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Score: 21.00 |
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| Title: Density-mediated , context-dependent consumer-resource interactions between ants and extrafloral nectar plants .
| | Author: Chamberlain SA Holland JN | | Journal: Ecology Citation: V : 89 P : 1364-74 Year: 2008 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18543629 Accession (PMID): 18543629 | | Abstract: Interspecific interactions are often mediated by the interplay between resource supply and consumer density .
The supply of a resource and a consumers density response to it may in turn yield context-dependent use of other resources .
Such consumer-resource interactions occur not only for predator-prey and competitive interactions , but for mutualistic ones as well .
For example , consumer-resource interactions between ants and extrafloral nectar ( EFN ) plants are often mutualistic , as EFN resources attract and reward ants which protect plants from herbivory .
Yet , ants also commonly exploit floral resources , leading to antagonistic consumer-resource interactions by disrupting pollination and plant reproduction .
EFN resources associated with mutualistic ant-plant interactions may also mediate antagonistic ant-flower interactions through the aggregative density response of ants on plants , which could either exacerbate ant-flower interactions or alternatively satiate and distract ants from floral resources .
In this study , we examined how EFN resources mediate the density response of ants on senita cacti in the Sonoran Desert and their context-dependent use of floral resources .
Removal of EFN resources reduced the aggregative density of ants on plants , both on hourly and daily time scales .
Yet , the increased aggregative ant density on plants with EFN resources decreased rather than increased ant use of floral resources , including contacts with and time spent in flowers .
Behavioral assays showed no confounding effect of floral deterrents on ant-flower interactions .
Thus , ant use of floral resources depends on the supply of EFN resources , which mediates the potential for both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions by increasing the aggregative density of ants protecting plants , while concurrently distracting ants from floral resources .
Nevertheless , only certain years and populations of study showed an increase in plant reproduction through herbivore protection or ant distraction from floral resources .
Despite pronounced effects of EFN resources mediating the aggregative density of ants on plants and their context-dependent use of floral resources , consumer-resource interactions remained largely commensalistic .
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[ Sen. 6, subscore: 6.00 ]: EFN resources associated with mutualistic ant-plant interactions may also mediate antagonistic ant-flower interactions through the aggregative density response of ants on plants , which could either exacerbate ant-flower interactions or alternatively satiate and distract ants from floral resources .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 4.00 ]: Thus , ant use of floral resources depends on the supply of EFN resources , which mediates the potential for both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions by increasing the aggregative density of ants protecting plants , while concurrently distracting ants from floral resources .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: For example , consumer-resource interactions between ants and extrafloral nectar ( EFN ) plants are often mutualistic , as EFN resources attract and reward ants which protect plants from herbivory .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: Yet , ants also commonly exploit floral resources , leading to antagonistic consumer-resource interactions by disrupting pollination and plant reproduction .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 2.00 ]: Yet , the increased aggregative ant density on plants with EFN resources decreased rather than increased ant use of floral resources , including contacts with and time spent in flowers .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this study , we examined how EFN resources mediate the density response of ants on senita cacti in the Sonoran Desert and their context-dependent use of floral resources .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Removal of EFN resources reduced the aggregative density of ants on plants , both on hourly and daily time scales .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Behavioral assays showed no confounding effect of floral deterrents on ant-flower interactions .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: Nevertheless , only certain years and populations of study showed an increase in plant reproduction through herbivore protection or ant distraction from floral resources .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Despite pronounced effects of EFN resources mediating the aggregative density of ants on plants and their context-dependent use of floral resources , consumer-resource interactions remained largely commensalistic .
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Score: 16.00 |
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| Title: Anti-peptide antibody production elicited by in vitro immunization of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells .
| | Author: Tamura T Tomimatsu K Katakura Y Yamashita M Matsumoto SE Aiba Y Jung YS Abe Y Fujiki T Teruya K Shirahata S | | Journal: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem Citation: V : 71 P : May-71 Year: 2007 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18071242 Accession (PMID): 18071242 | | Abstract: Human monoclonal antibodies have great potential for use in the treatment of various diseases .
We have established an in vitro immunization protocol for inducing antigen-specific antibody production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) .
In the in vitro immunization protocol , PBMCs are pretreated with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester ( LLME ) to remove suppressive cells , and are sensitized and cultured with a soluble antigen in the presence of IL-2 , IL-4 and muramyl dipeptide for 8 d , and then an antigen-specific antibody is produced .
In this study , we examined the novel possibility of an in vitro immunization protocol , specifically , whether LLME-treated PBMCs can be sensitized with a peptide antigen to produce an anti-peptide antibody .
The results indicate that antigen-specific immune responses were elicited by a peptide antigen derived from rice allergen , a cholera toxin B subunit , and TNF-alpha as a sensitizing antigen in in vitro immunization .
These results suggest that the in vitro immunization protocol is applicable in the generation of an anti-peptide antibody against various antigens , including food allergens , foreign antigens , and self-antigens .
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[ Sen. 6, subscore: 4.00 ]: These results suggest that the in vitro immunization protocol is applicable in the generation of an anti-peptide antibody against various antigens , including food allergens , foreign antigens , and self-antigens .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 3.00 ]: In the in vitro immunization protocol , PBMCs are pretreated with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester ( LLME ) to remove suppressive cells , and are sensitized and cultured with a soluble antigen in the presence of IL-2 , IL-4 and muramyl dipeptide for 8 d , and then an antigen-specific antibody is produced .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 3.00 ]: In this study , we examined the novel possibility of an in vitro immunization protocol , specifically , whether LLME-treated PBMCs can be sensitized with a peptide antigen to produce an anti-peptide antibody .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 3.00 ]: The results indicate that antigen-specific immune responses were elicited by a peptide antigen derived from rice allergen , a cholera toxin B subunit , and TNF-alpha as a sensitizing antigen in in vitro immunization .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: We have established an in vitro immunization protocol for inducing antigen-specific antibody production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Human monoclonal antibodies have great potential for use in the treatment of various diseases .
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Score: 16.00 |
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| Title: Identification of Babesia bovis merozoite antigens separated by continuous-flow electrophoresis that stimulate proliferation of helper T-cell clones derived from B bovis-immune cattle .
| | Author: Brown WC Logan KS Zhao S Bergman DK Rice-Ficht AC .
| | Journal: Infect . Immun . Citation: V : 63 ( 8 ) P : 3106-16 Year: 1995 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub7622238 Accession (PMID): 7622238 | | Abstract: To characterize Babesia bovis merozoite antigens that stimulate anamnestic T helper ( Th ) -cell responses from B bovis-immune cattle , B bovis-specific Th-cell lines and clones , previously assigned to different antigenic groups ( W C Brown , S Zhao , A C Rice-Ficht , K S Logan , and V M Woods , Infect . Immun . 60 : 4364-4372 , 1992 ) , were tested in proliferation assays against fractionated merozoite antigens .
The antigenic groups were determined by the patterns of response of Th clones to different parasite isolates and soluble or membrane forms of merozoite antigen .
Soluble antigen fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography or gel filtration by using fast-performance liquid chromatography resolved two or three antigenic peaks , respectively .
To enable fractionation of membrane-associated proteins and to resolve more precisely the proteins present in homogenized merozoites , a novel technique of continuous-flow electrophoresis was employed .
Merozoite membranes or whole merozoites were homogenized and solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate-sample buffer , electrophoresed under reducing conditions on 15% or 10% acrylamide gels , eluted , and collected as fractions .
Individual fractions were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tested for the ability to stimulate Babesia-specific CD4+ T-cell lines and clones .
CD4+ Th-cell lines from two cattle displayed differential patterns of reactivity and detected numerous peaks of antigenic activity , ranging from < 14 to 76 kDa .
Th-cell clones previously categorized into different antigenic groups detected antigenic peaks unique for clones representative of a given group .
Antigens of 29 , 51 to 52 , and 85 to 95 kDa ( group I ) , 40 kDa ( group III ) , 20 kDa ( group IV ) , 58 to 60 kDa ( group VI ) , and 38 , 45 , and 83 kDa ( group VII ) were identified in the stimulatory fractions .
Immunization of rabbits with selected fractions produced a panel of antisera that reacted specifically on Western blots ( immunoblots ) with merozoite antigens of similar sizes , leading to the tentative identification of candidate antigens of B bovis merozoites with molecular masses of 20 , 40 , 44 , 51 to 52 or 95 , and 58 to 60 kDa that stimulate proliferation of Th clones representative of five different antigenic groups .
These antisera may be useful for isolating recombinant proteins that are immunogenic for Th cells of immune cattle and therefore potentially useful for vaccine development .
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[ Sen. 10, subscore: 4.00 ]: Immunization of rabbits with selected fractions produced a panel of antisera that reacted specifically on Western blots ( immunoblots ) with merozoite antigens of similar sizes , leading to the tentative identification of candidate antigens of B bovis merozoites with molecular masses of 20 , 40 , 44 , 51 to 52 or 95 , and 58 to 60 kDa that stimulate proliferation of Th clones representative of five different antigenic groups .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 3.00 ]: To characterize Babesia bovis merozoite antigens that stimulate anamnestic T helper ( Th ) -cell responses from B bovis-immune cattle , B bovis-specific Th-cell lines and clones , previously assigned to different antigenic groups ( W C Brown , S Zhao , A C Rice-Ficht , K S Logan , and V M Woods , Infect . Immun . 60 : 4364-4372 , 1992 ) , were tested in proliferation assays against fractionated merozoite antigens .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: The antigenic groups were determined by the patterns of response of Th clones to different parasite isolates and soluble or membrane forms of merozoite antigen .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: Soluble antigen fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography or gel filtration by using fast-performance liquid chromatography resolved two or three antigenic peaks , respectively .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: Th-cell clones previously categorized into different antigenic groups detected antigenic peaks unique for clones representative of a given group .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: CD4+ Th-cell lines from two cattle displayed differential patterns of reactivity and detected numerous peaks of antigenic activity , ranging from < 14 to 76 kDa .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Antigens of 29 , 51 to 52 , and 85 to 95 kDa ( group I ) , 40 kDa ( group III ) , 20 kDa ( group IV ) , 58 to 60 kDa ( group VI ) , and 38 , 45 , and 83 kDa ( group VII ) were identified in the stimulatory fractions .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: These antisera may be useful for isolating recombinant proteins that are immunogenic for Th cells of immune cattle and therefore potentially useful for vaccine development .
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Score: 15.00 |
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| Title: Alterations of food antigen-specific serum immunoglobulins G and E antibodies in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia .
| | Author: Zuo XL Li YQ Li WJ Guo YT Lu XF Li JM Desmond PV | | Journal: Clin Exp Allergy Citation: V : 37 P : 823-30 Year: 2007 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17517095 Accession (PMID): 17517095 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Post-prandial worsening of symptoms as well as adverse reactions to one or more foods are common in the patients with functional gastrointestinal diseases , such as irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) and functional dyspepsia ( FD ) .
However , the role played by true food allergy in the pathogenesis of these diseases is still controversial and there are no well-established tests to identify food allergy in this condition .
OBJECTIVE : To investigate serum food antigen-specific IgG , IgE antibody and total IgE antibody titres in controls and patients with IBS and FD , and to correlate symptoms with the food antigen-specific IgG titres in IBS and FD patients .
METHODS : Thirty-seven IBS patients , 28 FD patients and 20 healthy controls participated in this study .
Serum IgG and IgE antibody titres to 14 common foods including beef , chicken , codfish , corn , crab , eggs , mushroom , milk , pork , rice , shrimp , soybean , tomatoes and wheat were analysed by ELISA .
Serum total IgE titres were also measured .
Last , symptomatology was assessed in the study .
Results IBS patients had significantly higher titres of IgG antibody to crab ( P=0 . 000 ) , egg ( P=0 . 000 ) , shrimp ( P=0 . 000 ) , soybean ( P=0 . 017 ) and wheat ( P=0 . 004 ) than controls .
FD patients had significantly higher titres of IgG antibody to egg ( P=0 . 000 ) and soybean ( P=0 . 017 ) than controls .
The percentage of individuals with detectable positive food antigen-specific IgE antibodies of the three groups did not show any significant differences ( P=0 . 971 ) .
There were no significant differences between IBS patients , FD patients and controls in the serum total IgE antibody titres ( P=0 . 978 ) .
Lastly , no significant correlation was seen between symptom severity and serum food antigen-specific IgG antibody titres both in IBS and FD patients .
CONCLUSION : Serum IgG antibody titres to some common foods increased in IBS and FD patients compared to controls .
But there is no significant correlation between symptom severity and elevated serum food antigen-specific IgG antibodies in these patients .
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[ Sen. 3, subscore: 4.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : To investigate serum food antigen-specific IgG , IgE antibody and total IgE antibody titres in controls and patients with IBS and FD , and to correlate symptoms with the food antigen-specific IgG titres in IBS and FD patients .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 2.00 ]: The percentage of individuals with detectable positive food antigen-specific IgE antibodies of the three groups did not show any significant differences ( P=0 . 971 ) .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 2.00 ]: Lastly , no significant correlation was seen between symptom severity and serum food antigen-specific IgG antibody titres both in IBS and FD patients .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 2.00 ]: But there is no significant correlation between symptom severity and elevated serum food antigen-specific IgG antibodies in these patients .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Serum IgG and IgE antibody titres to 14 common foods including beef , chicken , codfish , corn , crab , eggs , mushroom , milk , pork , rice , shrimp , soybean , tomatoes and wheat were analysed by ELISA .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Results IBS patients had significantly higher titres of IgG antibody to crab ( P=0 . 000 ) , egg ( P=0 . 000 ) , shrimp ( P=0 . 000 ) , soybean ( P=0 . 017 ) and wheat ( P=0 . 004 ) than controls .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: FD patients had significantly higher titres of IgG antibody to egg ( P=0 . 000 ) and soybean ( P=0 . 017 ) than controls .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: There were no significant differences between IBS patients , FD patients and controls in the serum total IgE antibody titres ( P=0 . 978 ) .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSION : Serum IgG antibody titres to some common foods increased in IBS and FD patients compared to controls .
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Score: 15.00 |
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| Title: Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of black rice bran of different commercially available varieties .
| | Author: Zhang MW Zhang RF Zhang FX Liu RH | | Journal: J Agric Food Chem Citation: V : 58 P : 7580-7 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20521821 Accession (PMID): 20521821 | | Abstract: Increased consumption of whole grains has been associated with reduced risk of developing major chronic diseases .
These health benefits have been attributed in part to their unique phytochemicals .
Previous studies on black rice mainly focused on anthocyanins .
Little is known about the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of different black rice varieties .
The objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of rice bran samples from 12 diverse varieties of black rice .
The free , bound , and total phenolic contents of black rice bran samples ranged from 2086 to 7043 , from 221 . 2 to 382 . 7 , and from 2365 to 7367 mg of gallic acid equiv/100 g of dry weight ( DW ) , respectively .
The percentage contribution of free phenolics to the total ranged from 88 . 2 to 95 . 6% .
The average values of free , bound , and total phenolic contents of black rice bran were 8 , 1 . 5 , and 6 times higher than those of white rice bran , respectively ( p < 0 . 05 ) .
The free , bound , and total flavonoid contents of black rice bran samples ranged from 3462 to 12061 , from 126 . 7 to 386 . 9 , and from 3596 to 12448 mg of catechin equiv/100 g of DW , respectively .
The percentage contribution of free flavonoids to the total ranged from 96 . 3 to 97 . 6% .
The average values of free , bound , and total flavonoid contents of black rice bran were 7 . 4 , 1 . 9 , and 6 . 7 times higher than those of white rice bran , respectively ( p < 0 . 05 ) .
The free , bound , and total anthocyanin contents of black rice bran samples ranged from 1227 to 5096 , from 4 . 89 to 8 . 23 , and from 1231 to 5101 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside equiv/100 g of DW , respectively .
The percentage contribution of free anthocyanins to the total ranged from 99 . 5 to 99 . 9% .
Cyanidin-3-glucoside , cyanidin-3-rutinoside , and peonidin-3-glucoside were detected in black rice bran samples and ranged from 736 . 6 to 2557 , from 22 . 70 to 96 . 62 , and from 100 . 7 to 534 . 2 mg/100 g of DW , respectively .
The free , bound , and total antioxidant activities of black rice bran samples ranged from 476 . 9 to 180 , from 47 . 91 to 79 . 48 , and from 537 . 5 to 1876 mumol of Trolox equiv/g of DW , respectively .
The percentage contribution of free antioxidant activity to the total ranged from 88 . 7 to 96 . 0% .
The average values of free , bound , and total antioxidant activity of black rice bran were more than 8 , 1 . 5 , and 6 times higher than those of white rice bran , respectively ( p < 0 . 05 ) .
The total antioxidant activity of black rice bran was correlated to the content of total phenolics , total flavonoids , and total anthocyanins and also was significantly correlated to the contents of cyanidin-3-glucoside , cyanidin-3-rutinoside , and peonidin-3-glucoside .
These results indicate that there are significant differences in phytochemical content and antioxidant activity among the different black rice varieties .
Black rice bran has higher content of phenolics , flavonoids , and anthocyanins and has higher antioxidant activity when compared to white rice bran .
Interestingly , the phenolics , flavonoids , and anthocyanins of black rice bran are mainly present in free form .
Knowing the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of black rice bran gives insights to its potential application to promote health .
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[ Sen. 18, subscore: 2.00 ]: The total antioxidant activity of black rice bran was correlated to the content of total phenolics , total flavonoids , and total anthocyanins and also was significantly correlated to the contents of cyanidin-3-glucoside , cyanidin-3-rutinoside , and peonidin-3-glucoside .
[ Sen. 20, subscore: 2.00 ]: Black rice bran has higher content of phenolics , flavonoids , and anthocyanins and has higher antioxidant activity when compared to white rice bran .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Previous studies on black rice mainly focused on anthocyanins .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Little is known about the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of different black rice varieties .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of rice bran samples from 12 diverse varieties of black rice .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: The free , bound , and total anthocyanin contents of black rice bran samples ranged from 1227 to 5096 , from 4 . 89 to 8 . 23 , and from 1231 to 5101 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside equiv/100 g of DW , respectively .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: The percentage contribution of free anthocyanins to the total ranged from 99 . 5 to 99 . 9% .
[ Sen. 15, subscore: 1.00 ]: The free , bound , and total antioxidant activities of black rice bran samples ranged from 476 . 9 to 180 , from 47 . 91 to 79 . 48 , and from 537 . 5 to 1876 mumol of Trolox equiv/g of DW , respectively .
[ Sen. 16, subscore: 1.00 ]: The percentage contribution of free antioxidant activity to the total ranged from 88 . 7 to 96 . 0% .
[ Sen. 17, subscore: 1.00 ]: The average values of free , bound , and total antioxidant activity of black rice bran were more than 8 , 1 . 5 , and 6 times higher than those of white rice bran , respectively ( p < 0 . 05 ) .
[ Sen. 19, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results indicate that there are significant differences in phytochemical content and antioxidant activity among the different black rice varieties .
[ Sen. 21, subscore: 1.00 ]: Interestingly , the phenolics , flavonoids , and anthocyanins of black rice bran are mainly present in free form .
[ Sen. 22, subscore: 1.00 ]: Knowing the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of black rice bran gives insights to its potential application to promote health .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
