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Score: 17.00 |
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| Title: Radicinols and radicinin phytotoxins produced by Alternaria radicina on carrots .
| | Author: Solfrizzo M Vitti C De Girolamo A Visconti A Logrieco A Fanizzi FP .
| | Journal: J Agric .
Food Chem .
Citation: V : 52 ( 11 ) P : 3655-60 Year: 2004 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15161245 Accession (PMID): 15161245 | | Abstract: The phytotoxin epi-radicinol , a diastereomer of radicinol , was isolated from large cultures of Alternaria radicina grown on carrot slices and identified by GC-MS , LC-MS , ( 1 ) H NMR , and ( 13 ) C NMR .
Four strains of A radicina isolated from rotted carrot produced epi-radicinol as the major metabolite ( up to 39414 microg/g ) together with radicinol ( up to 2423 microg/g ) , and , to a lesser extent , radicinin when cultured on carrot slices , whereas on rice they mainly produced radicinin ( 2486-53800 microg/g ) .
Radicinin and epi-radicinol reduced root elongation of germinating carrot seeds at concentrations of 10-20 microg/mL .
Carrot samples naturally infected by A radicina contained detectable quantities of epi-radicinol also in combination with lower levels of radicinin or radicinol .
Accumulation of radicinols and radicinin in stored carrots , either naturally contaminated or artificially inoculated with A radicina , was stimulated by successive temperature rises from 1 to 10 degrees C and from 10 to 20 degrees C , reaching maximum levels of 60 microg/g epi-radicinol and 26 microg/g radicinin .
This is the first report on the production of radicinols by A radicina and its natural occurrence in carrots in association with radicinin .
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[ Sen. 2, subscore: 4.00 ]: Four strains of A radicina isolated from rotted carrot produced epi-radicinol as the major metabolite ( up to 39414 microg/g ) together with radicinol ( up to 2423 microg/g ) , and , to a lesser extent , radicinin when cultured on carrot slices , whereas on rice they mainly produced radicinin ( 2486-53800 microg/g ) .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 4.00 ]: Accumulation of radicinols and radicinin in stored carrots , either naturally contaminated or artificially inoculated with A radicina , was stimulated by successive temperature rises from 1 to 10 degrees C and from 10 to 20 degrees C , reaching maximum levels of 60 microg/g epi-radicinol and 26 microg/g radicinin .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 3.00 ]: Carrot samples naturally infected by A radicina contained detectable quantities of epi-radicinol also in combination with lower levels of radicinin or radicinol .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 3.00 ]: This is the first report on the production of radicinols by A radicina and its natural occurrence in carrots in association with radicinin .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: The phytotoxin epi-radicinol , a diastereomer of radicinol , was isolated from large cultures of Alternaria radicina grown on carrot slices and identified by GC-MS , LC-MS , ( 1 ) H NMR , and ( 13 ) C NMR .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Radicinin and epi-radicinol reduced root elongation of germinating carrot seeds at concentrations of 10-20 microg/mL .
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Score: 11.00 |
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| Title: N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine synthesis in plants : occurrence , molecular composition , and phospholipid origin .
| | Author: Chapman KD Moore TS .
| | Journal: Arch . Biochem . Biophys . Citation: V : 301 ( 1 ) P : 21-33 Year: 1993 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8442663 Accession (PMID): 8442663 | | Abstract: We have identified a microsomal phospholipid as N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine ( NAPE ) that was radiolabeled following incubation of 1-day-old cotyledons of cotton seedlings with [ 14C ] ethanolamine .
Radiolabeled NAPE comigrated with commercially available L-alpha-dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ( N-palmitoyl ) ethanolamine ( std-NAPE ) in one and two-dimensional TLC .
This NAPE comprised 7 . 2 +/- 1 . 0% ( by weight ) of microsomal phospholipids when hot isopropanol was used to inactivate endogenous phospholipases prior to extraction of lipids .
In vitro degradation of putative cottonseed radiolabeled NAPE by Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D resulted in production of a ninhydrin-reactive , radiolabeled lipid which comigrated with N-acylethanolamine ( NAE ) that was produced from a similar enzymatic cleavage of std-NAPE .
Transmethylation of cottonseed radiolabeled NAE yielded radiolabeled ethanolamine and fatty acid methyl esters , nearly all of which were saturated ( myristate , palmitate , and stearate together were 92% of the acyl components of cottonseed NAE ) .
Positional analysis and relative abundance of the O-acyl groups of cottonseed microsomal NAPE were determined following a double enzymatic cleavage with Trimeresurus flavoviridis venom ( phospholipase A2 activity ) and S chromofuscus phospholipase D We substantiated our identification of cottonseed NAPE by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry ( fast-atom-bombardment ionization and tandem MS , FAB-MS/MS ) .
Radiolabeled NAPE was synthesized in vivo in varying amounts from [ 14C ] ethanolamine applied to maturing seeds of cotton and soybean , cotyledons of dark-grown cotton and soybean seedlings , cotyledons of light-grown okra , cotton and soybean seedlings , endosperm it issue of castor bean , and suspension cell cultures of rice .
In pulse-chase radiolabeling experiments in cotyledons of 1-day-old cotton seedlings , radiolabeled NAPE increased and radiolabeled phosphatidylethanolamine ( PE ) decreased over a 12-h chase period ( in the dark or light ) , suggesting that NAPE was synthesized from PE in vivo .
In vitro , the synthesis of NAPE from PE ( radiolabeled in vivo ) proceeded in a linear fashion in microsomes of cotton cotyledons with or without 1 mM EGTA and with or without 1 mM CaCl2 for 90 min .
NAPE was synthesized in vitro from PE synthesized by the exchange pathway ( microsomes preincubated with [ 14C ] ++e+thanolamine ) and from PE synthesized by the nucleotide pathway ( microsomes preincubated with [ 14C ] CDPethanolamine ) .
Collectively , our data indicate that ( a ) NAPE is a widespread , natural phospholipid component of plants , ( b ) NAPE is synthesized in vivo under normal physiological growth conditions in cotyledons of cotton seedlings , ( c ) NAPE is localized and synthesized in cottonseed microsomes , and ( d ) NAPE is likely synthesized by a direct acylation of PE . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 3.00 ]: In pulse-chase radiolabeling experiments in cotyledons of 1-day-old cotton seedlings , radiolabeled NAPE increased and radiolabeled phosphatidylethanolamine ( PE ) decreased over a 12-h chase period ( in the dark or light ) , suggesting that NAPE was synthesized from PE in vivo .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: In vitro degradation of putative cottonseed radiolabeled NAPE by Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D resulted in production of a ninhydrin-reactive , radiolabeled lipid which comigrated with N-acylethanolamine ( NAE ) that was produced from a similar enzymatic cleavage of std-NAPE .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: Transmethylation of cottonseed radiolabeled NAE yielded radiolabeled ethanolamine and fatty acid methyl esters , nearly all of which were saturated ( myristate , palmitate , and stearate together were 92% of the acyl components of cottonseed NAE ) .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: We have identified a microsomal phospholipid as N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine ( NAPE ) that was radiolabeled following incubation of 1-day-old cotyledons of cotton seedlings with [ 14C ] ethanolamine .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Radiolabeled NAPE comigrated with commercially available L-alpha-dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ( N-palmitoyl ) ethanolamine ( std-NAPE ) in one and two-dimensional TLC .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Radiolabeled NAPE was synthesized in vivo in varying amounts from [ 14C ] ethanolamine applied to maturing seeds of cotton and soybean , cotyledons of dark-grown cotton and soybean seedlings , cotyledons of light-grown okra , cotton and soybean seedlings , endosperm it issue of castor bean , and suspension cell cultures of rice .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: In vitro , the synthesis of NAPE from PE ( radiolabeled in vivo ) proceeded in a linear fashion in microsomes of cotton cotyledons with or without 1 mM EGTA and with or without 1 mM CaCl2 for 90 min .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: Radical-scavenging activity of hot water extract of Japanese rice bran--association with phenolic acids .
| | Author: Okai Y Higashi-Okai K | | Journal: J UOEH Citation: V : 28 ( 1 ) P : 1-12 Year: 2006 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16541736 Accession (PMID): 16541736 | | Abstract: A strong radical-scavenging activity against a stable radical compound , 1 , 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl ( DPPH ) was found in the hot water extract of Japanese rice bran .
When the extract was treated with ethanol , a dominant radical-scavenging activity was observed in the ethanol-soluble ( ES ) fraction in a dose-dependent manner , but a weak radical-scavenging activity was detected in the ethanol-precipitable ( EP ) fraction .
Their activities were proportional to the amounts of phenolic substances in each fraction .
The phenolic substances in the ES fraction were efficiently separated by Amberlite XAD column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography using an ODS column .
The four major phenolic acids ( ferulic , para-coumaric , para-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids ) and four minor phenolic acids ( caffeic , gentisic , protocatechuic and syringic acids ) were detected in the HPLC system .
Among these phenolic acids , protocatechuic , caffeic , ferulic and gentisic acids showed relatively strong radical scavenging activities ( EC50 : 8 , 9 , 29 and 75 microM , respectively ) compared with the control antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol ( EC50 : 93 and 134 microM ) .
Para-coumaric , syringic and vanillic acids exhibited weak but significant radical-scavenging activities ( EC50 : 780 , 2640 and 3250 microM ) .
However , para-hydroxybenzoic acid did not show any significant effects even at 5 mM .
Furthermore , a simulated mixture combined with these phenolic acids in comparable amounts in the ES fraction showed slightly weak radical-scavenging activity compared with that of rice bran extract .
However , all the phenolic acids detected in the ES fraction did not show significant antioxidant activities against hydroperoxide generation in lipid peroxidation compared with that of a typical antioxidant such as ascorbic acid , which was estimated by the alminum chloride method .
These results suggest that Japanese rice bran has a potent radical-scavenging activity against DPPH radical and this activity is associated with some phenolic acids in the ES fraction .
The significance of this finding is discussed from the viewpoint of the protective role of rice bran against oxygen radical-induced chronic diseases . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: A strong radical-scavenging activity against a stable radical compound , 1 , 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl ( DPPH ) was found in the hot water extract of Japanese rice bran .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: When the extract was treated with ethanol , a dominant radical-scavenging activity was observed in the ethanol-soluble ( ES ) fraction in a dose-dependent manner , but a weak radical-scavenging activity was detected in the ethanol-precipitable ( EP ) fraction .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: These results suggest that Japanese rice bran has a potent radical-scavenging activity against DPPH radical and this activity is associated with some phenolic acids in the ES fraction .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Among these phenolic acids , protocatechuic , caffeic , ferulic and gentisic acids showed relatively strong radical scavenging activities ( EC50 : 8 , 9 , 29 and 75 microM , respectively ) compared with the control antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol ( EC50 : 93 and 134 microM ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Para-coumaric , syringic and vanillic acids exhibited weak but significant radical-scavenging activities ( EC50 : 780 , 2640 and 3250 microM ) .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Furthermore , a simulated mixture combined with these phenolic acids in comparable amounts in the ES fraction showed slightly weak radical-scavenging activity compared with that of rice bran extract .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: The significance of this finding is discussed from the viewpoint of the protective role of rice bran against oxygen radical-induced chronic diseases .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: Toluene combustion : reaction paths , thermochemical properties , and kinetic analysis for the methylphenyl radical + O2 reaction .
| | Author: da Silva G Chen CC Bozzelli JW | | Journal: J Phys Chem A Citation: V : 111 P : 8663-76 Year: 2007 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17696501 Accession (PMID): 17696501 | | Abstract: Aromatic compounds such as toluene and xylene are major components of many fuels .
Accurate kinetic mechanisms for the combustion of toluene are , however , incomplete , as they do not accurately model experimental results such as strain rates and ignition times and consistently underpredict conversion .
Current kinetic mechanisms for toluene combustion neglect the reactions of the methylphenyl radicals , and we believe that this is responsible , in part , for the shortcomings of these models .
We also demonstrate how methylphenyl radical formation is important in the combustion and pyrolysis of other alkyl-substituted aromatic compounds such as xylene and trimethylbenzene .
We have studied the oxidation reactions of the methylphenyl radicals with O2 using computational ab initio and density functional theory methods .
A detailed reaction submechanism is presented for the 2-methylphenyl radical + O2 system , with 16 intermediates and products .
For each species , enthalpies of formation are calculated using the computational methods G3 and G3B3 , with isodesmic work reactions used to minimize computational errors .
Transition states are calculated at the G3B3 level , yielding high-pressure limit elementary rate constants as a function of temperature .
For the barrierless methylphenyl + O2 and methylphenoxy + O association reactions , rate constants are determined from variational transition state theory .
Multichannel , multifrequency quantum Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel ( qRRK ) theory , with master equation analysis for falloff , provides rate constants as a function of temperature and pressure from 800 to 2400 K and 1 x 10 ( -4 ) to 1 x 10 ( 3 ) atm .
Analysis of our results shows that the dominant pathways for reaction of the three isomeric methylphenyl radicals is formation of methyloxepinoxy radicals and subsequent ring opening to methyl-dioxo-hexadienyl radicals .
The next most important reaction pathway involves formation of methylphenoxy radicals + O in a chain branching process .
At lower temperatures , the formation of stabilized methylphenylperoxy radicals becomes significant .
A further important reaction channel is available only to the 2-methylphenyl isomer , where 6-methylene-2 , 4-cyclohexadiene-1-one ( ortho-quinone methide , o-QM ) is produced via an intramolecular hydrogen transfer from the methyl group to the peroxy radical in 2-methylphenylperoxy , with subsequent loss of OH .
The decomposition of o-QM to benzene + CO reveals a potentially important new pathway for the conversion of toluene to benzene during combustion .
A number of the important products of toluene combustion proposed in this study are known to be precursors of polyaromatic hydrocarbons that are involved in soot formation .
Reactions leading to the important unsaturated oxygenated intermediates identified in this study , and the further reactions of these intermediates , are not included in current aromatic oxidation mechanisms .
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[ Sen. 11, subscore: 3.00 ]: Analysis of our results shows that the dominant pathways for reaction of the three isomeric methylphenyl radicals is formation of methyloxepinoxy radicals and subsequent ring opening to methyl-dioxo-hexadienyl radicals .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Current kinetic mechanisms for toluene combustion neglect the reactions of the methylphenyl radicals , and we believe that this is responsible , in part , for the shortcomings of these models .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: We also demonstrate how methylphenyl radical formation is important in the combustion and pyrolysis of other alkyl-substituted aromatic compounds such as xylene and trimethylbenzene .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: We have studied the oxidation reactions of the methylphenyl radicals with O2 using computational ab initio and density functional theory methods .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: A detailed reaction submechanism is presented for the 2-methylphenyl radical + O2 system , with 16 intermediates and products .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: The next most important reaction pathway involves formation of methylphenoxy radicals + O in a chain branching process .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: At lower temperatures , the formation of stabilized methylphenylperoxy radicals becomes significant .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 1.00 ]: A further important reaction channel is available only to the 2-methylphenyl isomer , where 6-methylene-2 , 4-cyclohexadiene-1-one ( ortho-quinone methide , o-QM ) is produced via an intramolecular hydrogen transfer from the methyl group to the peroxy radical in 2-methylphenylperoxy , with subsequent loss of OH .
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Score: 10.00 |
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| Title: Baseline utilization of breast radiotherapy before institution of the Medicare practice quality reporting initiative .
| | Author: Smith BD Smith GL Roberts KB Buchholz TA | | Journal: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys Citation: V : 74 P : 1506-12 Year: 2009 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19395182 Accession (PMID): 19395182 | | Abstract: PURPOSE : In 2007 , Medicare implemented the Physician Quality Reporting Initiative ( PQRI ) , which provides financial incentives to physicians who report their performance on certain quality measures .
PQRI measure 74 recommends radiotherapy for patients treated with conservative surgery ( CS ) for invasive breast cancer .
As a first step in evaluating the potential impact of this measure , we assessed baseline use of radiotherapy among women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer before implementation of PQRI .
METHODS AND MATERIALS : Using the SEER-Medicare data set , we identified women aged 66-70 diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and treated with CS between 2000 and 2002 .
Treatment with radiotherapy was determined using SEER and claims data .
Multivariate logistic regression tested whether receipt of radiotherapy varied significantly across clinical , pathologic , and treatment covariates .
RESULTS : Of 3 , 674 patients , 94% ( 3 , 445 ) received radiotherapy .
In adjusted analysis , the presence of comorbid illness ( odds ratio [ OR ] 1 . 69 ; 95% confidence interval [ CI ] , 1 . 19-2 . 42 ) and unmarried marital status were associated with omission of radiotherapy ( OR 1 . 65 ; 95% CI , 1 . 22-2 . 20 ) .
In contrast , receipt of chemotherapy was protective against omission of radiotherapy ( OR 0 . 25 ; 95% CI , 0 . 16-0 . 38 ) .
Race and geographic region did not correlate with radiotherapy utilization .
CONCLUSIONS : Utilization of radiotherapy following CS was high for patients treated before institution of PQRI , suggesting that at most 6% of patients could benefit from measure 74 .
Further research is needed to determine whether institution of PQRI will affect radiotherapy utilization .
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[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: PQRI measure 74 recommends radiotherapy for patients treated with conservative surgery ( CS ) for invasive breast cancer .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: As a first step in evaluating the potential impact of this measure , we assessed baseline use of radiotherapy among women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer before implementation of PQRI .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Treatment with radiotherapy was determined using SEER and claims data .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Multivariate logistic regression tested whether receipt of radiotherapy varied significantly across clinical , pathologic , and treatment covariates .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : Of 3 , 674 patients , 94% ( 3 , 445 ) received radiotherapy .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: In adjusted analysis , the presence of comorbid illness ( odds ratio [ OR ] 1 . 69 ; 95% confidence interval [ CI ] , 1 . 19-2 . 42 ) and unmarried marital status were associated with omission of radiotherapy ( OR 1 . 65 ; 95% CI , 1 . 22-2 . 20 ) .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: In contrast , receipt of chemotherapy was protective against omission of radiotherapy ( OR 0 . 25 ; 95% CI , 0 . 16-0 . 38 ) .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Race and geographic region did not correlate with radiotherapy utilization .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSIONS : Utilization of radiotherapy following CS was high for patients treated before institution of PQRI , suggesting that at most 6% of patients could benefit from measure 74 .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: Further research is needed to determine whether institution of PQRI will affect radiotherapy utilization .
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