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| Title: A bacterial-type ABC transporter is involved in aluminum tolerance in rice .
| | Author: Huang CF Yamaji N Mitani N Yano M Nagamura Y Ma JF | | Journal: Plant Cell Citation: V : 21 P : 655-67 Year: 2009 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19244140 Accession (PMID): 19244140 | | Abstract: Aluminum ( Al ) toxicity is a major factor limiting crop production in acidic soil , but the molecular mechanisms of Al tolerance are poorly understood .
Here , we report that two genes , STAR1 ( for sensitive to Al rhizotoxicity1 ) and STAR2 , are responsible for Al tolerance in rice .
STAR1 encodes a nucleotide binding domain , while STAR2 encodes a transmembrane domain , of a bacterial-type ATP binding cassette ( ABC ) transporter .
Disruption of either gene resulted in hypersensitivity to aluminum toxicity .
Both STAR1 and STAR2 are expressed mainly in the roots and are specifically induced by Al exposure .
Expression in onion epidermal cells , rice protoplasts , and yeast showed that STAR1 interacts with STAR2 to form a complex that localizes to the vesicle membranes of all root cells , except for those in the epidermal layer of the mature zone .
When expressed together in Xenopus laevis oocytes , STAR1/2 shows efflux transport activity specific for UDP-glucose .
Furthermore , addition of exogenous UDP-glucose rescued root growth in the star1 mutant exposed to Al These results indicate that STAR1 and STAR2 form a complex that functions as an ABC transporter , which is required for detoxification of Al in rice .
The ABC transporter transports UDP-glucose , which may be used to modify the cell wall .
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[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Here , we report that two genes , STAR1 ( for sensitive to Al rhizotoxicity1 ) and STAR2 , are responsible for Al tolerance in rice .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: STAR1 encodes a nucleotide binding domain , while STAR2 encodes a transmembrane domain , of a bacterial-type ATP binding cassette ( ABC ) transporter .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Both STAR1 and STAR2 are expressed mainly in the roots and are specifically induced by Al exposure .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Expression in onion epidermal cells , rice protoplasts , and yeast showed that STAR1 interacts with STAR2 to form a complex that localizes to the vesicle membranes of all root cells , except for those in the epidermal layer of the mature zone .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Furthermore , addition of exogenous UDP-glucose rescued root growth in the star1 mutant exposed to Al These results indicate that STAR1 and STAR2 form a complex that functions as an ABC transporter , which is required for detoxification of Al in rice .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Characterization and fine mapping of the glabrous leaf and hull mutants ( gl1 ) in rice ( Oryza sativa L ) .
| | Author: Li W Wu J Weng S Zhang D Zhang Y Shi C | | Journal: Plant Cell Rep Citation: V : 29 P : 617-27 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20376671 Accession (PMID): 20376671 | | Abstract: The glabrous leaf and hull ( gl1 ) mutants were isolated from M ( 2 ) generation of indica cultivar 93-11 .
These mutants produced smooth leaves and hairless glumes under normal growth conditions .
By analyzing through scanning electron microscope , it was revealed that the leaf trichomes , including macro and micro hairs , were deficient in these mutants .
Genetic analysis indicated that the mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene .
Using nine SSR markers and one InDel marker , the gl1 gene was mapped between RM1200 and RM2010 at the short arm of chromosome 5 , which was consistent with the mapping of gl1 in previous studies .
To facilitate the map-based cloning of the gl1 gene , 12 new InDel markers were developed .
A high-resolution genetic and physical map was constructed by using 1 , 396 mutant individuals of F ( 2 ) mapping population .
Finally , the gl1 was fine mapped in 54-kb region containing 10 annotated genes .
Cloning and sequencing of the target region from four gl1 mutants ( gl1-1 , gl1-2 , gl1-3 and gl1-4 ) and four glabrous rice varieties ( Jackson , Jefferson , Katy and Lemont ) all showed that the same single point mutation ( A-->T ) occurred in the 5-untranslated region ( UTR ) of the locus Os05g0118900 ( corresponding to the 3-UTR of STAR2 ) .
RT-PCR analysis of the locus Os05g0118900 revealed that its mRNA expression level was normal in gl1 mutant .
RNA secondary structure prediction showed that the single point mutation resulted in a striking RNA conformational change .
These results suggest that the single point mutation is most likely responsible for the glabrous leaf and hull phenotypes in rice .
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[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cloning and sequencing of the target region from four gl1 mutants ( gl1-1 , gl1-2 , gl1-3 and gl1-4 ) and four glabrous rice varieties ( Jackson , Jefferson , Katy and Lemont ) all showed that the same single point mutation ( A-->T ) occurred in the 5-untranslated region ( UTR ) of the locus Os05g0118900 ( corresponding to the 3-UTR of STAR2 ) .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Genetic architecture of aluminum tolerance in rice ( Oryza sativa ) determined through genome-wide association analysis and QTL mapping .
| | Author: Famoso AN Zhao K Clark RT Tung CW Wright MH Bustamante C Kochian LV McCouch SR | | Journal: PLoS Genet Citation: V : 7 P : e1002221 Year: 2011 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21829395 Accession (PMID): 21829395 | | Abstract: Aluminum ( Al ) toxicity is a primary limitation to crop productivity on acid soils , and rice has been demonstrated to be significantly more Al tolerant than other cereal crops .
However , the mechanisms of rice Al tolerance are largely unknown , and no genes underlying natural variation have been reported .
We screened 383 diverse rice accessions , conducted a genome-wide association ( GWA ) study , and conducted QTL mapping in two bi-parental populations using three estimates of Al tolerance based on root growth .
Subpopulation structure explained 57% of the phenotypic variation , and the mean Al tolerance in Japonica was twice that of Indica .
Forty-eight regions associated with Al tolerance were identified by GWA analysis , most of which were subpopulation-specific .
Four of these regions co-localized with a priori candidate genes , and two highly significant regions co-localized with previously identified QTLs .
Three regions corresponding to induced Al-sensitive rice mutants ( ART1 , STAR2 , Nrat1 ) were identified through bi-parental QTL mapping or GWA to be involved in natural variation for Al tolerance .
Haplotype analysis around the Nrat1 gene identified susceptible and tolerant haplotypes explaining 40% of the Al tolerance variation within the aus subpopulation , and sequence analysis of Nrat1 identified a trio of non-synonymous mutations predictive of Al sensitivity in our diversity panel .
GWA analysis discovered more phenotype-genotype associations and provided higher resolution , but QTL mapping identified critical rare and/or subpopulation-specific alleles not detected by GWA analysis .
Mapping using Indica/Japonica populations identified QTLs associated with transgressive variation where alleles from a susceptible aus or indica parent enhanced Al tolerance in a tolerant Japonica background .
This work supports the hypothesis that selectively introgressing alleles across subpopulations is an efficient approach for trait enhancement in plant breeding programs and demonstrates the fundamental importance of subpopulation in interpreting and manipulating the genetics of complex traits in rice .
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[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Three regions corresponding to induced Al-sensitive rice mutants ( ART1 , STAR2 , Nrat1 ) were identified through bi-parental QTL mapping or GWA to be involved in natural variation for Al tolerance .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
