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Score: 19.00 |
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| Title: Prediction of a glucose appearance function from foods using deconvolution .
| | Author: Yates TL Fletcher LR .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 17 ( 2 ) P : 169-84 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10994512 Accession (PMID): 10994512 | | Abstract: The glycaemic response of an insulin-treated diabetic patient goes through many transitory phases , leading to a steady state glycaemic profile following a change in either insulin regimen or diet .
Most models attempting to model the glucose and insulin relationship try to model the effect of oral or injected glucose rather than that from the digestion of food .
However , it is clear that a better understanding of the glycaemic response would arise from consideration of intestinal absorption from the gut .
It is assumed that this type of absorption can be modelled by a so-called glucose appearance function ( systemic appearance of glucose via glucose absorption from the gut ) predicting the glucose load from the food .
Much research has been carried out in the areas of hepatic balance , insulin absorption and insulin independent/dependent utilization .
However , little is known about intestinal absorption patterns or their corresponding glucose appearance profiles .
The strategy under investigation herein is to use deconvolution or backward engineering .
By starting with specific results ie blood glucose and insulin therapy , it is possible to work backwards to predict the glucose forcing functions responsible for the outcome .
Assuming compartmental consistency , this will allow a clearer insight into the true gut absorption process .
If successful , the same strategy can be applied to more recent glucose and insulin models to further our understanding of the food to blood glucose problem .
This paper investigates the Lehmann-Deutsch modified model of glucose and insulin interaction , created from the model proposed by Berger-Rodbard .
The model attempts to simulate the steady state glycaemic and plasma insulin responses , independent of the initial values from which the simulation is started .
Glucose enters the model via both intestinal absorption and hepatic glucose production .
We considered a 70 kg male insulin-dependent diabetic patient with corresponding hepatic and insulin sensitivity parameters of 0 . 6 and 0 . 3 respectively .
Net hepatic glucose balance was modelled piecewise by linear and symmetric functions .
A first-order Euler method with step size of 15 minutes was employed .
For the simulation , only Actrapid and NPH injections were considered .
The injection of insulin and the glucose flux to the gut were started simultaneously to avoid any delay associated with gastric emptying .
The systemic appearance of glucose was compared from two view points , not only to assess the strategic principle , but also to assess the suitability of the modifications made by Lehmann and Deutsch .
The first is a forward prediction using the compartmental structure .
This analysis involves the rate of gastric emptying without time delay .
The second is a backward prediction from experimentally observed blood glucose profiles .
Investigations involved porridge , white rice and banana containing the same carbohydrate content ( 25 g ) .
Results obtained from the first analysis were dependent on the rate of gastric emptying , especially its ascending and descending branches .
Results from the second analysis were dependent on the dose and type of insulin administered .
Both predicted profiles showed consistency with physiological reasoning , although it became apparent that such solutions could be unstable .
Furthermore , both types of prediction were similar in structure and appearance , especially in simulations for porridge and banana .
This emphasized the consistency and suitability of both analyses when investigating the compartmental accuracy and limitations within a model .
The new strategic approach was deemed a success within the model , and the modifications made by Lehmann and Deutsch appropriate .
We suggest that a gastric emptying curve with a possible gastric delay is the way forward in regulating the appearance of glucose via gut absorption .
The Lehmann-Deutsch gastric curve is described by either a trapezoidal or triangular function dependent on the carbohydrate cont | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 4.00 ]: It is assumed that this type of absorption can be modelled by a so-called glucose appearance function ( systemic appearance of glucose via glucose absorption from the gut ) predicting the glucose load from the food .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: Most models attempting to model the glucose and insulin relationship try to model the effect of oral or injected glucose rather than that from the digestion of food .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: By starting with specific results ie blood glucose and insulin therapy , it is possible to work backwards to predict the glucose forcing functions responsible for the outcome .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 2.00 ]: If successful , the same strategy can be applied to more recent glucose and insulin models to further our understanding of the food to blood glucose problem .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 2.00 ]: Glucose enters the model via both intestinal absorption and hepatic glucose production .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , little is known about intestinal absorption patterns or their corresponding glucose appearance profiles .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: This paper investigates the Lehmann-Deutsch modified model of glucose and insulin interaction , created from the model proposed by Berger-Rodbard .
[ Sen. 15, subscore: 1.00 ]: Net hepatic glucose balance was modelled piecewise by linear and symmetric functions .
[ Sen. 18, subscore: 1.00 ]: The injection of insulin and the glucose flux to the gut were started simultaneously to avoid any delay associated with gastric emptying .
[ Sen. 19, subscore: 1.00 ]: The systemic appearance of glucose was compared from two view points , not only to assess the strategic principle , but also to assess the suitability of the modifications made by Lehmann and Deutsch .
[ Sen. 22, subscore: 1.00 ]: The second is a backward prediction from experimentally observed blood glucose profiles .
[ Sen. 30, subscore: 1.00 ]: We suggest that a gastric emptying curve with a possible gastric delay is the way forward in regulating the appearance of glucose via gut absorption .
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Score: 16.00 |
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| Title: Differential high-affinity interaction of dectin-1 with natural or synthetic glucans is dependent upon primary structure and is influenced by polymer chain length and side-chain branching .
| | Author: Adams EL Rice PJ Graves B Ensley HE Yu H Brown GD Gordon S Monteiro MA Papp-Szabo E Lowman DW Power TD Wempe MF Williams DL | | Journal: J Pharmacol Exp Ther Citation: V : 325 P : 115-23 Year: 2008 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18171906 Accession (PMID): 18171906 | | Abstract: Glucans are structurally diverse fungal biopolymers that stimulate innate immunity and are fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns .
Dectin-1 is a C-type lectin-like pattern recognition receptor that binds glucans and induces innate immune responses to fungal pathogens .
We examined the effect of glucan structure on recognition and binding by murine recombinant Dectin-1 with a library of natural product and synthetic ( 1-->3 ) -beta/ ( 1-->6 ) -beta-glucans as well as nonglucan polymers .
Dectin-1 is highly specific for glucans with a pure ( 1-->3 ) -beta-linked backbone structure .
Although Dectin-1 is highly specific for ( 1-->3 ) -beta-d-glucans , it does not recognize all glucans equally .
Dectin-1 differentially interacted with ( 1-->3 ) -beta-d-glucans over a very wide range of binding affinities ( 2 . 6 mM-2 . 2 pM ) .
One of the most striking observations that emerged from this study was the remarkable high-affinity interaction of Dectin-1 with certain glucans ( 2 . 2 pM ) .
These data also demonstrated that synthetic glucan ligands interact with Dectin-1 and that binding affinity increased in synthetic glucans containing a single glucose side-chain branch .
We also observed differential recognition of glucans derived from saprophytes and pathogens .
We found that glucan derived from a saprophytic yeast was recognized with higher affinity than glucan derived from the pathogen Candida albicans .
Structural analysis demonstrated that glucan backbone chain length and ( 1-->6 ) -beta side-chain branching strongly influenced Dectin-1 binding affinity .
These data demonstrate : 1 ) the specificity of Dectin-1 for glucans ; 2 ) that Dectin-1 differentiates between glucan ligands based on structural determinants ; and 3 ) that Dectin-1 can recognize and interact with both natural product and synthetic glucan ligands .
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[ Sen. 8, subscore: 3.00 ]: These data also demonstrated that synthetic glucan ligands interact with Dectin-1 and that binding affinity increased in synthetic glucans containing a single glucose side-chain branch .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 3.00 ]: These data demonstrate : 1 ) the specificity of Dectin-1 for glucans ; 2 ) that Dectin-1 differentiates between glucan ligands based on structural determinants ; and 3 ) that Dectin-1 can recognize and interact with both natural product and synthetic glucan ligands .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 2.00 ]: We found that glucan derived from a saprophytic yeast was recognized with higher affinity than glucan derived from the pathogen Candida albicans .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Glucans are structurally diverse fungal biopolymers that stimulate innate immunity and are fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Dectin-1 is a C-type lectin-like pattern recognition receptor that binds glucans and induces innate immune responses to fungal pathogens .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: We examined the effect of glucan structure on recognition and binding by murine recombinant Dectin-1 with a library of natural product and synthetic ( 1-->3 ) -beta/ ( 1-->6 ) -beta-glucans as well as nonglucan polymers .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Dectin-1 is highly specific for glucans with a pure ( 1-->3 ) -beta-linked backbone structure .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although Dectin-1 is highly specific for ( 1-->3 ) -beta-d-glucans , it does not recognize all glucans equally .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: One of the most striking observations that emerged from this study was the remarkable high-affinity interaction of Dectin-1 with certain glucans ( 2 . 2 pM ) .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: We also observed differential recognition of glucans derived from saprophytes and pathogens .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Structural analysis demonstrated that glucan backbone chain length and ( 1-->6 ) -beta side-chain branching strongly influenced Dectin-1 binding affinity .
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Score: 14.00 |
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| Title: Measurement of monosaccharides and conversion of glucose to acetate in anoxic rice field soil | | Author: Chidthaisong A Rosenstock B Conrad R | | Journal: Citation: V : 65 ( 6 ) P : 2350-5 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10347012 Accession (PMID): 10347012 | | Abstract: Degradation of glucose has been implicated in acetate production in rice field soil , but the abundance of glucose , the temporal change of glucose turnover , and the relationship between glucose and acetate catabolism are not well understood .
We therefore measured the pool sizes of glucose and acetate in rice field soil and investigated the turnover of [ U-14C ] glucose and [ 2-14C ] acetate .
Acetate accumulated up to about 2 mM during days 5 to 10 after flooding of the soil .
Subsequently , methanogenesis started and the acetate concentration decreased to about 100 to 200 &mgr ; M Glucose always made up >50% of the total monosaccharides detected .
Glucose concentrations decreased during the first 10 days from 90 &mgr ; M initially to about 3 &mgr ; M after 40 days of incubation .
With the exception at day 0 when glucose consumption was slow , the glucose turnover time was in the range of minutes , while the acetate turnover time was in the range of hours .
Anaerobic degradation of [ U-14C ] glucose released [ 14C ] acetate and 14CO2 as the main products , with [ 14C ] acetate being released faster than 14CO2 .
The products of [ 2-14C ] acetate metabolism , on the other hand , were 14CO2 during the reduction phase of soil incubation ( days 0 to 15 ) and 14CH4 during the methanogenic phase ( after day 15 ) .
Except during the accumulation period of acetate ( days 5 to 10 ) , approximately 50 to 80% of the acetate consumed was produced from glucose catabolism .
However , during the accumulation period of acetate , the rate of acetate production from glucose greatly exceeded that of acetate consumption .
Under steady-state conditions , up to 67% of the CH4 was produced from acetate , of which up to 56% was produced from glucose degradation .
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[ Sen. 1, subscore: 4.00 ]: Degradation of glucose has been implicated in acetate production in rice field soil , but the abundance of glucose , the temporal change of glucose turnover , and the relationship between glucose and acetate catabolism are not well understood .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: We therefore measured the pool sizes of glucose and acetate in rice field soil and investigated the turnover of [ U-14C ] glucose and [ 2-14C ] acetate .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: With the exception at day 0 when glucose consumption was slow , the glucose turnover time was in the range of minutes , while the acetate turnover time was in the range of hours .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Subsequently , methanogenesis started and the acetate concentration decreased to about 100 to 200 &mgr ; M Glucose always made up >50% of the total monosaccharides detected .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Glucose concentrations decreased during the first 10 days from 90 &mgr ; M initially to about 3 &mgr ; M after 40 days of incubation .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Anaerobic degradation of [ U-14C ] glucose released [ 14C ] acetate and 14CO2 as the main products , with [ 14C ] acetate being released faster than 14CO2 .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Except during the accumulation period of acetate ( days 5 to 10 ) , approximately 50 to 80% of the acetate consumed was produced from glucose catabolism .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , during the accumulation period of acetate , the rate of acetate production from glucose greatly exceeded that of acetate consumption .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Under steady-state conditions , up to 67% of the CH4 was produced from acetate , of which up to 56% was produced from glucose degradation .
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Score: 14.00 |
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| Title: Hydrolysis and absorption of glucose polymers from rice compared with corn in chronic diarrhea of infancy .
| | Author: Sloven DG Jirapinyo P Lebenthal E | | Journal: J Pediatr .
Citation: V : 116 ( 6 ) P : 876-81 Year: 1990 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1693396 Accession (PMID): 1693396 | | Abstract: Because rice remains the most available carbohydrate in developing countries , where chronic diarrhea is most prevalent , we compared the in vitro hydrolysis and clinical tolerance of rice glucose polymer with those of corn glucose polymer .
Rice glucose polymer hydrolysis to D-glucose and short-chain polymers ( polymers with two to four glucose units and those with five or more units ) was similar to that for corn glucose polymers during incubation with saliva or duodenal aspirates .
However , rice glucose polymers yielded more short-chain products than corn glucose polymers during incubation with pooled mucosal homogenates ( p less than 0 . 01 ) .
In vivo tolerance testing of 16 infants with chronic diarrhea confirmed that rice glucose polymers were well tolerated and , compared with corn glucose polymers , achieved a higher maximal increase of serum glucose concentration ( 36 . 6 +/- 7 . 3 vs 27 . 6 +/- 10 . 3 mg/dl ; p less than 0 . 02 ) , a shorter time to peak serum glucose concentration ( 34 . 0 +/- 10 . 2 vs 52 . 5 +/- 25 . 7 minutes ; p less than 0 . 02 ) , and a greater area under the serum glucose response curve at 30 minutes ( 538 +/- 131 vs 1035 +/- 501 cm ; p less than 0 . 02 ) .
We conclude that rice glucose polymers are rapidly hydrolyzed in vitro and in vivo and are more rapidly absorbed than are corn glucose polymers in children with chronic diarrhea . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 5.00 ]: In vivo tolerance testing of 16 infants with chronic diarrhea confirmed that rice glucose polymers were well tolerated and , compared with corn glucose polymers , achieved a higher maximal increase of serum glucose concentration ( 36 . 6 +/- 7 . 3 vs 27 . 6 +/- 10 . 3 mg/dl ; p less than 0 . 02 ) , a shorter time to peak serum glucose concentration ( 34 . 0 +/- 10 . 2 vs 52 . 5 +/- 25 . 7 minutes ; p less than 0 . 02 ) , and a greater area under the serum glucose response curve at 30 minutes ( 538 +/- 131 vs 1035 +/- 501 cm ; p less than 0 . 02 ) .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: Rice glucose polymer hydrolysis to D-glucose and short-chain polymers ( polymers with two to four glucose units and those with five or more units ) was similar to that for corn glucose polymers during incubation with saliva or duodenal aspirates .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Because rice remains the most available carbohydrate in developing countries , where chronic diarrhea is most prevalent , we compared the in vitro hydrolysis and clinical tolerance of rice glucose polymer with those of corn glucose polymer .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: However , rice glucose polymers yielded more short-chain products than corn glucose polymers during incubation with pooled mucosal homogenates ( p less than 0 . 01 ) .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: We conclude that rice glucose polymers are rapidly hydrolyzed in vitro and in vivo and are more rapidly absorbed than are corn glucose polymers in children with chronic diarrhea .
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Score: 14.00 |
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| Title: Carbohydrate fermentation decreases hepatic glucose output in healthy subjects .
| | Author: Thorburn A Muir J Proietto J | | Journal: Metab . Clin . Exp . Citation: V : 42 ( 6 ) P : 780-5 Year: 1993 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8510524 Accession (PMID): 8510524 | | Abstract: Fermentation of undigested carbohydrate produces short-chain fatty acids ( SCFA ) , some of which have been shown to reduce hepatic glucose production ( HGP ) in animals .
The aim of this study was to examine whether carbohydrate fermentation decreases HGP in man .
Ten healthy subjects consumed 90-g carbohydrate portions of either brown rice or barley for dinner in random order 1 week apart .
The following morning , glucose kinetics were measured basally and during an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) .
HGP was calculated as the difference between the total rate of glucose appearance ( calculated from % enrichment of 6 , 6 dideuterated glucose [ 6 , 6 D2 glucose ] ) and the rate of appearance of gut-derived glucose ( calculated from 6-3H glucose in the glucose drink ) .
To detect fermentation , breath H2 content was measured by end-expiratory sampling of alveolar air .
Significantly more breath H2 was produced after barley consumption ( 24 +/- 4 v 4 +/- 1 ppm , P < . 001 ) , indicating that barley contains more fermentable carbohydrate than rice .
Glucose tolerance improved after the barley meal , with the peak OGTT plasma glucose concentration being 0 . 7 mmol/L lower than that after the rice meal ( 7 . 7 +/- 0 . 4 v 8 . 4 +/- 0 . 3 mmol/L , P < . 05 ) .
This was primarily due to a 30% reduction in HGP ( area under the curve , 909 +/- 116 v 1 , 295 +/- 157 mumol/kg ; P < . 01 ) .
No difference in the rates of glucose disappearance or gut glucose absorption was observed .
However , serum free fatty acid ( FFA ) concentrations were significantly reduced the morning after the barley meal In summary , carbohydrate fermentation enhances the suppression of HGP and FFA levels by oral glucose in man . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS ) | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 6.00 ]: HGP was calculated as the difference between the total rate of glucose appearance ( calculated from % enrichment of 6 , 6 dideuterated glucose [ 6 , 6 D2 glucose ] ) and the rate of appearance of gut-derived glucose ( calculated from 6-3H glucose in the glucose drink ) .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: The following morning , glucose kinetics were measured basally and during an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: Glucose tolerance improved after the barley meal , with the peak OGTT plasma glucose concentration being 0 . 7 mmol/L lower than that after the rice meal ( 7 . 7 +/- 0 . 4 v 8 . 4 +/- 0 . 3 mmol/L , P < . 05 ) .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 2.00 ]: No difference in the rates of glucose disappearance or gut glucose absorption was observed .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Fermentation of undigested carbohydrate produces short-chain fatty acids ( SCFA ) , some of which have been shown to reduce hepatic glucose production ( HGP ) in animals .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , serum free fatty acid ( FFA ) concentrations were significantly reduced the morning after the barley meal In summary , carbohydrate fermentation enhances the suppression of HGP and FFA levels by oral glucose in man . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS )
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