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Score: 19.00 |
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| Title: A rice gid1 suppressor mutant reveals that gibberellin is not always required for interaction between its receptor , GID1 , and DELLA proteins .
| | Author: Yamamoto Y Hirai T Yamamoto E Kawamura M Sato T Kitano H Matsuoka M Ueguchi-Tanaka M | | Journal: Plant Cell Citation: V : 22 P : 3589-602 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21098733 Accession (PMID): 21098733 | | Abstract: To investigate gibberellin ( GA ) signaling using the rice ( Oryza sativa ) GA receptor GIBBERELLIN-INSENSITIVE DWARF1 ( GID1 ) mutant gid1-8 , we isolated a suppressor mutant , Suppressor of gid1-1 ( Sgd-1 ) .
Sgd-1 is an intragenic mutant containing the original gid1-8 mutation ( L45F ) and an additional amino acid substitution ( P99S ) in the loop region .
GID1 ( P99S ) interacts with the rice DELLA protein SLENDER RICE1 ( SLR1 ) , even in the absence of GA .
Substitution of the 99th Pro with other amino acids revealed that substitution with Ala ( P99A ) caused the highest level of GA-independent interaction .
Physicochemical analysis using surface plasmon resonance revealed that GID1 ( P99A ) has smaller K ( a ) ( association ) and K ( d ) ( dissociation ) values for GA ( 4 ) than does wild-type GID1 .
This suggests that the GID1 ( P99A ) lid is at least partially closed , resulting in both GA-independent and GA-hypersensitive interactions with SLR1 .
One of the three Arabidopsis thaliana GID1s , At GID1b , can also interact with DELLA proteins in the absence of GA , so we investigated whether GA-independent interaction of At GID1b depends on a mechanism similar to that of rice GID1 ( P99A ) .
Substitution of the loop region or a few amino acids of At GID1b with those of At GID1a diminished its GA-independent interaction with GAI while maintaining the GA-dependent interaction .
Soybean ( Glycine max ) and Brassica napus also have GID1s similar to At GID1b , indicating that these unique GID1s occur in various dicots and may have important functions in these plants .
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[ Sen. 1, subscore: 5.00 ]: To investigate gibberellin ( GA ) signaling using the rice ( Oryza sativa ) GA receptor GIBBERELLIN-INSENSITIVE DWARF1 ( GID1 ) mutant gid1-8 , we isolated a suppressor mutant , Suppressor of gid1-1 ( Sgd-1 ) .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 4.00 ]: One of the three Arabidopsis thaliana GID1s , At GID1b , can also interact with DELLA proteins in the absence of GA , so we investigated whether GA-independent interaction of At GID1b depends on a mechanism similar to that of rice GID1 ( P99A ) .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 3.00 ]: Soybean ( Glycine max ) and Brassica napus also have GID1s similar to At GID1b , indicating that these unique GID1s occur in various dicots and may have important functions in these plants .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: Physicochemical analysis using surface plasmon resonance revealed that GID1 ( P99A ) has smaller K ( a ) ( association ) and K ( d ) ( dissociation ) values for GA ( 4 ) than does wild-type GID1 .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: Substitution of the loop region or a few amino acids of At GID1b with those of At GID1a diminished its GA-independent interaction with GAI while maintaining the GA-dependent interaction .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sgd-1 is an intragenic mutant containing the original gid1-8 mutation ( L45F ) and an additional amino acid substitution ( P99S ) in the loop region .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: GID1 ( P99S ) interacts with the rice DELLA protein SLENDER RICE1 ( SLR1 ) , even in the absence of GA .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: This suggests that the GID1 ( P99A ) lid is at least partially closed , resulting in both GA-independent and GA-hypersensitive interactions with SLR1 .
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Score: 17.00 |
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| Title: The GID1-mediated gibberellin perception mechanism is conserved in the Lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii but not in the Bryophyte Physcomitrella patens .
| | Author: Hirano K Nakajima M Asano K Nishiyama T Sakakibara H Kojima M Katoh E Xiang H Tanahashi T Hasebe M Banks JA Ashikari M Kitano H Ueguchi-Tanaka M Matsuoka M | | Journal: Plant Cell Citation: V : 19 P : 3058-79 Year: 2007 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17965273 Accession (PMID): 17965273 | | Abstract: In rice ( Oryza sativa ) and Arabidopsis thaliana , gibberellin ( GA ) signaling is mediated by GIBBERELLIN-INSENSITIVE DWARF1 ( GID1 ) and DELLA proteins in collaboration with a GA-specific F-box protein .
To explore when plants evolved the ability to perceive GA by the GID1/DELLA pathway , we examined these GA signaling components in the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii and the bryophyte Physcomitrella patens .
An in silico search identified several homologs of GID1 , DELLA , and GID2 , a GA-specific F-box protein in rice , in both species .
Sm GID1a and Sm GID1b , GID1 proteins from S moellendorffii , showed GA binding activity in vitro and interacted with DELLA proteins from S moellendorffii in a GA-dependent manner in yeast Introduction of constitutively expressed Sm GID1a , Sm G1D1b , and Sm GID2a transgenes rescued the dwarf phenotype of rice gid1 and gid2 mutants .
Furthermore , treatment with GA ( 4 ) , a major GA in S moellendorffii , caused downregulation of Sm GID1b , Sm GA20 oxidase , and Sm GA3 oxidase and degradation of the Sm DELLA1 protein .
These results demonstrate that the homologs of GID1 , DELLA , and GID2 work in a similar manner in S moellendorffii and in flowering plants .
Biochemical studies revealed that Sm GID1s have different GA binding properties from GID1s in flowering plants .
No evidence was found for the functional conservation of these genes in P patens , indicating that GID1/DELLA-mediated GA signaling , if present , differs from that in vascular plants .
Our results suggest that GID1/DELLA-mediated GA signaling appeared after the divergence of vascular plants from the moss lineage .
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[ Sen. 4, subscore: 7.00 ]: Sm GID1a and Sm GID1b , GID1 proteins from S moellendorffii , showed GA binding activity in vitro and interacted with DELLA proteins from S moellendorffii in a GA-dependent manner in yeast Introduction of constitutively expressed Sm GID1a , Sm G1D1b , and Sm GID2a transgenes rescued the dwarf phenotype of rice gid1 and gid2 mutants .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 3.00 ]: In rice ( Oryza sativa ) and Arabidopsis thaliana , gibberellin ( GA ) signaling is mediated by GIBBERELLIN-INSENSITIVE DWARF1 ( GID1 ) and DELLA proteins in collaboration with a GA-specific F-box protein .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: An in silico search identified several homologs of GID1 , DELLA , and GID2 , a GA-specific F-box protein in rice , in both species .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: These results demonstrate that the homologs of GID1 , DELLA , and GID2 work in a similar manner in S moellendorffii and in flowering plants .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: Biochemical studies revealed that Sm GID1s have different GA binding properties from GID1s in flowering plants .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Furthermore , treatment with GA ( 4 ) , a major GA in S moellendorffii , caused downregulation of Sm GID1b , Sm GA20 oxidase , and Sm GA3 oxidase and degradation of the Sm DELLA1 protein .
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Score: 15.00 |
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| Title: Molecular interactions of a soluble gibberellin receptor , GID1 , with a rice DELLA protein , SLR1 , and gibberellin .
| | Author: Ueguchi-Tanaka M Nakajima M Katoh E Ohmiya H Asano K Saji S Hongyu X Ashikari M Kitano H Yamaguchi I Matsuoka M | | Journal: Plant Cell Citation: V : 19 P : 2140-55 Year: 2007 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17644730 Accession (PMID): 17644730 | | Abstract: GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 ( GID1 ) encodes a soluble gibberellin ( GA ) receptor that shares sequence similarity with a hormone-sensitive lipase ( HSL ) .
Previously , a yeast two-hybrid ( Y2H ) assay revealed that the GID1-GA complex directly interacts with SLENDER RICE1 ( SLR1 ) , a DELLA repressor protein in GA signaling .
Here , we demonstrated , by pull-down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation ( BiFC ) experiments , that the GA-dependent GID1-SLR1 interaction also occurs in planta .
GA ( 4 ) was found to have the highest affinity to GID1 in Y2H assays and is the most effective form of GA in planta .
Domain analyses of SLR1 using Y2H , gel filtration , and BiFC methods revealed that the DELLA and TVHYNP domains of SLR1 are required for the GID1-SLR1 interaction .
To identify the important regions of GID1 for GA and SLR1 interactions , we used many different mutant versions of GID1 , such as the spontaneous mutant GID1s , N and C-terminal truncated GID1s , and mutagenized GID1 proteins with conserved amino acids replaced with Ala .
The amino acid residues important for SLR1 interaction completely overlapped the residues required for GA binding that were scattered throughout the GID1 molecule .
When we plotted these residues on the GID1 structure predicted by analogy with HSL tertiary structure , many residues were located at regions corresponding to the substrate binding pocket and lid .
Furthermore , the GA-GID1 interaction was stabilized by SLR1 .
Based on these observations , we proposed a molecular model for interaction between GA , GID1 , and SLR1 .
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[ Sen. 6, subscore: 5.00 ]: To identify the important regions of GID1 for GA and SLR1 interactions , we used many different mutant versions of GID1 , such as the spontaneous mutant GID1s , N and C-terminal truncated GID1s , and mutagenized GID1 proteins with conserved amino acids replaced with Ala .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 3.00 ]: GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 ( GID1 ) encodes a soluble gibberellin ( GA ) receptor that shares sequence similarity with a hormone-sensitive lipase ( HSL ) .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Previously , a yeast two-hybrid ( Y2H ) assay revealed that the GID1-GA complex directly interacts with SLENDER RICE1 ( SLR1 ) , a DELLA repressor protein in GA signaling .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Here , we demonstrated , by pull-down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation ( BiFC ) experiments , that the GA-dependent GID1-SLR1 interaction also occurs in planta .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: GA ( 4 ) was found to have the highest affinity to GID1 in Y2H assays and is the most effective form of GA in planta .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Domain analyses of SLR1 using Y2H , gel filtration , and BiFC methods revealed that the DELLA and TVHYNP domains of SLR1 are required for the GID1-SLR1 interaction .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The amino acid residues important for SLR1 interaction completely overlapped the residues required for GA binding that were scattered throughout the GID1 molecule .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: When we plotted these residues on the GID1 structure predicted by analogy with HSL tertiary structure , many residues were located at regions corresponding to the substrate binding pocket and lid .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Based on these observations , we proposed a molecular model for interaction between GA , GID1 , and SLR1 .
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Score: 15.00 |
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| Title: Characterization of the molecular mechanism underlying gibberellin perception complex formation in rice .
| | Author: Hirano K Asano K Tsuji H Kawamura M Mori H Kitano H Ueguchi-Tanaka M Matsuoka M | | Journal: Plant Cell Citation: V : 22 P : 2680-96 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20716699 Accession (PMID): 20716699 | | Abstract: The DELLA protein SLENDER RICE1 ( SLR1 ) is a repressor of gibberellin ( GA ) signaling in rice ( Oryza sativa ) , and most of the GA-associated responses are induced upon SLR1 degradation .
It is assumed that interaction between GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 ( GID1 ) and the N-terminal DELLA/TVHYNP motif of SLR1 triggers F-box protein GID2-mediated SLR1 degradation .
We identified a semidominant dwarf mutant , Slr1-d4 , which contains a mutation in the region encoding the C-terminal GRAS domain of SLR1 ( SLR1 ( G576V ) ) .
The GA-dependent degradation of SLR1 ( G576V ) was reduced in Slr1-d4 , and compared with SLR1 , SLR1 ( G576V ) showed reduced interaction with GID1 and almost none with GID2 when tested in yeast cells .
Surface plasmon resonance of GID1-SLR1 and GID1-SLR1 ( G576V ) interactions revealed that the GRAS domain of SLR1 functions to stabilize the GID1-SLR1 interaction by reducing its dissociation rate and that the G576V substitution in SLR1 diminishes this stability .
These results suggest that the stable interaction of GID1-SLR1 through the GRAS domain is essential for the recognition of SLR1 by GID2 .
We propose that when the DELLA/TVHYNP motif of SLR1 binds with GID1 , it enables the GRAS domain of SLR1 to interact with GID1 and that the stable GID1-SLR1 complex is efficiently recognized by GID2 .
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[ Sen. 7, subscore: 4.00 ]: We propose that when the DELLA/TVHYNP motif of SLR1 binds with GID1 , it enables the GRAS domain of SLR1 to interact with GID1 and that the stable GID1-SLR1 complex is efficiently recognized by GID2 .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 3.00 ]: It is assumed that interaction between GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 ( GID1 ) and the N-terminal DELLA/TVHYNP motif of SLR1 triggers F-box protein GID2-mediated SLR1 degradation .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 3.00 ]: Surface plasmon resonance of GID1-SLR1 and GID1-SLR1 ( G576V ) interactions revealed that the GRAS domain of SLR1 functions to stabilize the GID1-SLR1 interaction by reducing its dissociation rate and that the G576V substitution in SLR1 diminishes this stability .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: The GA-dependent degradation of SLR1 ( G576V ) was reduced in Slr1-d4 , and compared with SLR1 , SLR1 ( G576V ) showed reduced interaction with GID1 and almost none with GID2 when tested in yeast cells .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: These results suggest that the stable interaction of GID1-SLR1 through the GRAS domain is essential for the recognition of SLR1 by GID2 .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The DELLA protein SLENDER RICE1 ( SLR1 ) is a repressor of gibberellin ( GA ) signaling in rice ( Oryza sativa ) , and most of the GA-associated responses are induced upon SLR1 degradation .
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Score: 15.00 |
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| Title: Calculating meal glycemic index by using measured and published food values compared with directly measured meal glycemic index | | Author: Dodd H Williams S Brown R Venn B | | Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Citation: V : 94 P : 992-6 Year: 2011 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21831990 Accession (PMID): 21831990 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Glycemic index ( GI ) testing is normally based on individual foods , whereas GIs for meals or diets are based on a formula using a weighted sum of the constituents .
The accuracy with which the formula can predict a meal or diet GI is questionable .
OBJECTIVE : Our objective was to compare the GI of meals , obtained by using the formula and by using both measured food GI and published values , with directly measured meal GIs .
DESIGN : The GIs of 7 foods were tested in 30 healthy people .
The foods were combined into 3 meals , each of which provided 50 g available carbohydrate , including a staple ( potato , rice , or spaghetti ) , vegetables , sauce , and pan-fried chicken .
RESULTS : The mean ( 95% CI ) meal GIs determined from individual food GI values and by direct measurement were as follows : potato meal [ predicted , 63 ( 56 , 70 ) ; measured , 53 ( 46 , 62 ) ] , rice meal [ predicted , 51 ( 45 , 56 ) ; measured , 38 ( 33 , 45 ) ] , and spaghetti meal [ predicted , 54 ( 49 , 60 ) ; measured , 38 ( 33 , 44 ) ] .
The predicted meal GIs were all higher than the measured GIs ( P < 0 . 001 ) .
The extent of the overestimation depended on the particular food , ie , 12 , 15 , and 19 GI units ( or 22% , 40% , and 50% ) for the potato , rice , and spaghetti meals , respectively .
CONCLUSIONS : The formula overestimated the GI of the meals by between 22% and 50% .
The use of published food values also overestimated the measured meal GIs .
Investigators using the formula to calculate a meal or diet GI should be aware of limitations in the method .
This trial is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12611000210976 .
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[ Sen. 3, subscore: 3.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : Our objective was to compare the GI of meals , obtained by using the formula and by using both measured food GI and published values , with directly measured meal GIs .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: BACKGROUND : Glycemic index ( GI ) testing is normally based on individual foods , whereas GIs for meals or diets are based on a formula using a weighted sum of the constituents .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: RESULTS : The mean ( 95% CI ) meal GIs determined from individual food GI values and by direct measurement were as follows : potato meal [ predicted , 63 ( 56 , 70 ) ; measured , 53 ( 46 , 62 ) ] , rice meal [ predicted , 51 ( 45 , 56 ) ; measured , 38 ( 33 , 45 ) ] , and spaghetti meal [ predicted , 54 ( 49 , 60 ) ; measured , 38 ( 33 , 44 ) ] .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: The predicted meal GIs were all higher than the measured GIs ( P < 0 . 001 ) .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The accuracy with which the formula can predict a meal or diet GI is questionable .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: DESIGN : The GIs of 7 foods were tested in 30 healthy people .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The extent of the overestimation depended on the particular food , ie , 12 , 15 , and 19 GI units ( or 22% , 40% , and 50% ) for the potato , rice , and spaghetti meals , respectively .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSIONS : The formula overestimated the GI of the meals by between 22% and 50% .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: The use of published food values also overestimated the measured meal GIs .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Investigators using the formula to calculate a meal or diet GI should be aware of limitations in the method .
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