibberellin response complex of the alpha-amylase genes in germinating cereal grains , suggesting that the regulation of alpha-amylase gene expression by sugar and hormone signals may share common regulatory machinery .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Expression of alpha-amylase genes in both rice suspension cells and germinating embryos is repressed by sugars and the mechanism involves transcriptional regulation .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The promoter of a rice alpha-amylase gene alphaAmy3 was analyzed by both loss and gain-of-function studies and the major sugar response sequence ( SRS ) was located between 186 and 82 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The SRS conferred sugar responsiveness to a minimal promoter in an orientation-independent manner .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sequences containing either the GC box plus G box or the TATCCA element each mediated sugar response , however , they acted synergistically to give a high level glucose starvation-induced expression .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Nuclear proteins from rice suspension cells binding to the TATCCA element in a sequence-specific and sugar-dependent manner were identified .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 8.00 |
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| Title: Sugar uptake and transport in rice embryo .
Expression of companion cell-specific sucrose transporter ( OsSUT1 ) induced by sugar and light .
| | Journal: Plant Physiol .
Citation: V : 124 ( 1 ) P : 85-93 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10982424 Accession (PMID): 10982424 | | Abstract: We investigated sugar uptake and transport in rice ( Oryza sativa ) embryo during grain germination .
Endogenous sugar levels , accumulation of starch granules , and gene expression of a rice sucrose transporter ( OsSUT1 ) were examined using rice embryos germinated with or without exogenous sugar supply .
Starch granules remarkably accumulated in the cells around vascular bundles as a consequence of the sugar taken up by the embryos , indicating that the taken-up sugars are transiently converted into starch .
In situ detection for OsSUT1 mRNA indicated its localization in the phloem companion cells .
Furthermore , northern-blot and in situ hybridization analyses showed that OsSUT1 expression is not detectable in embryos subjected to sugar starvation conditions , whereas its expression is enhanced by an increased endogenous sugar level .
Overall results indicate that the expression of companion cell-specific sucrose transporter , OsSUT1 is regulated by the endogenous sugar status as well as light exposure . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: Endogenous sugar levels , accumulation of starch granules , and gene expression of a rice sucrose transporter ( OsSUT1 ) were examined using rice embryos germinated with or without exogenous sugar supply .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: Starch granules remarkably accumulated in the cells around vascular bundles as a consequence of the sugar taken up by the embryos , indicating that the taken-up sugars are transiently converted into starch .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: Furthermore , northern-blot and in situ hybridization analyses showed that OsSUT1 expression is not detectable in embryos subjected to sugar starvation conditions , whereas its expression is enhanced by an increased endogenous sugar level .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: We investigated sugar uptake and transport in rice ( Oryza sativa ) embryo during grain germination .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Overall results indicate that the expression of companion cell-specific sucrose transporter , OsSUT1 is regulated by the endogenous sugar status as well as light exposure .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 8.00 |
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| Title: Cereal aids fight against diarrhoea .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 8 ( 3 ) P : 9 Year: 1984 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12313290 Accession (PMID): 12313290 | | Abstract: Ricewater has been proved to be an effective treatment of diarrhea by investigators at the International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research , Bangladesh ( ICDDR , B ) , who have shown that cereal-based solutions are even more effective than the much publicized mixtures of water , sugar , and salts .
Diarrhea kills 8 or 9 children under the age of 5 every minute , often simply by draining out of them the water and salts the body needs to keep functioning .
Only a few years ago , the conventional treatment for severe cases was a drip of saline fluid into the patients arm through a needle .
But this requires hospital treatment , and few 3rd world children ever see the inside of a hospital Recently , "oral rehydration therapy" ( ORT ) --giving children a carefully measured mix of water , sugar ( or pure glucose ) , and sodium chloride and potassium salts--has gained world recognition as a simple , cheap , and effective treatment .
A village mother can give it in her home , either from a prepackaged powder mixed with water or from solution she mixes herself .
Sugar , or the glucose into which the body converts sugar , continues to be absorbed across the intestinal walls during diarrhea--when the body is absorbing little else .
This process aids the absorption of the all-important salts .
The standard ORT formula for a liter of water calls for 20 g of glucose or 40 g of household sugar .
The newer cereal-based ORT replaces the sugar with rice powder .
Tests have shown that 80-86% of the rice powder is converted into glucose and absorbed .
According to Dr A Majid Molloa of ICDDR , B who pioneered the use of rice powder in ORT , 1 liter of rice powder solution is twice as effective as 2 liters of sugar solution .
There are several advantages in using rice powder in ORT .
Rice is the staple food of more than 1/2 the worlds population , particularly so where diarrhea is a killer .
It is grown and eaten throughout Asia , and in many parts of Latin America and Africa .
Some rice is usually available in the poorest village homes , whereas sugar may not be .
The rice solution is easy to prepare , and boiling prevents contamination .
The next step is to extend cereal-based ORT to other countries , and to experiment with other cereals , such as wheat , maize , sorghum , and also with potato and casasva .
Indonesia , India , China , and Kenya have already made a beginning in this direction .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: Sugar , or the glucose into which the body converts sugar , continues to be absorbed across the intestinal walls during diarrhea--when the body is absorbing little else .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Ricewater has been proved to be an effective treatment of diarrhea by investigators at the International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research , Bangladesh ( ICDDR , B ) , who have shown that cereal-based solutions are even more effective than the much publicized mixtures of water , sugar , and salts .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: But this requires hospital treatment , and few 3rd world children ever see the inside of a hospital Recently , "oral rehydration therapy" ( ORT ) --giving children a carefully measured mix of water , sugar ( or pure glucose ) , and sodium chloride and potassium salts--has gained world recognition as a simple , cheap , and effective treatment .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The standard ORT formula for a liter of water calls for 20 g of glucose or 40 g of household sugar .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: The newer cereal-based ORT replaces the sugar with rice powder .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: According to Dr A Majid Molloa of ICDDR , B who pioneered the use of rice powder in ORT , 1 liter of rice powder solution is twice as effective as 2 liters of sugar solution .
[ Sen. 15, subscore: 1.00 ]: Some rice is usually available in the poorest village homes , whereas sugar may not be .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 8.00 |
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| Title: Characterization of CENH3 and centromere-associated DNA sequences in sugarcane .
| | Journal: Chromosome Res .
Citation: V : 13 ( 2 ) P : 195-203 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15861308 Accession (PMID): 15861308 | | Abstract: Centromere-specific histone H3 ( CENH3 ) has been used to detect active centromeres , and to analyse the DNA sequences closely associated with the centromere , because they localize only in active centromeres and bind directly to the DNA .
In maize and rice , the centromeric retrotransposons ( CR ) are shown to be closely associated with their own CENH3 whereas no such association was found in Arabidopsis thaliana .
In this study , this sort of association was investigated in sugarcane .
Two expressed sequence tag groups encoding putative sugarcane CENH3 ( SoCENH3 ) were found in a sugarcane-expressed sequence tag database .
Their deduced amino acid sequences were similar to these of the CENH3s in rice and maize .
An antibody against rice CENH3 seemed to crossreact with the SoCENH3s , and stained sugarcane centromeres .
A set of immunoprecipitation tests was conducted with the antibody and chromatin from the sugarcane genome to reveal CENH3-associated DNA sequences in sugarcane .
Centromeric tandem repeats ( SCEN ) and centromeric retrotransposons of sugarcane ( CRS ) were significantly precipitated with the antibody , meaning these repeats are directly interacting with CENH3 in sugarcane centromeres .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: Two expressed sequence tag groups encoding putative sugarcane CENH3 ( SoCENH3 ) were found in a sugarcane-expressed sequence tag database .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: A set of immunoprecipitation tests was conducted with the antibody and chromatin from the sugarcane genome to reveal CENH3-associated DNA sequences in sugarcane .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: Centromeric tandem repeats ( SCEN ) and centromeric retrotransposons of sugarcane ( CRS ) were significantly precipitated with the antibody , meaning these repeats are directly interacting with CENH3 in sugarcane centromeres .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this study , this sort of association was investigated in sugarcane .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: An antibody against rice CENH3 seemed to crossreact with the SoCENH3s , and stained sugarcane centromeres .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 8.00 |
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| Title: Response of sugarcane to increasing concentrations of copper and cadmium and expression of metallothionein genes .
| | Journal: Citation: V : ( ) P : Year: 2006 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17175063 Accession (PMID): 17175063 | | Abstract: Sugarcane ( Saccharum spp . ) offers the potential to be a phytoremediator species due to its outstanding biomass production , but its prospective metal accumulation and tolerance have not been fully characterized .
Sugarcane plantlets were able to tolerate up to 100muM of copper in nutrient solution for 33 days , with no significant reduction in fresh weight , while accumulating 45mgCukg ( -1 ) shoot dry weight .
Higher levels of copper in solution ( 250 and 500muM ) were lethal Sugarcane displayed tolerance to 500muM Cd without symptoms of toxicity , accumulating 451mgCdkg ( -1 ) shoot dry weight after 33 days , indicating its potential as Cd phytoremediator .
DNA gel blot analyses detected 8 fragments using a metallothionein ( MT ) Type I probe , while 10 were revealed for the MT Type II and 8 for MT Type III .
The number of genes for each type of MT in sugarcane might be similar to the ones identified in rice considering the interspecific origin of sugarcane cultivars .
MT Type I gene appeared to present the highest level of constitutive expression , mainly in roots , followed by MT Type II , corroborating the expression pattern described based on large-scale expressed sequence tags sequencing .
MT Type II and III genes were more expressed in shoots , where MT I was also importantly expressed .
Increasing Cu concentration had little or no effect in modulating MT genes expression , while an apparent minor modulation of some of the MT genes could be detected in Cd treatments .
However , the level of response was too small to explain the tolerance and/or accumulation of Cd in sugarcane it issues .
Thus , cadmium tolerance and accumulation in sugarcane might derive from other mechanisms , although MT may be involved in oxidative responses to high levels of Cd .
Sugarcane can be considered a potential candidate to be tested in Cd phytoremediation .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: The number of genes for each type of MT in sugarcane might be similar to the ones identified in rice considering the interspecific origin of sugarcane cultivars .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sugarcane ( Saccharum spp . ) offers the potential to be a phytoremediator species due to its outstanding biomass production , but its prospective metal accumulation and tolerance have not been fully characterized .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sugarcane plantlets were able to tolerate up to 100muM of copper in nutrient solution for 33 days , with no significant reduction in fresh weight , while accumulating 45mgCukg ( -1 ) shoot dry weight .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Higher levels of copper in solution ( 250 and 500muM ) were lethal Sugarcane displayed tolerance to 500muM Cd without symptoms of toxicity , accumulating 451mgCdkg ( -1 ) shoot dry weight after 33 days , indicating its potential as Cd phytoremediator .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , the level of response was too small to explain the tolerance and/or accumulation of Cd in sugarcane it issues .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Thus , cadmium tolerance and accumulation in sugarcane might derive from other mechanisms , although MT may be involved in oxidative responses to high levels of Cd .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sugarcane can be considered a potential candidate to be tested in Cd phytoremediation .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 8.00 |
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| Title: Predicting economic losses from the continued spread of the Mexican rice borer ( Lepidoptera : Crambidae ) .
| | Journal: J Econ Entomol Citation: V : 101 P : 237-50 Year: 2008 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18459384 Accession (PMID): 18459384 | | Abstract: The Mexican rice borer , Eoreuma loftini ( Dyar ) ( Lepidoptera : Crambidae ) , is an invasive species that originated from Mexico , and it is threatening to cause major economic losses to sugarcane , Saccharum spp . , and rice , Oryza sativa L , industries in Louisiana .
The insect is expected to reach sugarcane and rice production areas in Louisiana by 2008 , and infest all of Louisiana sugarcane and rice industries by 2035 .
When all sugarcane in Louisiana becomes infested , annual yield losses of $220 million would be expected for a cultivar of comparable susceptibility to LCP 85-384 ( assuming this cultivar is planted on 100% of the production area ) .
This also assumes the use of the current practice of rainfed production and one application of insecticide , which is presently used by farmers in Louisiana .
Irrigation with 30 cm of water is predicted to reduce estimated losses by 29% , whereas four applications of a biorational insecticide such as tebufenozide are expected to reduce the loss in revenue by 53% .
The use of the resistant HoCP 85-845 would reduce the projected loss in revenue by 24% .
Combining all three management tactics on sugarcane , anticipated net loss in revenue would decrease by 66% .
The rice industry in Louisiana is projected to suffer from a loss in revenue of $45 million when the entire state is infested .
A 77% reduction in loss in revenue is expected with one application of lambda-cyhalothrin .
A quarantine on east Texas sugarcane is estimated to save the Louisiana industry between $1 . 1 billion and $3 . 2 billion ( depending on management ) during the time needed for the insect to fully invade the states sugarcane and rice producing area by natural migration rather than by accidental introduction .
The rapid deployment of appropriate management tactics will have a key role in reducing the anticipated economic impact of E loftini once it becomes a pest in Louisiana sugarcane and rice .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: The insect is expected to reach sugarcane and rice production areas in Louisiana by 2008 , and infest all of Louisiana sugarcane and rice industries by 2035 .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 2.00 ]: A quarantine on east Texas sugarcane is estimated to save the Louisiana industry between $1 . 1 billion and $3 . 2 billion ( depending on management ) during the time needed for the insect to fully invade the states sugarcane and rice producing area by natural migration rather than by accidental introduction .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The Mexican rice borer , Eoreuma loftini ( Dyar ) ( Lepidoptera : Crambidae ) , is an invasive species that originated from Mexico , and it is threatening to cause major economic losses to sugarcane , Saccharum spp . , and rice , Oryza sativa L , industries in Louisiana .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: When all sugarcane in Louisiana becomes infested , annual yield losses of $220 million would be expected for a cultivar of comparable susceptibility to LCP 85-384 ( assuming this cultivar is planted on 100% of the production area ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Combining all three management tactics on sugarcane , anticipated net loss in revenue would decrease by 66% .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rapid deployment of appropriate management tactics will have a key role in reducing the anticipated economic impact of E loftini once it becomes a pest in Louisiana sugarcane and rice .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 8.00 |
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| Title: Improvement of ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae by enhancement of biomass and nutrient supplementation .
| | Journal: Appl Biochem Biotechnol Citation: V : 164 P : 1237-45 Year: 2011 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21373793 Accession (PMID): 21373793 | | Abstract: Optimization of ethanol production through addition of substratum and protein-lipid additives was studied .
Oilseed meal extract was used as protein lipid supplement , while rice husk was used as substratum .
The effect of oil seed meal extract and rice husk was observed at varying concentration of medium sugar from 8% to 20% .
Of the three oil seed meal extracts used , viz . groundnut , safflower , and sunflower , safflower was found to be most efficient .
The use of oilseed meal extract at 4% was found to enhance ethanol production by almost 50% and enhanced sugar tolerance from 8% to 16% .
A further increase of almost 48% ethanol was observed on addition of 2 g of rice husk per 100 ml of medium .
An increase in cell mass with better sugar attenuation was observed .
Further optimization was sought through use of sugarcane juice as the sugar source .
While 8 . 9% ethanol yield with 75% sugar attenuation was observed at 20% sucrose concentration , it was found to increase to 12% ( v/v ) with almost complete utilization of medium sugar when sugarcane juice was used .
Cell weight was also observed to increase by 26% .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 3.00 ]: While 8 . 9% ethanol yield with 75% sugar attenuation was observed at 20% sucrose concentration , it was found to increase to 12% ( v/v ) with almost complete utilization of medium sugar when sugarcane juice was used .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: Further optimization was sought through use of sugarcane juice as the sugar source .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The effect of oil seed meal extract and rice husk was observed at varying concentration of medium sugar from 8% to 20% .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The use of oilseed meal extract at 4% was found to enhance ethanol production by almost 50% and enhanced sugar tolerance from 8% to 16% .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: An increase in cell mass with better sugar attenuation was observed .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 8.00 |
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| Title: The 3 untranslated region of a rice alpha-amylase gene functions as a sugar-dependent mRNA stability determinant .
| | Journal: Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA Citation: V : 95 ( 11 ) P : 6543-7 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9601003 Accession (PMID): 9601003 | | Abstract: In plants , sugar feedback regulation provides a mechanism for control of carbohydrate allocation and utilization among it issues and organs .
The sugar repression of alpha-amylase gene expression in rice provides an ideal model for studying the mechanism of sugar feedback regulation .
We have shown previously that sugar repression of alpha-amylase gene expression in rice suspension cells involves control of both transcription rate and mRNA stability .
The alpha-amylase mRNA is significantly more stable in sucrose-starved cells than in sucrose-provided cells .
To elucidate the mechanism of sugar-dependent mRNA turnover , we have examined the effect of alphaAmy3 3 untranslated region ( UTR ) on mRNA stability by functional analyses in transformed rice suspension cells .
We found that the entire alphaAmy3 3 UTR and two of its subdomains can independently mediate sugar-dependent repression of reporter mRNA accumulation .
Analysis of reporter mRNA half-lives demonstrated that the entire alphaAmy3 3 UTR and the two subdomains each functioned as a sugar-dependent destabilizing determinant in the turnover of mRNA .
Nuclear run-on transcription analysis further confirmed that the alphaAmy3 3 UTR and the two subdomains did not affect the transcription rate of promoter .
The identification of sequence elements in the alpha-amylase mRNA that dictate the differential stability has very important implications for the study of sugar-dependent mRNA decay mechanisms . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: The sugar repression of alpha-amylase gene expression in rice provides an ideal model for studying the mechanism of sugar feedback regulation .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: In plants , sugar feedback regulation provides a mechanism for control of carbohydrate allocation and utilization among it issues and organs .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: We have shown previously that sugar repression of alpha-amylase gene expression in rice suspension cells involves control of both transcription rate and mRNA stability .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: To elucidate the mechanism of sugar-dependent mRNA turnover , we have examined the effect of alphaAmy3 3 untranslated region ( UTR ) on mRNA stability by functional analyses in transformed rice suspension cells .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: We found that the entire alphaAmy3 3 UTR and two of its subdomains can independently mediate sugar-dependent repression of reporter mRNA accumulation .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Analysis of reporter mRNA half-lives demonstrated that the entire alphaAmy3 3 UTR and the two subdomains each functioned as a sugar-dependent destabilizing determinant in the turnover of mRNA .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: The identification of sequence elements in the alpha-amylase mRNA that dictate the differential stability has very important implications for the study of sugar-dependent mRNA decay mechanisms .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 8.00 |
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| Title: The 3 untranslated region of a rice alpha-amylase gene mediates sugar-dependent abundance of mRNA .
| | Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 15 ( 5 ) P : 685-95 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9778850 Accession (PMID): 9778850 | | Abstract: A decrease in transcript stability is one of the important mechanisms that control the sugar repression of alpha-amylase gene expression in rice suspension cells .
In this study , we investigated the function of the 3 untranslated region ( 3UTR ) of a rice alpha-amylase gene , alpha Amy3 , in relation to sugar-dependent accumulation of mRNA .
By examining the transient expression of chimeric genes in rice protoplasts , we were able to demonstrate that the alpha Amy3 3UTR mediated the sugar-dependent repression of fused heterologous gene expression .
The same kinetics of accumulation of alpha Amy3 mRNA and reporter mRNA carrying the alpha Amy3 3UTR in response to glucose deprivation were observed , suggesting that the alpha Amy3 3UTR is sufficient , and probably the major determinant for controlling the abundance of these transcripts .
Functional analysis of two subdomains of alpha Amy3 3UTR by insertion into a sugar-inducible chimeric gene confirmed their roles in sugar repressibility .
The regulatory sequences in the alpha Amy3 3UTR may act as potent determinants of mRNA stability in response to sugar availability .
This finding has important implications for studying the regulatory mechanism of sugar repression in eukaryotes . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: Functional analysis of two subdomains of alpha Amy3 3UTR by insertion into a sugar-inducible chimeric gene confirmed their roles in sugar repressibility .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: A decrease in transcript stability is one of the important mechanisms that control the sugar repression of alpha-amylase gene expression in rice suspension cells .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this study , we investigated the function of the 3 untranslated region ( 3UTR ) of a rice alpha-amylase gene , alpha Amy3 , in relation to sugar-dependent accumulation of mRNA .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: By examining the transient expression of chimeric genes in rice protoplasts , we were able to demonstrate that the alpha Amy3 3UTR mediated the sugar-dependent repression of fused heterologous gene expression .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The same kinetics of accumulation of alpha Amy3 mRNA and reporter mRNA carrying the alpha Amy3 3UTR in response to glucose deprivation were observed , suggesting that the alpha Amy3 3UTR is sufficient , and probably the major determinant for controlling the abundance of these transcripts .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The regulatory sequences in the alpha Amy3 3UTR may act as potent determinants of mRNA stability in response to sugar availability .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: This finding has important implications for studying the regulatory mechanism of sugar repression in eukaryotes .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Evaluation of lectin-expressing transgenic sugarcane against stalkborers ( Lepidoptera : Pyralidae ) : effects on life history parameters .
| | Journal: J Econ . Entomol . Citation: V : 95 ( 2 ) P : 469-77 Year: 2002 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12020029 Accession (PMID): 12020029 | | Abstract: The impact of snowdrop lectin ( Galanthus nivalis agglutinin , GNA ) expressed in transgenic sugarcane on life history parameters of Mexican rice borer [ Eoreuma loftini ( Dyar ) ] and sugarcane borer [ Diatraea saccharalis ( F ) ] ( both Lepidoptera : Pyralidae ) was evaluated .
In the laboratory , lyophilized sugarcane leaf sheath it issue was incorporated in a meridic diet resulting in a GNA concentration of 0 . 47% of total protein , and used for insect bioassays over two successive generations .
Deleterious effects of GNA were not observed on survival , weight , and developmental periods of larvae and pupae , nor on adult fecundity and egg viability of D saccharalis .
Moreover , in the first generation , addition of transgenic sugarcane it issue to the diet enhanced larval growth in D saccharalis resulting in higher larval and pupal weight compared with diet with nontransgenic sugarcane , but this effect was not observed in the second generation .
In contrast , larval survival , percent adult emergence , and female fecundity of E loftini were significantly reduced when fed transgenic sugarcane diet compared with nontransgenic sugarcane diet .
In addition , a substantial reduction of female pupal weight of E loftini was observed in the second generation .
For both species , the only consistent effect of GNA in both generations was a reduction in adult female longevity .
Life table parameters showed that GNA at the level found in the transgenic diet negatively affected development and reproduction of E loftini , whereas it had a nil to positive effect on development and reproduction of D saccharalis .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: The impact of snowdrop lectin ( Galanthus nivalis agglutinin , GNA ) expressed in transgenic sugarcane on life history parameters of Mexican rice borer [ Eoreuma loftini ( Dyar ) ] and sugarcane borer [ Diatraea saccharalis ( F ) ] ( both Lepidoptera : Pyralidae ) was evaluated .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: Moreover , in the first generation , addition of transgenic sugarcane it issue to the diet enhanced larval growth in D saccharalis resulting in higher larval and pupal weight compared with diet with nontransgenic sugarcane , but this effect was not observed in the second generation .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: In contrast , larval survival , percent adult emergence , and female fecundity of E loftini were significantly reduced when fed transgenic sugarcane diet compared with nontransgenic sugarcane diet .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the laboratory , lyophilized sugarcane leaf sheath it issue was incorporated in a meridic diet resulting in a GNA concentration of 0 . 47% of total protein , and used for insect bioassays over two successive generations .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: A novel WRKY transcription factor , SUSIBA2 , participates in sugar signaling in barley by binding to the sugar-responsive elements of the iso1 promoter .
| | Journal: Plant Cell Citation: V : 15 ( 9 ) P : 2076-92 Year: 2003 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12953112 Accession (PMID): 12953112 | | Abstract: SURE ( sugar responsive ) is a cis element in plant sugar signaling .
The SURE element was reported first for potato , in which it confers sugar responsiveness to the patatin promoter .
A SURE binding transcription factor has not been isolated .
We have isolated a transcription factor cDNA from barley and purified the corresponding protein .
The transcription factor , SUSIBA2 ( sugar signaling in barley ) , belongs to the WRKY proteins and was shown to bind to SURE and W-box elements but not to the SP8a element in the iso1 promoter .
Nuclear localization of SUSIBA2 was demonstrated in a transient assay system with a SUSIBA2 : green fluorescent protein fusion protein .
Exploiting the novel transcription factor oligodeoxynucleotide decoy strategy with transformed barley endosperm provided experimental evidence for the importance of the SURE elements in iso1 transcription .
Antibodies against SUSIBA2 were produced , and the expression pattern for susiba2 was determined at the RNA and protein levels .
It was found that susiba2 is expressed in endosperm but not in leaves .
Transcription of susiba2 is sugar inducible , and ectopic susiba2 expression was obtained in sugar-treated leaves .
Likewise , binding to SURE elements was observed for nuclear extracts from sugar-treated but not from control barley leaves .
The temporal expression of susiba2 in barley endosperm followed that of iso1 and endogenous sucrose levels , with a peak at approximately 12 days after pollination .
Our data indicate that SUSIBA2 binds to the SURE elements in the barley iso1 promoter as an activator .
Furthermore , they show that SUSIBA2 is a regulatory transcription factor in starch synthesis and demonstrate the involvement of a WRKY protein in carbohydrate anabolism .
Orthologs to SUSIBA2 were isolated from rice and wheat endosperm . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: SURE ( sugar responsive ) is a cis element in plant sugar signaling .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 2.00 ]: Transcription of susiba2 is sugar inducible , and ectopic susiba2 expression was obtained in sugar-treated leaves .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The SURE element was reported first for potato , in which it confers sugar responsiveness to the patatin promoter .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The transcription factor , SUSIBA2 ( sugar signaling in barley ) , belongs to the WRKY proteins and was shown to bind to SURE and W-box elements but not to the SP8a element in the iso1 promoter .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Likewise , binding to SURE elements was observed for nuclear extracts from sugar-treated but not from control barley leaves .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Determination of the 13C/12C ratio of ethanol derived from fruit juices and maple syrup by isotope ratio mass spectrometry : collaborative study .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 87 ( 3 ) P : 621-31 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15287660 Accession (PMID): 15287660 | | Abstract: A collaborative study of the carbon-13 isotope ratio mass spectrometry ( 13C-IRMS ) method based on fermentation ethanol for detecting some sugar additions in fruit juices and maple syrup is reported .
This method is complementary to the site-specific natural isotope fractionation by nuclear magnetic resonance ( SNIF-NMR ) method for detecting added beet sugar in the same products ( AOAC Official Methods 995 . 17 and 2000 . 19 ) , and uses the same initial steps to recover pure ethanol .
The fruit juices or maple syrups are completely fermented with yeast , and the alcohol is distilled with a quantitative yield ( >96% ) .
The carbon-13 deviation ( delta13C ) of ethanol is then determined by IRMS .
This parameter becomes less negative when exogenous sugar derived from plants exhibiting a C4 metabolism ( eg , corn or cane ) is added to a juice obtained from plants exhibiting a C3 metabolism ( most common fruits except pineapple ) or to maple syrup .
Conversely , the delta13C of ethanol becomes more negative when exogenous sugar derived from C3 plants ( eg , beet , wheat , rice ) is added to pineapple products .
Twelve laboratories analyzed 2 materials ( orange juice and pure cane sugar ) in blind duplicate and 4 sugar-adulterated materials ( orange juice , maple syrup , pineapple juice , and apple juice ) as Youden pairs .
The precision of that method for measuring delta13C was similar to that of other methods applied to wine ethanol or extracted sugars in juices .
The within-laboratory ( Sr ) values ranged from 0 . 06 to 0 . 16%o ( r = 0 . 17 to 0 . 46 percent per thousand ) , and the among-laboratories ( SR ) values ranged from 0 . 17 to 0 . 26 percent per thousand ( R = 0 . 49 to 0 . 73 percent per thousand ) .
The Study Directors recommend that the method be adopted as First Action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: Twelve laboratories analyzed 2 materials ( orange juice and pure cane sugar ) in blind duplicate and 4 sugar-adulterated materials ( orange juice , maple syrup , pineapple juice , and apple juice ) as Youden pairs .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: A collaborative study of the carbon-13 isotope ratio mass spectrometry ( 13C-IRMS ) method based on fermentation ethanol for detecting some sugar additions in fruit juices and maple syrup is reported .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: This method is complementary to the site-specific natural isotope fractionation by nuclear magnetic resonance ( SNIF-NMR ) method for detecting added beet sugar in the same products ( AOAC Official Methods 995 . 17 and 2000 . 19 ) , and uses the same initial steps to recover pure ethanol .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: This parameter becomes less negative when exogenous sugar derived from plants exhibiting a C4 metabolism ( eg , corn or cane ) is added to a juice obtained from plants exhibiting a C3 metabolism ( most common fruits except pineapple ) or to maple syrup .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Conversely , the delta13C of ethanol becomes more negative when exogenous sugar derived from C3 plants ( eg , beet , wheat , rice ) is added to pineapple products .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The precision of that method for measuring delta13C was similar to that of other methods applied to wine ethanol or extracted sugars in juices .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Roles of isoamylase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in starch granule synthesis in rice endosperm .
| | Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 42 ( 2 ) P : 164-74 Year: 2005 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15807780 Accession (PMID): 15807780 | | Abstract: Amyloplast-targeted green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) was used to monitor amyloplast division and starch granule synthesis in the developing endosperm of transgenic rice .
Two classical starch mutants , sugary and shrunken , contain reduced activities of isoamylase1 ( ISA1 ) and cytosolic ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase , respectively .
Dividing amyloplasts in the wild-type and shrunken endosperms contained starch granules , whereas those in sugary endosperm did not contain detectable granules , suggesting that ISA1 plays a role in granule synthesis at the initiation step .
The transition from phytoglycogen to sugary-amylopectin was gradual in the boundary region between the inner and outer endosperms of sugary .
These results suggest that the synthesis of sugary-amylopectin and phytoglycogen involved a stochastic process and that ISA1 activity plays a critical role in the stochastic process in starch synthesis in rice endosperm .
The reduction of cytosolic ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity in shrunken endosperm did not inhibit granule initiation but severely restrained the subsequent enlargement of granules .
The shrunken endosperm often developed pleomorphic amyloplasts containing a large number of underdeveloped granules or a large cluster of small grains of amyloplasts , each containing a simple-type starch granule .
Although constriction-type divisions of amyloplasts were much more frequent , budding-type divisions were also found in the shrunken endosperm .
We show that monitoring GFP in developing amyloplasts was an effective means of evaluating the roles of enzymes involved in starch granule synthesis in the rice endosperm . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: Dividing amyloplasts in the wild-type and shrunken endosperms contained starch granules , whereas those in sugary endosperm did not contain detectable granules , suggesting that ISA1 plays a role in granule synthesis at the initiation step .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: The transition from phytoglycogen to sugary-amylopectin was gradual in the boundary region between the inner and outer endosperms of sugary .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: These results suggest that the synthesis of sugary-amylopectin and phytoglycogen involved a stochastic process and that ISA1 activity plays a critical role in the stochastic process in starch synthesis in rice endosperm .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Two classical starch mutants , sugary and shrunken , contain reduced activities of isoamylase1 ( ISA1 ) and cytosolic ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase , respectively .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Characterization of pullulanase ( PUL ) -deficient mutants of rice ( Oryza sativa L ) and the function of PUL on starch biosynthesis in the developing rice endosperm .
| | Journal: J Exp Bot Citation: V : 60 P : 1009-23 Year: 2009 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19190097 Accession (PMID): 19190097 | | Abstract: Rice ( Oryza sativa ) allelic sugary1 ( sug1 ) mutants defective in isoamylase 1 ( ISA1 ) accumulate varying levels of starch and phytoglycogen in their endosperm , and the activity of a pullulanase-type of a debranching enzyme ( PUL ) was found to correlate closely with the severity of the sug1 phenotype .
Thus , three PUL-deficient mutants were generated to investigate the function of PUL in starch biosynthesis .
The reduction of PUL activity had no pleiotropic effects on the other enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis .
The short chains ( DP < or = 13 ) of amylopectin in PUL mutants were increased compared with that of the wild type , but the extent of the changes was much smaller than that of sug1 mutants .
The alpha-glucan composition [ amylose , amylopectin , water-soluble polysaccharide ( WSP ) ] and the structure of the starch components ( amylose and amylopectin ) of the PUL mutants were essentially the same , although the average chain length of the B ( 2-3 ) chains of amylopectin in the PUL mutant was approximately 3 residues longer than that of the wild type .
The double mutants between the PUL-null and mild sug1 mutants still retained starch in the outer layer of endosperm it issue , while the amounts of WSP and short chains ( DP < or = 7 ) of amylopectin were higher than those of the sug1 mutant ; this indicates that the PUL function partially overlaps with that of ISA1 and its deficiency has a much smaller effect on the synthesis of amylopectin than ISA1 deficiency and the variation of the sug1 phenotype is not significantly dependent on the PUL activities .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 3.00 ]: Rice ( Oryza sativa ) allelic sugary1 ( sug1 ) mutants defective in isoamylase 1 ( ISA1 ) accumulate varying levels of starch and phytoglycogen in their endosperm , and the activity of a pullulanase-type of a debranching enzyme ( PUL ) was found to correlate closely with the severity of the sug1 phenotype .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 3.00 ]: The double mutants between the PUL-null and mild sug1 mutants still retained starch in the outer layer of endosperm it issue , while the amounts of WSP and short chains ( DP < or = 7 ) of amylopectin were higher than those of the sug1 mutant ; this indicates that the PUL function partially overlaps with that of ISA1 and its deficiency has a much smaller effect on the synthesis of amylopectin than ISA1 deficiency and the variation of the sug1 phenotype is not significantly dependent on the PUL activities .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The short chains ( DP < or = 13 ) of amylopectin in PUL mutants were increased compared with that of the wild type , but the extent of the changes was much smaller than that of sug1 mutants .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: The water footprint of bioenergy .
| | Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Citation: V : 106 P : 10219-23 Year: 2009 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19497862 Accession (PMID): 19497862 | | Abstract: All energy scenarios show a shift toward an increased percentage of renewable energy sources , including biomass .
This study gives an overview of water footprints ( WFs ) of bioenergy from 12 crops that currently contribute the most to global agricultural production : barley , cassava , maize , potato , rapeseed , rice , rye , sorghum , soybean , sugar beet , sugar cane , and wheat .
In addition , this study includes jatropha , a suitable energy crop .
Since climate and production circumstances differ among regions , calculations have been performed by country .
The WF of bioelectricity is smaller than that of biofuels because it is more efficient to use total biomass ( eg , for electricity or heat ) than a fraction of the crop ( its sugar , starch , or oil content ) for biofuel .
The WF of bioethanol appears to be smaller than that of biodiesel .
For electricity , sugar beet , maize , and sugar cane are the most favorable crops [ 50 m ( 3 ) /gigajoule ( GJ ) ] .
Rapeseed and jatropha , typical energy crops , are disadvantageous ( 400 m ( 3 ) /GJ ) .
For ethanol , sugar beet , and potato ( 60 and 100 m ( 3 ) /GJ ) are the most advantageous , followed by sugar cane ( 110 m ( 3 ) /GJ ) ; sorghum ( 400 m ( 3 ) /GJ ) is the most unfavorable .
For biodiesel , soybean and rapeseed show to be the most favorable WF ( 400 m ( 3 ) /GJ ) ; jatropha has an adverse WF ( 600 m ( 3 ) /GJ ) .
When expressed per L , the WF ranges from 1 , 400 to 20 , 000 L of water per L of biofuel .
If a shift toward a greater contribution of bioenergy to energy supply takes place , the results of this study can be used to select the crops and countries that produce bioenergy in the most water-efficient way .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: This study gives an overview of water footprints ( WFs ) of bioenergy from 12 crops that currently contribute the most to global agricultural production : barley , cassava , maize , potato , rapeseed , rice , rye , sorghum , soybean , sugar beet , sugar cane , and wheat .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: For electricity , sugar beet , maize , and sugar cane are the most favorable crops [ 50 m ( 3 ) /gigajoule ( GJ ) ] .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 2.00 ]: For ethanol , sugar beet , and potato ( 60 and 100 m ( 3 ) /GJ ) are the most advantageous , followed by sugar cane ( 110 m ( 3 ) /GJ ) ; sorghum ( 400 m ( 3 ) /GJ ) is the most unfavorable .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The WF of bioelectricity is smaller than that of biofuels because it is more efficient to use total biomass ( eg , for electricity or heat ) than a fraction of the crop ( its sugar , starch , or oil content ) for biofuel .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Carbon starved anther encodes a MYB domain protein that regulates sugar partitioning required for rice pollen development .
| | Journal: Plant Cell Citation: V : 22 P : 672-89 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20305120 Accession (PMID): 20305120 | | Abstract: In flowering plants , sink it issues rely on transport of carbohydrates from photosynthetic it issues ( sources ) for nutrition and energy .
However , how sugar partitioning in plants is regulated at the molecular level during development remains unknown .
We have isolated and characterized a rice ( Oryza sativa ) mutant , carbon starved anther ( csa ) , that showed increased sugar contents in leaves and stems and reduced levels of sugars and starch in floral organs .
In particular , the csa mutant had reduced levels of carbohydrates in later anthers and was male sterile .
The csa mutant had reduced accumulation of ( 14 ) C-labeled sugars in anther sink it issue .
CSA was isolated by map-based cloning and was shown to encode an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that was expressed preferentially in the anther tapetal cells and in the sugar-transporting vascular it issues .
In addition , the expression of MST8 , encoding a monosaccharide transporter , was greatly reduced in csa anthers .
Furthermore , CSA was found to be associated in vivo and in vitro with the promoter of MST8 .
Our findings suggest that CSA is a key transcriptional regulator for sugar partitioning in rice during male reproductive development .
This study also establishes a molecular model system for further elucidation of the genetic control of carbon partitioning in plants .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: We have isolated and characterized a rice ( Oryza sativa ) mutant , carbon starved anther ( csa ) , that showed increased sugar contents in leaves and stems and reduced levels of sugars and starch in floral organs .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 2.00 ]: Our findings suggest that CSA is a key transcriptional regulator for sugar partitioning in rice during male reproductive development .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , how sugar partitioning in plants is regulated at the molecular level during development remains unknown .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The csa mutant had reduced accumulation of ( 14 ) C-labeled sugars in anther sink it issue .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: CSA was isolated by map-based cloning and was shown to encode an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that was expressed preferentially in the anther tapetal cells and in the sugar-transporting vascular it issues .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Sugar transporter genes of the brown planthopper , Nilaparvata lugens : A facilitated glucose/fructose transporter .
| | Journal: Insect Biochem Mol Biol Citation: V : 40 P : 805-13 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20705135 Accession (PMID): 20705135 | | Abstract: The brown planthopper ( BPH ) , Nilaparvata lugens , attacks rice plants and feeds on their phloem sap , which contains large amounts of sugars .
The main sugar component of phloem sap is sucrose , a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose .
Sugars appear to be incorporated into the planthopper body by sugar transporters in the midgut .
A total of 93 expressed sequence tags ( ESTs ) for putative sugar transporters were obtained from a BPH EST database , and 18 putative sugar transporter genes ( Nlst1-18 ) were identified .
The most abundantly expressed of these genes was Nlst1 .
This gene has previously been identified in the BPH as the glucose transporter gene NlHT1 , which belongs to the major facilitator superfamily .
Nlst1 , 4 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 16 , and 18 were highly expressed in the midgut , and Nlst2 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 15 , 17 , and 18 were highly expressed during the embryonic stages .
Functional analyses were performed using Xenopus oocytes expressing NlST1 or 6 .
This showed that NlST6 is a facilitative glucose/fructose transporter that mediates sugar uptake from rice phloem sap in the BPH midgut in a manner similar to NlST1 .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: Sugars appear to be incorporated into the planthopper body by sugar transporters in the midgut .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: A total of 93 expressed sequence tags ( ESTs ) for putative sugar transporters were obtained from a BPH EST database , and 18 putative sugar transporter genes ( Nlst1-18 ) were identified .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The brown planthopper ( BPH ) , Nilaparvata lugens , attacks rice plants and feeds on their phloem sap , which contains large amounts of sugars .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The main sugar component of phloem sap is sucrose , a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: This showed that NlST6 is a facilitative glucose/fructose transporter that mediates sugar uptake from rice phloem sap in the BPH midgut in a manner similar to NlST1 .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Soluble sugar availability of aerobically germinated barley , oat and rice coleoptiles in anoxia .
| | Journal: J Plant Physiol Citation: V : 167 P : 1571-6 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20727618 Accession (PMID): 20727618 | | Abstract: Physiological and metabolic responses to anoxia were compared for aerobically germinated seedlings of barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) , oat ( Avena sativa ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) .
Coleoptile growth of barley , oat and rice seedlings was suppressed by a 24 h-anoxic stress , but the growth of the rice coleoptiles was much greater than that of the barley and oat coleoptiles .
ATP concentration in the anoxic rice coleoptiles was greater than that in the anoxic barley and oat coleoptiles .
Concentrations of ethanol and activity of alcohol dehydrogenase ( ADH ) in the anoxic rice coleoptiles were also greater than those of the anoxic barley and oat coleoptiles , suggesting that ethanolic fermentation may be more active in the rice coleoptiles than in the barley and oat coleoptiles , where glycolysis and ethanolic fermentation are the main source of ATP production .
Soluble sugar concentration in the anoxic rice coleoptiles was greater than that of the anoxic barley and oat coleoptiles .
However , alpha-amylase , which catabolizes reserve starch to soluble sugars , was active in anoxic barley , oat and rice endosperms , and soluble sugar concentration in the anoxic barley , oat and rice endosperms was not significantly different .
Therefore , anoxia stress may inhibit soluble sugar transport from the endosperms to the coleoptiles in barley and oat more than in rice .
Since the availability of soluble sugar is essential for operation of glycolysis and fermentation in plant cells , ability for sugar transport from the endosperms to the coleoptiles may be one means to distinguish the coleoptile growth of these plant species in anoxia and anoxia tolerance of these plants .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: However , alpha-amylase , which catabolizes reserve starch to soluble sugars , was active in anoxic barley , oat and rice endosperms , and soluble sugar concentration in the anoxic barley , oat and rice endosperms was not significantly different .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: Since the availability of soluble sugar is essential for operation of glycolysis and fermentation in plant cells , ability for sugar transport from the endosperms to the coleoptiles may be one means to distinguish the coleoptile growth of these plant species in anoxia and anoxia tolerance of these plants .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Concentrations of ethanol and activity of alcohol dehydrogenase ( ADH ) in the anoxic rice coleoptiles were also greater than those of the anoxic barley and oat coleoptiles , suggesting that ethanolic fermentation may be more active in the rice coleoptiles than in the barley and oat coleoptiles , where glycolysis and ethanolic fermentation are the main source of ATP production .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Soluble sugar concentration in the anoxic rice coleoptiles was greater than that of the anoxic barley and oat coleoptiles .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Therefore , anoxia stress may inhibit soluble sugar transport from the endosperms to the coleoptiles in barley and oat more than in rice .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Comparison of artificial diets for rearing Corcyra cephalonica ( Stainton , 1865 ) ( Lep . , Pyralidae ) for Trichogramma mass production .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 60 ( 1 ) P : 45-52 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10838923 Accession (PMID): 10838923 | | Abstract: The objective of this research was , based on biological studies , to determine and adequate diet for rearing Corcyra cephalonica ( Stainton , 1865 ) in the laboratory so as to permit the rearing of this factitious host for Trichogramma mass production .
The research was conducted at 25 +/- 1 degrees C , RH 60 +/- 10% and photophase of 14 hours .
Six artificial diets were compared : a ) whole wheat flour ( 48 . 5% ) , ground rice ( 48 . 5% ) and sugar ( 3% ) ; b ) ground rice ( 97% ) and sugar ( 3% ) ; c ) whole wheat flour ( 48 . 5% ) , rice flour ( 48 . 5% ) an sugar ( 3% ) ; d ) whole wheat flour ( 97% ) and yeast ( 3% ) ; e ) wheat germ ( 97% ) and yeast ( 3% ) ; f ) rice bran ( 94% ) , sugar ( 3% ) and yeast ( 3% ) ; f ) rice bran ( 94% ) , sugar ( 3% ) and yeast ( 3% ) .
All of the diets studied permitted the development of C cephalonica although the diets with wheat germ and yeast and that consisting of rice bran , sugar and yeast proved to be the most adequate for rearing the moth .
These diets reduced the total ( egg-adult ) cycle , shortened the egg laying period , and produced heavier adults .
Studies on the fertility life tables showed that higher net reproduction rates ( Ro ) and finite ratio of increase ( lambda ) were obtained from adults reared on these diets .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 5.00 ]: Six artificial diets were compared : a ) whole wheat flour ( 48 . 5% ) , ground rice ( 48 . 5% ) and sugar ( 3% ) ; b ) ground rice ( 97% ) and sugar ( 3% ) ; c ) whole wheat flour ( 48 . 5% ) , rice flour ( 48 . 5% ) an sugar ( 3% ) ; d ) whole wheat flour ( 97% ) and yeast ( 3% ) ; e ) wheat germ ( 97% ) and yeast ( 3% ) ; f ) rice bran ( 94% ) , sugar ( 3% ) and yeast ( 3% ) ; f ) rice bran ( 94% ) , sugar ( 3% ) and yeast ( 3% ) .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: All of the diets studied permitted the development of C cephalonica although the diets with wheat germ and yeast and that consisting of rice bran , sugar and yeast proved to be the most adequate for rearing the moth .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Malaria transmission risk variations derived from different agricultural practices in an irrigated area of northern Tanzania .
| | Journal: Med . Vet . Entomol . Citation: V : 16 ( 1 ) P : 28-38 Year: 2002 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11963979 Accession (PMID): 11963979 | | Abstract: Malaria vector Anopheles and other mosquitoes ( Diptera : Culicidae ) were monitored for 12 months during 1994-95 in villages of Lower Moshi irrigation area ( 37 degrees 20 E , 3 degrees 21 S ; approximately 700 m a . s . l . ) south of Mount Kilimanjaro in northern Tanzania .
Adult mosquito populations were sampled fortnightly by five methods : human bait collection indoors ( 18 . 00-06 . 00 hours ) and outdoors ( 18 . 00-24 . 00 hours ) ; from daytime resting-sites indoors and outdoors ; by CDC light-traps over sleepers .
Anopheles densities and rates of survival , anthropophily and malaria infection were compared between three villages representing different agro-ecosystems : irrigated sugarcane plantation ; smallholder rice irrigation scheme , and savannah with subsistence crops .
Respective study villages were Mvuleni ( population 2200 ) , Chekereni ( population 3200 ) and Kisangasangeni ( population approximately/= 1000 ) , at least 7 km apart .
Anopheles arabiensis Patton was found to be the principal malaria vector throughout the study area , with An . funestus Giles sensu lato of secondary importance in the sugarcane and savannah villages .
Irrigated sugarcane cultivation resulted in water pooling , but this did not produce more vectors .
Anopheles arabiensis densities averaged four-fold higher in the ricefield village , although their human blood-index was significantly less ( 48% ) than in the sugarcane ( 68% ) or savannah ( 66% ) villages , despite similar proportions of humans and cows ( ratio 1 : 1 . 1-1 . 4 ) as the main hosts at all sites .
Parous rates , duration of the gonotrophic cycle and survival rates of An . arabiensis were similar in villages of all three agro-ecosystems .
The potential risk of malaria , based on measurements of vectorial capacity of An . arabiensis and An . funestus combined , was four-fold higher in the ricefield village than in the sugarcane or savannah villages nearby .
However , the more realistic estimate of malaria risk , based on entomological inoculation rates , indicated that exposure to infective vectors was 61-68% less for people in the ricefield village , due to the much lower sporozoite rate in An . arabiensis ( ricefield 0 . 01% , sugarcane 0 . 1% , savannah 0 . 12% ) .
This contrast was attributed to better socio-economic conditions of rice farmers , facilitating relatively more use of antimalarials and bednets for their families .
Our findings show that , for a combination of reasons , the malaria challenge is lower for villagers associated with an irrigated rice-growing scheme ( despite greater malaria vector potential ) , than for adjacent communities with other agro-ecosystems bringing less socio-economic benefits to health .
This encourages the development of agro-irrigation schemes in African savannahs , provided that residents have ready access to antimalaria materials ( ie effective antimalaria drugs and insecticidal bednets ) that they may better afford for protection against the greater vectorial capacity of An . arabiensis from the ricefield agro-ecosystem . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Anopheles densities and rates of survival , anthropophily and malaria infection were compared between three villages representing different agro-ecosystems : irrigated sugarcane plantation ; smallholder rice irrigation scheme , and savannah with subsistence crops .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Anopheles arabiensis Patton was found to be the principal malaria vector throughout the study area , with An . funestus Giles sensu lato of secondary importance in the sugarcane and savannah villages .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Irrigated sugarcane cultivation resulted in water pooling , but this did not produce more vectors .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Anopheles arabiensis densities averaged four-fold higher in the ricefield village , although their human blood-index was significantly less ( 48% ) than in the sugarcane ( 68% ) or savannah ( 66% ) villages , despite similar proportions of humans and cows ( ratio 1 : 1 . 1-1 . 4 ) as the main hosts at all sites .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: The potential risk of malaria , based on measurements of vectorial capacity of An . arabiensis and An . funestus combined , was four-fold higher in the ricefield village than in the sugarcane or savannah villages nearby .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , the more realistic estimate of malaria risk , based on entomological inoculation rates , indicated that exposure to infective vectors was 61-68% less for people in the ricefield village , due to the much lower sporozoite rate in An . arabiensis ( ricefield 0 . 01% , sugarcane 0 . 1% , savannah 0 . 12% ) .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Three novel MYB proteins with one DNA binding repeat mediate sugar and hormone regulation of alpha-amylase gene expression .
| | Journal: Plant Cell Citation: V : 14 ( 8 ) P : 1963-80 Year: 2002 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12172034 Accession (PMID): 12172034 | | Abstract: The expression of alpha-amylase genes in cereals is induced by both gibberellin ( GA ) and sugar starvation .
All alpha-amylase genes isolated from cereals contain a TATCCA element or its variants at positions approximately 90 to 150 bp upstream of the transcription start sites .
The TATCCA element was shown previously to be an important component of the GA response complex and the sugar response complex of alpha-amylase gene promoters .
In the present study , three cDNA clones encoding novel MYB proteins with single DNA binding domains were isolated from a rice suspension cell cDNA library and designated OsMYBS1 , OsMYBS2 , and OsMYBS3 .
Gel mobility shift experiments with OsMYBSs showed that they bind specifically to the TATCCA element in vitro .
Yeast one-hybrid experiments demonstrated that OsMYBS1 and OsMYBS2 bind to the TATCCA element and transactivate a promoter containing the TATCCA element in vivo .
Transient expression assays with barley half-seeds showed that OsMYBS1 and OsMYBS2 transactivate a promoter containing the TATCCA element when sugar is provided , whereas OsMYBS3 represses transcription of the same promoter under sugar starvation .
Transient expression assays also showed that these three OsMYBSs cooperate with a GA-regulated transcription factor , HvMYBGa , in the transactivation of a low-pI barley alpha-amylase gene promoter in the absence of GA .
Two-hybrid experiments with barley half-seeds showed that OsMYBS1 is able to form a homodimer .
The present study demonstrates that differential DNA binding affinity , promoter transactivation ability , dimerization , and interactions with other protein factors determine the biological function of OsMYBSs .
This study also suggests that common transcription factors are involved in the sugar and hormonal regulation of alpha-amylase gene expression in cereals . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: Transient expression assays with barley half-seeds showed that OsMYBS1 and OsMYBS2 transactivate a promoter containing the TATCCA element when sugar is provided , whereas OsMYBS3 represses transcription of the same promoter under sugar starvation .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: This study also suggests that common transcription factors are involved in the sugar and hormonal regulation of alpha-amylase gene expression in cereals .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The expression of alpha-amylase genes in cereals is induced by both gibberellin ( GA ) and sugar starvation .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The TATCCA element was shown previously to be an important component of the GA response complex and the sugar response complex of alpha-amylase gene promoters .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Genomic distribution and characterization of EST-derived resistance gene analogs ( RGAs ) in sugarcane .
| | Journal: Mol . Genet . Genomics Citation: V : 269 ( 3 ) P : 406-19 Year: 2003 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12733061 Accession (PMID): 12733061 | | Abstract: A large sugarcane EST ( expressed sequence tag ) project recently gave us access to 261 , 609 EST sequences from sugarcane , assembled into 81 , 223 clusters .
Among these , we identified 88 resistance gene analogs ( RGAs ) based on their homology to typical pathogen resistance genes , using a stringent BLAST search with a threshold e-value of e ( -50 ) .
They included representatives of the three major groups of resistance genes with NBS/LRR , LRR or S/T KINASE domains .
Fifty RGAs showed a total of 148 single-dose polymorphic RFLP markers , which could be located on the sugarcane reference genetic map ( constructed in cultivar R570 , 2n=approximately 115 ) .
Fifty-five SSR loci corresponding to 134 markers in R570 were also mapped to enable the classification of the various haplotypes into homology groups .
Several RGA clusters were found .
One cluster of two LRR-like loci mapped close to the only disease resistance gene known so far in sugarcane , which confers resistance to common rust Detailed sequence comparison between two NBS/LRR RGA clusters in relation to their orthologs in rice and maize suggests their polyphyletic origins , and indicates that the degree of divergence between paralogous RGAs in sugarcane can be larger than that from an ortholog in a distant species .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 3.00 ]: One cluster of two LRR-like loci mapped close to the only disease resistance gene known so far in sugarcane , which confers resistance to common rust Detailed sequence comparison between two NBS/LRR RGA clusters in relation to their orthologs in rice and maize suggests their polyphyletic origins , and indicates that the degree of divergence between paralogous RGAs in sugarcane can be larger than that from an ortholog in a distant species .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: A large sugarcane EST ( expressed sequence tag ) project recently gave us access to 261 , 609 EST sequences from sugarcane , assembled into 81 , 223 clusters .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Fifty RGAs showed a total of 148 single-dose polymorphic RFLP markers , which could be located on the sugarcane reference genetic map ( constructed in cultivar R570 , 2n=approximately 115 ) .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Effects of GNA transgenic sugarcane on life history parameters of Parallorhogas pyralophagus ( Marsh ) ( Hymenoptera : Braconidae ) , a parasitoid of Mexican rice borer .
| | Journal: J Econ . Entomol . Citation: V : 96 ( 3 ) P : 570-6 Year: 2003 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12852590 Accession (PMID): 12852590 | | Abstract: Parallorhogas pyralophagus ( Marsh ) is the principal parasitoid of the Mexican rice borer [ Eoreuma loftini ( Dyar ) ] , the primary pest of sugarcane in south Texas .
Insect resistant transgenic sugarcane producing Galanthus nivalis agglutinin ( GNA ) was developed to improve control of E loftini .
The present laboratory study addressed whether over two consecutive generations transgenic sugarcane delivered via artificial diet has adverse host-mediated effects on P pyralophagus life history parameters .
The results of this study showed that a number of life history parameters were affected by transgenic sugarcane , whereas others were not affected , and that effects varied between generations .
In the first generation , adult longevity was increased by approximately 2 d , and cocoon to adult and egg to adult developmental times were prolonged by approximately 1 d in parasitoids exposed to transgenic sugarcane , whereas effects were not evident on adult size ; egg load ; egg to cocoon developmental time ; rates of gain of longevity and egg load with adult size ; and egg , larval , and pupal mortality .
However , in the second generation , adult longevity was reduced by approximately 3 d , adult size by approximately 5% , egg load by approximately 24% , and rate of gain of longevity with adult size by approximately 21% , whereas effects were not evident on the rate of gain of egg load with adult size .
It was concluded that although GNA transgenic sugarcane , ingested via E loftini it issues , was not acutely toxic to P pyralophagus , the sublethal effects on life history parameters measured in this study must be considered in a broader context to determine their possible ecological significance .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Parallorhogas pyralophagus ( Marsh ) is the principal parasitoid of the Mexican rice borer [ Eoreuma loftini ( Dyar ) ] , the primary pest of sugarcane in south Texas .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Insect resistant transgenic sugarcane producing Galanthus nivalis agglutinin ( GNA ) was developed to improve control of E loftini .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The present laboratory study addressed whether over two consecutive generations transgenic sugarcane delivered via artificial diet has adverse host-mediated effects on P pyralophagus life history parameters .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The results of this study showed that a number of life history parameters were affected by transgenic sugarcane , whereas others were not affected , and that effects varied between generations .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the first generation , adult longevity was increased by approximately 2 d , and cocoon to adult and egg to adult developmental times were prolonged by approximately 1 d in parasitoids exposed to transgenic sugarcane , whereas effects were not evident on adult size ; egg load ; egg to cocoon developmental time ; rates of gain of longevity and egg load with adult size ; and egg , larval , and pupal mortality .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: It was concluded that although GNA transgenic sugarcane , ingested via E loftini it issues , was not acutely toxic to P pyralophagus , the sublethal effects on life history parameters measured in this study must be considered in a broader context to determine their possible ecological significance .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Anoxia tolerance in rice seedlings : exogenous glucose improves growth of an anoxia-intolerant , but not of a tolerant genotype .
| | Journal: J Exp . Bot . Citation: V : 54 ( 391 ) P : 2363-73 Year: 2003 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14504303 Accession (PMID): 14504303 | | Abstract: This study demonstrated that , in rice seedlings , genotypic difference in tolerance to anoxia only occurred when anoxia was imposed at imbibition , but not at 3 d after imbibition .
When seeds were imbibed and grown in anoxia , IR22 ( anoxia-intolerant ) grew much slower and had lower soluble sugar concentrations in coleoptiles and seeds than Amaroo ( anoxia-tolerant ) , while Calrose was intermediate .
After 3 d in anoxia , the sugar concentrations in embryos and endosperms of anoxic seedlings were nearly 4-fold lower in IR22 than in Amaroo .
Sugar deficit in the embryo of IR22 is presumably due to the limitation of sugar mobilization rather than the capacity of transport as shown by similar sugar accumulation ratios of 1 . 8 between embryo and endosperm in IR22 and Amaroo at 3 d in anoxia .
With 20 mol m-3 exogenous glucose , coleoptile extension and fresh weight increments in anoxic seedlings of IR22 were much closer to those in the two other genotypes , nevertheless protein concentration remained lowest on a fresh weight basis in the coleoptiles of IR22 ; indicating that protein synthesis has a lower priority for energy apportionment during anoxia than processes crucial to coleoptile extension .
In contrast to these responses to anoxia imposed at imbibition , IR22 had nearly the same high tolerance to anoxia as Calrose and Amaroo , when anoxia was imposed on seedlings subsequent to 48 h aeration followed by 16 h hypoxic pretreatment .
In fact , coleoptiles of anoxic IR22 had higher sugar concentrations and grew faster than Calrose , and exogenous glucose had no effect on the coleoptile extension of IR22 .
Excised coleoptile tips of IR22 and Amaroo with exogenous glucose had similar rates of ethanol production and were equally tolerant to anoxia .
In conclusion , much of the anoxia intolerance of IR22 when germinated in anoxia could be attributed to limited substrate availability to the embryo and coleoptile , presumably due to slow starch hydrolysis in the endosperm . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 3.00 ]: Sugar deficit in the embryo of IR22 is presumably due to the limitation of sugar mobilization rather than the capacity of transport as shown by similar sugar accumulation ratios of 1 . 8 between embryo and endosperm in IR22 and Amaroo at 3 d in anoxia .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: When seeds were imbibed and grown in anoxia , IR22 ( anoxia-intolerant ) grew much slower and had lower soluble sugar concentrations in coleoptiles and seeds than Amaroo ( anoxia-tolerant ) , while Calrose was intermediate .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: After 3 d in anoxia , the sugar concentrations in embryos and endosperms of anoxic seedlings were nearly 4-fold lower in IR22 than in Amaroo .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: In fact , coleoptiles of anoxic IR22 had higher sugar concentrations and grew faster than Calrose , and exogenous glucose had no effect on the coleoptile extension of IR22 .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Laboratory and field evaluation of Beauveria bassiana against sugarcane stalkborers ( Lepidoptera : Pyralidae ) in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas .
| | Journal: J Econ . Entomol . Citation: V : 93 ( 1 ) P : 54-9 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14658512 Accession (PMID): 14658512 | | Abstract: Of approximately 18 , 200 ha planted to sugarcane in south Texas , only approximately 80 ha ( <0 . 5% ) are treated with insecticides because this type of control is widely regarded as ineffective against stalkboring pyralids , the key pests of sugarcane .
Therefore , nonchemical control measures , such as resistant varieties and biological controls , must be evaluated to mitigate the losses caused by stalkborers .
We performed laboratory and field evaluations on the use of Beauveria bassiana ( Balsamo ) Vuillemin ( Deuteromycotina : Hyphomycetes ) ( strain GHA ) against the Mexican rice borer , Eoreuma loftini ( Dyar ) ( Lepidoptera : Pyralidae ) , which causes damage in south Texas estimated at between 10 and 20 million dollars annually .
We also performed bioassays against the sugarcane borer , Diatraea saccharalis ( F ) ( Pyralidae ) , the key pest in other sugarcane growing areas .
In the bioassays , E loftini was substantially more susceptible to B bassiana than D saccharalis , based on both 5-d LD50 values and survival times .
A commercial oil-based formulation of B bassiana was evaluated in the field using the following treatments : oil alone ( control ) , B bassiana + oil , and B bassiana + Silwet L-77 carrier at an application rate of 5 x 10 ( 13 ) spores per hectare .
Neither numbers of E loftini per stalk , nor stalk damage ( approximately 20% bored internodes ) were significantly affected by treatment .
The application of B bassiana + Silwet significantly affected the numbers of internodes showing high damage , but not those with low or medium damage .
Analysis of yield data and juice quality showed no significant treatment effects .
We conclude that the application of Beauveria + Silwet offers the best chances for reducing damage caused by E loftini of those treatments tested .
However , reductions in insect incidence or damage did not result in measurable increases in yield or sugar quality , probably because of insufficient coverage .
Effective control of stalkboring pyralids in sugarcane using B bassiana will likely require improvements in delivery technology .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Of approximately 18 , 200 ha planted to sugarcane in south Texas , only approximately 80 ha ( <0 . 5% ) are treated with insecticides because this type of control is widely regarded as ineffective against stalkboring pyralids , the key pests of sugarcane .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: We also performed bioassays against the sugarcane borer , Diatraea saccharalis ( F ) ( Pyralidae ) , the key pest in other sugarcane growing areas .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , reductions in insect incidence or damage did not result in measurable increases in yield or sugar quality , probably because of insufficient coverage .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: Effective control of stalkboring pyralids in sugarcane using B bassiana will likely require improvements in delivery technology .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Induction of apoptosis in human leukemia cells by naturally fermented sugar cane vinegar ( kibizu ) of Amami Ohshima Island .
| | Journal: Biofactors Citation: V : 22 ( 1-4 ) P : 93-7 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15630260 Accession (PMID): 15630260 | | Abstract: Naturally fermented vinegar such as Kibizu ( sugar cane vinegar in Amami Ohshima , Japan ) , Kurozu ( black rice vinegar in Kagoshima , Japan ) , Kouzu ( black rice vinegar in China ) and red wine vinegar in Italy had potent radical-scavenging activity analyzed by DPPH method .
For the elucidation of food factor for cancer prevention contained in naturally fermented vinegar , the induction of apoptosis in human leukemia cell HL-60 was investigated with sugar cane vinegar Kibizu .
Fraction eluted by 40% methanol from Amberlite XAD 2 chromatography of sugar cane vinegar showed potent radical scavenging activity .
The fraction also showed the activity repressing growth of typical human leukemia cells such as HL-60 , THP-1 , Molt-4 , U-937 , Jurkat , Raji and K-562 .
On the other hand , the fraction did not have any growth inhibition activity against human fetal lung cell TIG-1 .
The most potent radical-scavenging activity and the growth repression activity of the leukemia cell were observed in the same chromatographic fraction of methanol 40% .
From cell sorting FACS analyses , electron microscopic observations and cytochemical staining of chromatin and nuclear segments in human leukemia cell HL-60 treated with the active fraction , it was concluded that apoptosis was induced in the leukemia cell by the fraction of sugar cane vinegar and resulted in the repression of growth of the human leukemia cells .
Chromatographic fraction of sugar cane juice eluted by 20% methanol showed potent activities of radical-scavenging and growth repression of HL-60 .
These results led us the consideration that active components in sugar cane juice could be converted to more lipophilic compounds with activity to induce apoptosis in HL-60 by microbial fermentation with yeast and acetic acid bacteria .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Naturally fermented vinegar such as Kibizu ( sugar cane vinegar in Amami Ohshima , Japan ) , Kurozu ( black rice vinegar in Kagoshima , Japan ) , Kouzu ( black rice vinegar in China ) and red wine vinegar in Italy had potent radical-scavenging activity analyzed by DPPH method .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: For the elucidation of food factor for cancer prevention contained in naturally fermented vinegar , the induction of apoptosis in human leukemia cell HL-60 was investigated with sugar cane vinegar Kibizu .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Fraction eluted by 40% methanol from Amberlite XAD 2 chromatography of sugar cane vinegar showed potent radical scavenging activity .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: From cell sorting FACS analyses , electron microscopic observations and cytochemical staining of chromatin and nuclear segments in human leukemia cell HL-60 treated with the active fraction , it was concluded that apoptosis was induced in the leukemia cell by the fraction of sugar cane vinegar and resulted in the repression of growth of the human leukemia cells .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Chromatographic fraction of sugar cane juice eluted by 20% methanol showed potent activities of radical-scavenging and growth repression of HL-60 .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results led us the consideration that active components in sugar cane juice could be converted to more lipophilic compounds with activity to induce apoptosis in HL-60 by microbial fermentation with yeast and acetic acid bacteria .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Refining sweet sorghum to ethanol and sugar : economic trade-offs in the context of North China .
| | Journal: Bioresour . Technol . Citation: V : 96 ( 9 ) P : 985-1002 Year: 2005 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15668196 Accession (PMID): 15668196 | | Abstract: Reducing the use of non-renewable fossil energy reserves together with improving the environment are two important reasons that drive interest in the use of bioethanol as an automotive fuel .
Conversion of sugar and starch to ethanol has been proven at an industrial scale in Brazil and the United States , respectively , and this alcohol has been able to compete with conventional gasoline due to various incentives .
In this paper , we examined making ethanol from the sugar extracted from the juice of sweet sorghum and/or from the hemicellulose and cellulose in the residual sorghum bagasse versus selling the sugar from the juice or burning the bagasse to make electricity in four scenarios in the context of North China .
In general terms , the production of ethanol from the hemicellulose and cellulose in bagasse was more favorable than burning it to make power , but the relative merits of making ethanol or sugar from the juice was very sensitive to the price of sugar in China .
This result was confirmed by both process economics and analysis of opportunity costs .
Thus , a flexible plant capable of making both sugar and fuel-ethanol from the juice is recommended .
Overall , ethanol production from sorghum bagasse appears very favorable , but other agricultural residues such as corn stover and rice hulls would likely provide a more attractive feedstock for making ethanol in the medium and long term due to their extensive availability in North China and their independence from other markets .
Furthermore , the process for residue conversion was based on particular design assumptions , and other technologies could enhance competitiveness while considerations such as perceived risk could impede applications .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: In this paper , we examined making ethanol from the sugar extracted from the juice of sweet sorghum and/or from the hemicellulose and cellulose in the residual sorghum bagasse versus selling the sugar from the juice or burning the bagasse to make electricity in four scenarios in the context of North China .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: In general terms , the production of ethanol from the hemicellulose and cellulose in bagasse was more favorable than burning it to make power , but the relative merits of making ethanol or sugar from the juice was very sensitive to the price of sugar in China .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Conversion of sugar and starch to ethanol has been proven at an industrial scale in Brazil and the United States , respectively , and this alcohol has been able to compete with conventional gasoline due to various incentives .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Thus , a flexible plant capable of making both sugar and fuel-ethanol from the juice is recommended .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Dilute acid pretreatment , enzymatic saccharification , and fermentation of rice hulls to ethanol .
| | Journal: Biotechnol . Prog . Citation: V : 21 ( 3 ) P : 816-22 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15932261 Accession (PMID): 15932261 | | Abstract: Rice hulls , a complex lignocellulosic material with high lignin ( 15 . 38 +/- 0 . 2% ) and ash ( 18 . 71 +/- 0 . 01% ) content , contain 35 . 62 +/- 0 . 12% cellulose and 11 . 96 +/- 0 . 73% hemicellulose and has the potential to serve as a low-cost feedstock for production of ethanol .
Dilute H2SO4 pretreatments at varied temperature ( 120-190 degrees C ) and enzymatic saccharification ( 45 degrees C , pH 5 . 0 ) were evaluated for conversion of rice hull cellulose and hemicellulose to monomeric sugars .
The maximum yield of monomeric sugars from rice hulls ( 15% , w/v ) by dilute H2SO4 ( 1 . 0% , v/v ) pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification ( 45 degrees C , pH 5 . 0 , 72 h ) using cellulase , beta-glucosidase , xylanase , esterase , and Tween 20 was 287 +/- 3 mg/g ( 60% yield based on total carbohydrate content ) .
Under this condition , no furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural were produced .
The yield of ethanol per L by the mixed sugar utilizing recombinant Escherichia colistrain FBR 5 from rice hull hydrolyzate containing 43 . 6 +/- 3 . 0 g fermentable sugars ( glucose , 18 . 2 +/- 1 . 4 g ; xylose , 21 . 4 +/- 1 . 1 g ; arabinose , 2 . 4 +/- 0 . 3 g ; galactose , 1 . 6 +/- 0 . 2 g ) was 18 . 7 +/- 0 . 6 g ( 0 . 43 +/- 0 . 02 g/g sugars obtained ; 0 . 13 +/- 0 . 01 g/g rice hulls ) at pH 6 . 5 and 35 degrees C Detoxification of the acid and enzyme-treated rice hull hydrolyzate by overliming ( pH 10 . 5 , 90 degrees C , 30 min ) reduced the time required for maximum ethanol production ( 17 +/- 0 . 2 g from 42 . 0 +/- 0 . 7 g sugars per L ) by the E coli strain from 64 to 39 h in the case of separate hydrolysis and fermentation and increased the maximum ethanol yield ( per L ) from 7 . 1 +/- 2 . 3 g in 140 h to 9 . 1 +/- 0 . 7 g in 112 h in the case of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 4.00 ]: The yield of ethanol per L by the mixed sugar utilizing recombinant Escherichia colistrain FBR 5 from rice hull hydrolyzate containing 43 . 6 +/- 3 . 0 g fermentable sugars ( glucose , 18 . 2 +/- 1 . 4 g ; xylose , 21 . 4 +/- 1 . 1 g ; arabinose , 2 . 4 +/- 0 . 3 g ; galactose , 1 . 6 +/- 0 . 2 g ) was 18 . 7 +/- 0 . 6 g ( 0 . 43 +/- 0 . 02 g/g sugars obtained ; 0 . 13 +/- 0 . 01 g/g rice hulls ) at pH 6 . 5 and 35 degrees C Detoxification of the acid and enzyme-treated rice hull hydrolyzate by overliming ( pH 10 . 5 , 90 degrees C , 30 min ) reduced the time required for maximum ethanol production ( 17 +/- 0 . 2 g from 42 . 0 +/- 0 . 7 g sugars per L ) by the E coli strain from 64 to 39 h in the case of separate hydrolysis and fermentation and increased the maximum ethanol yield ( per L ) from 7 . 1 +/- 2 . 3 g in 140 h to 9 . 1 +/- 0 . 7 g in 112 h in the case of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Dilute H2SO4 pretreatments at varied temperature ( 120-190 degrees C ) and enzymatic saccharification ( 45 degrees C , pH 5 . 0 ) were evaluated for conversion of rice hull cellulose and hemicellulose to monomeric sugars .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The maximum yield of monomeric sugars from rice hulls ( 15% , w/v ) by dilute H2SO4 ( 1 . 0% , v/v ) pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification ( 45 degrees C , pH 5 . 0 , 72 h ) using cellulase , beta-glucosidase , xylanase , esterase , and Tween 20 was 287 +/- 3 mg/g ( 60% yield based on total carbohydrate content ) .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Role of methionine-enkephalin on the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in the rice field crab Oziotelphusa senex senex | | Journal: C R Biol .
Citation: V : 328 ( 9 ) P : 812-20 Year: 2005 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16168362 Accession (PMID): 16168362 | | Abstract: In the present study , the role of eyestalks and involvement of methionine-enkephalin in the regulation of haemolymph sugar level was studied .
Bilateral eyestalk ablation significantly decreased the haemolymph sugar levels , whereas injection of eyestalk extract into ablated crabs significantly increased the haemolymph sugar levels .
Total carbohydrate ( TCHO ) and glycogen levels were significantly increased in hepatopancreas and muscle of eyestalk-ablated crabs , with a decrease in phosphorylase activity .
Injection of eyestalk extract into ablated crabs resulted in partial/complete reversal of these changes .
Injection of methionine-enkephalin into intact crabs significantly increased the haemolymph sugar level in a dose-dependent manner .
Total it issue carbohydrate and glycogen levels were significantly decreased , with an increase in phosphorylase activity in hepatopancreas and muscle it issues of intact crabs after methionine-enkephalin injection .
Methionine-enkephalin injection did not cause any changes in haemolymph sugar , it issue total carbohydrate and glycogen levels and activity levels of phosphorylase in eyestalk-ablated crabs .
These results suggest that the eyestalks are the main source of hyperglycaemic hormone and methionine-enkephalin induces hyperglycaemia through eyestalks . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: Bilateral eyestalk ablation significantly decreased the haemolymph sugar levels , whereas injection of eyestalk extract into ablated crabs significantly increased the haemolymph sugar levels .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the present study , the role of eyestalks and involvement of methionine-enkephalin in the regulation of haemolymph sugar level was studied .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Injection of methionine-enkephalin into intact crabs significantly increased the haemolymph sugar level in a dose-dependent manner .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Methionine-enkephalin injection did not cause any changes in haemolymph sugar , it issue total carbohydrate and glycogen levels and activity levels of phosphorylase in eyestalk-ablated crabs .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results suggest that the eyestalks are the main source of hyperglycaemic hormone and methionine-enkephalin induces hyperglycaemia through eyestalks .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Sugar Content and Activity of Sucrose Metabolism Enzymes in Milled Rice Grain .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 89 ( 3 ) P : 893-896 Year: 1989 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16666638 Accession (PMID): 16666638 | | Abstract: Most rice ( Oryza sativa L ) cultivars grown in the United States were selected for endosperm starch properties and not soluble sugar content .
The minor pool of soluble sugar may affect the qualities of rice as a food .
Some cultivar variation in soluble sugar content was detected in milled grain , essentially the starchy endosperm , of long grain varieties .
Milled grain of cultivars Lemont and Texmati had a soluble sugar content of 0 . 21 and 0 . 35% ( w/w ) , respectively , on a fresh weight basis .
The dorsal portion of the milled grain contained the greatest amount of soluble sugar , approximately tenfold the amount found in the central core of the grain .
Extracts of the milled grain contained sucrose-phosphate synthase ( EC 2 . 4 . 1 . 14 ) and sucrose synthase ( EC 2 . 4 . 1 . 13 ) activities , which were separated by anion exchange chromatography .
The presence of sucrose-phosphate synthase in the rice endosperm suggested a mechanism for sucrose accumulation which might be involved in carbon partitioning during grain development . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Most rice ( Oryza sativa L ) cultivars grown in the United States were selected for endosperm starch properties and not soluble sugar content .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The minor pool of soluble sugar may affect the qualities of rice as a food .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Some cultivar variation in soluble sugar content was detected in milled grain , essentially the starchy endosperm , of long grain varieties .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Milled grain of cultivars Lemont and Texmati had a soluble sugar content of 0 . 21 and 0 . 35% ( w/w ) , respectively , on a fresh weight basis .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The dorsal portion of the milled grain contained the greatest amount of soluble sugar , approximately tenfold the amount found in the central core of the grain .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The presence of sucrose-phosphate synthase in the rice endosperm suggested a mechanism for sucrose accumulation which might be involved in carbon partitioning during grain development .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Metabolic variation in rice cultivars of contrasting salt tolerance and its improvement by zinc in sodic soil .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 27 ( 3 ) P : 557-60 Year: 2006 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17402249 Accession (PMID): 17402249 | | Abstract: The severity of Zn deficiency increased with increase in soil exchangeable sodium percentage ( ESP ) with salt sensitive variety M1-48 scoring 6 at ESP 62 as against only score 3 by salt tolerant variety Pokkali under similar soil conditions .
Strikingly , zinc contents were much higher in salt tolerant variety than in salt sensitive one .
Zinc application increased zinc concentration in the roots by a factor of 2 . 85 to 3 . 87 in Pokkali whereas it rose from 2 . 37 to 4 . 35 times in M1-48 depending upon ESP but in the leaves it registered increase of 1 . 5 to 1 . 8 times only .
In general , the concentrations of reducing sugar were less ( about 2 . 2% ) than that of non-reducing ( about 3 . 8% ) in both the varieties under normal soil conditions .
However , the concentration of reducing sugar doubled ( 4 . 2-4 . 4% ) at the highest ESP 62 , whereas the concentration of non-reducing sugar though increased ( 4 . 1 to 5 . 1% ) but not as vigorously as reducing one .
Zinc application reduced the concentration of reducing sugar but not that of non-reducing at similar ESP values .
In Pokkali , the concentrations of total sugar increased from 6% at ESP 20 to 9 . 34% at ESP 62 , whereas it registered enhancements of 5 . 98 to 8 . 6% in M1-48 under similar conditions .
The nitrate reductase ( NR ) activity decreased with increase in soil sodicity however , the varietal differences in NR activity were wider under Zn-stress than under conditions of applied zinc with Pokkali registering higher NR activities .
Carbonic anhydrase activities were higher in salt tolerant variety .
Inhibition in carbonic anhydrase activity amounted to 23 and 45% in salt-sensitive variely M1-48 whereas only 19 and 33% in salt-tolerant variety Pokkali at ESP 41 and 62 , respectively .
The effects of zinc application at higher soil sodicity were more obvious in salt-sensitive variety than in salt-tolerant one .
The findings suggest that the tolerance to Zn stress runs parallel to salt tolerance abilities of rice varieties .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: However , the concentration of reducing sugar doubled ( 4 . 2-4 . 4% ) at the highest ESP 62 , whereas the concentration of non-reducing sugar though increased ( 4 . 1 to 5 . 1% ) but not as vigorously as reducing one .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: In general , the concentrations of reducing sugar were less ( about 2 . 2% ) than that of non-reducing ( about 3 . 8% ) in both the varieties under normal soil conditions .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Zinc application reduced the concentration of reducing sugar but not that of non-reducing at similar ESP values .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: In Pokkali , the concentrations of total sugar increased from 6% at ESP 20 to 9 . 34% at ESP 62 , whereas it registered enhancements of 5 . 98 to 8 . 6% in M1-48 under similar conditions .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: The findings suggest that the tolerance to Zn stress runs parallel to salt tolerance abilities of rice varieties .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Tolerance and compensatory response of rice to sugarcane borer ( Lepidoptera : Crambidae ) injury .
| | Journal: Environ Entomol Citation: V : 37 P : 796-807 Year: 2008 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18559187 Accession (PMID): 18559187 | | Abstract: A 3-yr field experiment was conducted to evaluate the tolerance and compensatory response of rice ( Oryza sativa L ) to injury caused by sugarcane borer , Diatraea saccharalis ( F ) , as affected by cultivar ( Cocodrie , Francis , and Jefferson ) , stage of crop growth during which the injury occurred ( third tiller stage , panicle differentiation stage , and heading stage ) , and sugarcane borer density .
The proportion of rice tillers with sugarcane borer injury ( leaf and leaf sheath injury and/or stem injury ) was lower when injury occurred at the third tiller stage ( 0 . 05 ) than at panicle differentiation ( 0 . 19 ) and heading ( 0 . 18 ) .
When injury occurred at the two latter stages , both the proportion of tillers with injury and the proportion of tillers with stem injury were negatively correlated with rainfall .
Rainfall resulted in dislodgement and mortality of sugarcane borer eggs and larvae before the larvae entered the stems .
Rice plant density in this study ( 111 . 1 plants/m2 ) was higher than recorded for previous research on rice compensation using potted rice or conducted in low-density hill production systems ( 26 . 7-51 . 3 plants/m2 ) .
Two mechanisms of within-plant tolerance/compensation were observed .
Stem injured plants produced approximately 0 . 69 more tillers than uninjured plants , whereas tillers with leaf and leaf sheath injury produced larger panicles , up to 39 . 5 and 21 . 0% heavier than uninjured tillers , when injury occurred at third tiller stage and at panicle differentiation , respectively .
Rice yield was not reduced with up to 23% injured tiller and up to 10% injured stems at the third tiller stage , 42% injured tillers and 17% injured stems at panicle differentiation , and 28% injured tillers and 14% injured stems at heading .
Significant between-plant compensation was not detected , suggesting competition between adjacent plants is not significantly reduced by injury .
Our results suggest that rice can tolerate and/or compensate for a level of stem borer injury previously considered to be economically damaging .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: A 3-yr field experiment was conducted to evaluate the tolerance and compensatory response of rice ( Oryza sativa L ) to injury caused by sugarcane borer , Diatraea saccharalis ( F ) , as affected by cultivar ( Cocodrie , Francis , and Jefferson ) , stage of crop growth during which the injury occurred ( third tiller stage , panicle differentiation stage , and heading stage ) , and sugarcane borer density .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The proportion of rice tillers with sugarcane borer injury ( leaf and leaf sheath injury and/or stem injury ) was lower when injury occurred at the third tiller stage ( 0 . 05 ) than at panicle differentiation ( 0 . 19 ) and heading ( 0 . 18 ) .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Rainfall resulted in dislodgement and mortality of sugarcane borer eggs and larvae before the larvae entered the stems .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Significant between-plant compensation was not detected , suggesting competition between adjacent plants is not significantly reduced by injury .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Our results suggest that rice can tolerate and/or compensate for a level of stem borer injury previously considered to be economically damaging .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Oral rehydration therapy : a community trial comparing the acceptability of homemade sucrose and cereal-based solutions .
| | Journal: Bull .
World Health Organ .
Citation: V : 69 ( 2 ) P : 229-34 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1860151 Accession (PMID): 1860151 | | Abstract: Sugar-based oral rehydration therapy ( ORT ) for diarrhoea is promoted in many countries of the world .
One programme in Bangladesh has instructed more than 13 million mothers in the preparation of a sugar-salt solution in the home ; despite very high rates of correct mixing and knowledge , subsequent application was found in only some 20% of all diarrhoea episodes .
Since rice is far more available in rural homes ( 95% ) than any type of sugar ( 30% ) and rice gruel is a widely accepted food during illness , a field trial was conducted in three areas ( total population , 68 , 345 ) to compare the acceptability and use of rice-based ORT with that of sugar-based ORT .
Although the mothers unanimously agreed that the rice-based solutions "stopped" the diarrhoea more quickly , they used the sugar-based solutions twice as often ( in 40% of severe watery episodes ) as the rice-based solutions ( in 18% ) , because the rice-ORT was much more time-consuming and difficult to prepare .
The observed reduced utilization of home-made rice-ORT makes it a poor substitute for sugar-ORT at the community level in rural Bangladesh . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: Since rice is far more available in rural homes ( 95% ) than any type of sugar ( 30% ) and rice gruel is a widely accepted food during illness , a field trial was conducted in three areas ( total population , 68 , 345 ) to compare the acceptability and use of rice-based ORT with that of sugar-based ORT .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sugar-based oral rehydration therapy ( ORT ) for diarrhoea is promoted in many countries of the world .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: One programme in Bangladesh has instructed more than 13 million mothers in the preparation of a sugar-salt solution in the home ; despite very high rates of correct mixing and knowledge , subsequent application was found in only some 20% of all diarrhoea episodes .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although the mothers unanimously agreed that the rice-based solutions "stopped" the diarrhoea more quickly , they used the sugar-based solutions twice as often ( in 40% of severe watery episodes ) as the rice-based solutions ( in 18% ) , because the rice-ORT was much more time-consuming and difficult to prepare .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The observed reduced utilization of home-made rice-ORT makes it a poor substitute for sugar-ORT at the community level in rural Bangladesh .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Reducing acrylamide precursors in raw materials derived from wheat and potato .
| | Journal: J Agric Food Chem Citation: V : 56 P : 6167-72 Year: 2008 Type: In-Data-Review | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18624429 Accession (PMID): 18624429 | | Abstract: A review of agronomic and genetic approaches as strategies for the mitigation of acrylamide risk in wheat and potato is presented .
Acrylamide is formed through the Maillard reaction during high-temperature cooking , such as frying , roasting , or baking , and the main precursors are free asparagine and reducing sugars .
In wheat flour , acrylamide formation is determined by asparagine levels and asparagine accumulation increases dramatically in response to sulfur deprivation and , to a much lesser extent , with nitrogen feeding .
In potatoes , in which sugar concentrations are much lower , the relationships between acrylamide and its precursors are more complex Much attention has been focused on reducing the levels of sugars in potatoes as a means of reducing acrylamide risk .
However , the level of asparagine as a proportion of the total free amino acid pool has been shown to be a key parameter , indicating that when sugar levels are limiting , competition between asparagine and the other amino acids for participation in the Maillard reaction determines acrylamide formation .
Genetic approaches to reducing acrylamide risk include the identification of cultivars and other germplasm in which free asparagine and/or sugar levels are low and the manipulation of genes involved in sugar and amino acid metabolism and signaling .
These approaches are made more difficult by genotype/environment interactions that can result in a genotype being "good" in one environment but "poor" in another .
Another important consideration is the effect that any change could have on flavor in the cooked product .
Nevertheless , as both wheat and potato are regarded as of relatively high acrylamide risk compared with , for example , maize and rice , it is essential that changes are achieved that mitigate the problem .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: In potatoes , in which sugar concentrations are much lower , the relationships between acrylamide and its precursors are more complex Much attention has been focused on reducing the levels of sugars in potatoes as a means of reducing acrylamide risk .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: Genetic approaches to reducing acrylamide risk include the identification of cultivars and other germplasm in which free asparagine and/or sugar levels are low and the manipulation of genes involved in sugar and amino acid metabolism and signaling .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Acrylamide is formed through the Maillard reaction during high-temperature cooking , such as frying , roasting , or baking , and the main precursors are free asparagine and reducing sugars .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , the level of asparagine as a proportion of the total free amino acid pool has been shown to be a key parameter , indicating that when sugar levels are limiting , competition between asparagine and the other amino acids for participation in the Maillard reaction determines acrylamide formation .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Comprehensive metabolite profiling of phyA phyB phyC triple mutants to reveal their associated metabolic phenotype in rice leaves .
| | Journal: J Biosci Bioeng Citation: V : 108 P : 151-9 Year: 2009 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19619864 Accession (PMID): 19619864 | | Abstract: The phytochrome photoreceptors regulate plant growth and development throughout their life cycle .
Rice ( Oryza sativa ) possesses three phytochromes , phyA , phyB , and phyC .
Physiological , genetic , and biochemical analyses of null mutants of each phytochrome have revealed the function of each in rice .
However , few studies have investigated the relationship between phytochrome signaling and metabolism .
In the present study , non-targeted metabolite analysis by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry ( GC/TOF-MS ) and targeted metabolite analysis by capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ( CE/ESI-MS ) were employed to investigate metabolic changes in rice phyA phyB phyC triple mutants .
Distinct metabolic profiles between phyA phyB phyC triple mutants and the wild type ( WT ) , as well as those between young and mature leaf blades , could be clearly observed by principal component analysis ( PCA ) .
The metabolite profiles indicated high accumulation of amino acids , organic acids , sugars , sugar phosphates , and nucleotides in the leaf blades of phyA phyB phyC triple mutants , especially in the young leaves , compared with those in the WT .
Remarkable overaccumulation of monosaccharide , such as glucose ( 53 . 4-fold ) , fructose ( 42 . 5-fold ) , and galactose ( 24 . 5-fold ) , was observed in young leaves of phyA phyB phyC triple mutants .
These metabolic phenotypes suggest that sugar metabolism , carbon partitioning , sugar transport , or some combination of these is impaired in the phyA phyB phyC triple mutants , and conversely , that phytochromes have crucial roles in sugar metabolism .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 4.00 ]: These metabolic phenotypes suggest that sugar metabolism , carbon partitioning , sugar transport , or some combination of these is impaired in the phyA phyB phyC triple mutants , and conversely , that phytochromes have crucial roles in sugar metabolism .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: The metabolite profiles indicated high accumulation of amino acids , organic acids , sugars , sugar phosphates , and nucleotides in the leaf blades of phyA phyB phyC triple mutants , especially in the young leaves , compared with those in the WT .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Wastewater use in agriculture : irrigation of sugar cane with effluents from the Canaveralejo wastewater treatment plant in Cali , Colombia .
| | Journal: Environ Technol Citation: V : 30 P : 1011-5 Year: 2009 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19886425 Accession (PMID): 19886425 | | Abstract: In Valle del Cauca , south-west Colombia , surface and ground waters are used for sugar cane irrigation at a rate of 100 m3 of water per tonne of sugar produced .
In addition large quantities of artificial fertilizers and pesticides are used to grow the crop .
Preliminary experiments were undertaken to determine the feasibility of using effluents from the Canaveralejo primary wastewater treatment plant in Cali .
Sugar cane variety CC 8592 was planted in 18 box plots , each 0 . 5 m2 .
Six were irrigated with conventional primary effluent , six with chemically enhanced primary effluent and six with groundwater .
For each set of six box plots , three contained local soil and three a 50 : 50 mixture of sand and rice husks .
The three irrigation waters were monitored for 12 months , and immediately after harvest the sugar content of the sugar cane juice determined .
All physico-chemical quality parameters for the three irrigation waters were lower than the FAO guideline values for irrigation water quality ; on the basis of their sodium absorption ratios and electrical conductivity values , both wastewater effluents were in the USDA low-to-medium risk category C2S1 .
There was no difference in the sugar content of the cane juice irrigated with the three waters .
However , the microbiological quality ( E coli and helminth numbers ) of the two effluents did not meet the WHO guidelines and therefore additional human exposure control measures are required in order to minimize any resulting adverse health risks to those working in the wastewater-irrigated fields .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: In Valle del Cauca , south-west Colombia , surface and ground waters are used for sugar cane irrigation at a rate of 100 m3 of water per tonne of sugar produced .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: The three irrigation waters were monitored for 12 months , and immediately after harvest the sugar content of the sugar cane juice determined .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sugar cane variety CC 8592 was planted in 18 box plots , each 0 . 5 m2 .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: There was no difference in the sugar content of the cane juice irrigated with the three waters .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Kinetic study on the pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of rice hull for the production of fermentable sugars .
| | Journal: Appl Biochem Biotechnol Citation: V : 162 P : 1471-82 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20182816 Accession (PMID): 20182816 | | Abstract: The production of fermentable sugars from rice hull was studied by dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification .
Rice hull ( 15% , w/v ) was pretreated by 1% ( v/v ) sulfuric acid at high temperature ( 120 approximately 160 degrees C ) for 15 , 30 , 45 , and 60 min , respectively .
The maximum sugar concentration from rice hull in the prehydrolysate was obtained at 140 degrees C for 30 min , but the enzymatic saccharification yield from the corresponding pretreated rice hull is not high .
To another aspect , the maximum enzymatic saccharification yield was achieved at 160 degrees C for 60 min , while the recovery of fermentable sugars was the poorest To take account of fermentable sugars from pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification , the maximum yield of sugars was obtained only when rice hull was treated at 140 degrees C for 30 min .
Under this condition , 72 . 5% ( w/w ) of all sugars generated from the raw material can be recovered .
The kinetic study on the enzymatic saccharification of dilute acid pretreated rice hull was also performed in this work by a modified Michaelis-Menten model and a diffusion-limited model .
After calculation by a linear and a non-linear regression analysis , both models showed good relation with the experimental results .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 3.00 ]: To another aspect , the maximum enzymatic saccharification yield was achieved at 160 degrees C for 60 min , while the recovery of fermentable sugars was the poorest To take account of fermentable sugars from pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification , the maximum yield of sugars was obtained only when rice hull was treated at 140 degrees C for 30 min .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The production of fermentable sugars from rice hull was studied by dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The maximum sugar concentration from rice hull in the prehydrolysate was obtained at 140 degrees C for 30 min , but the enzymatic saccharification yield from the corresponding pretreated rice hull is not high .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Under this condition , 72 . 5% ( w/w ) of all sugars generated from the raw material can be recovered .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Monitoring the colonization of sugarcane and rice plants by the endophytic diazotrophic bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus marked with gfp and gusA reporter genes .
| | Journal: Lett Appl Microbiol Citation: V : 51 P : 325-30 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20666985 Accession (PMID): 20666985 | | Abstract: AIMS : To evaluate the colonization process of sugarcane plantlets and hydroponically grown rice seedlings by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strain PAL5 marked with the gusA and gfp reporter genes .
METHODS AND RESULTS : Sugarcane plantlets inoculated in vitro with PAL5 carrying the gfp : : gusA plasmid pHRGFPGUS did not present green fluorescence , but beta-glucuronidase ( GUS ) -stained bacteria could be observed inside sugarcane roots .
To complement this existing inoculation methodology for micropropagated sugarcane with a more rapid colonization assay , we employed hydroponically grown gnotobiotic rice seedlings to study PAL5-plant interaction .
PAL5 could be isolated from the root surface ( 10 ( 8 ) CFU g ( -1 ) ) and from surface-disinfected root and stem it issues ( 10 ( 4 ) CFU g ( -1 ) ) of inoculated plants , suggesting that PAL5 colonized the internal plant it issues .
Light microscopy confirmed the presence of bacteria inside the root it issue .
After inoculation of rice plantlets with PAL5 marked with the gfp plasmid pHRGFPTC , bright green fluorescent bacteria could be seen colonizing the rice root surface , mainly at the sites of lateral root emergence , at root caps and on root hairs .
CONCLUSION : The plasmids pHRGFPGUS and pHRGFPTC are valid tools to mark PAL5 and monitor the colonization of micropropagated sugarcane and hydroponic rice seedlings .
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY : These tools are of use to : ( i ) study PAL5 mutants affected in bacteria-plant interactions , ( ii ) monitor plant colonization in real time and ( iii ) distinguish PAL5 from other bacteria during the study of mixed inoculants .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: METHODS AND RESULTS : Sugarcane plantlets inoculated in vitro with PAL5 carrying the gfp : : gusA plasmid pHRGFPGUS did not present green fluorescence , but beta-glucuronidase ( GUS ) -stained bacteria could be observed inside sugarcane roots .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: AIMS : To evaluate the colonization process of sugarcane plantlets and hydroponically grown rice seedlings by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strain PAL5 marked with the gusA and gfp reporter genes .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: To complement this existing inoculation methodology for micropropagated sugarcane with a more rapid colonization assay , we employed hydroponically grown gnotobiotic rice seedlings to study PAL5-plant interaction .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: PAL5 could be isolated from the root surface ( 10 ( 8 ) CFU g ( -1 ) ) and from surface-disinfected root and stem it issues ( 10 ( 4 ) CFU g ( -1 ) ) of inoculated plants , suggesting that PAL5 colonized the internal plant it issues .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSION : The plasmids pHRGFPGUS and pHRGFPTC are valid tools to mark PAL5 and monitor the colonization of micropropagated sugarcane and hydroponic rice seedlings .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
