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| Title: Treatment of acute lateral ankle ligament rupture in the athlete .
Conservative versus surgical treatment .
| | Author: Lynch SA Renstrm PA .
| | Citation: V : 27 ( 1 ) P : 61-71 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10028133 Accession (PMID): 10028133 | | Abstract: Acute lateral ankle ligament sprains are common in young athletes ( 15 to 35 years of age ) .
Diagnostic and treatment protocols vary .
Therapies range from cast immobilisation or acute surgical repair to functional rehabilitation .
The lateral ligament complex includes 3 capsular ligaments : the anterior tibiofibular ( ATFL ) , calcaneofibular ( CFL ) and posterior talofibular ( PTFL ) ligaments .
Injuries typically occur during plantar flexion and inversion ; the ATFL is most commonly torn .
The CFL and the PTFL can also be injured and , after severe inversion , subtalar joint ligaments are also affected .
Commonly , an athlete with a lateral ankle ligament sprain reports having rolled over the outside of their ankle .
The entire ankle and foot must be examined to ensure there are no other injuries .
Clinical stability tests for ligamentous disruption include the anterior drawer test of ATFL function and inversion tilt test of both ATFL and CFL function .
Radiographs may rule out treatable fractures in severe injuries or when pain or tenderness are not associated with lateral ligaments .
Stress radiographs do not affect treatment .
Ankle sprains are classified from grades I to III ( mild , moderate or severe ) .
Grade I and II injuries recover quickly with nonoperative management .
A non-operative functional treatment programme includes immediate use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression , elevation ) , a short period of immobilisation and protection with a tape or bandage , and early range of motion , weight-bearing and neuromuscular training exercises .
Proprioceptive training on a tilt board after 3 to 4 weeks helps improve balance and neuromuscular control of the ankle .
Treatment for grade III injuries is more controversial A comprehensive literature evaluation and meta-analysis showed that early functional treatment provided the fastest recovery of ankle mobility and earliest return to work and physical activity without affecting late mechanical stability .
Functional treatment was complication-free , whereas surgery had serious , though infrequent , complications .
Functional treatment produced no more sequelae than casting with or without surgical repair .
Secondary surgical repair , even years after an injury , has results comparable to those of primary repair , so even competitive athletes can receive initial conservative treatment .
Sequelae of lateral ligament injuries are common .
After conservative or surgical treatment , 10 to 30% of patients have chronic symptoms , including persistent synovitis or tendinitis , ankle stiffness , swelling , pain , muscle weakness and giving-way .
Well-designed physical therapy programmes usually reduce instability .
For individuals with chronic instability refractory to conservative measures , surgery may be needed .
Subtalar instability should be carefully evaluated when considering surgery .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Acute lateral ankle ligament sprains are common in young athletes ( 15 to 35 years of age ) . Diagnostic and treatment protocols vary . Therapies range from cast immobilisation or acute surgical repair to functional rehabilitation . The lateral ligament complex includes 3 capsular ligaments : the anterior tibiofibular ( ATFL ) , calcaneofibular ( CFL ) and posterior talofibular ( PTFL ) ligaments . Injuries typically occur during plantar flexion and inversion ; the ATFL is most commonly torn . The CFL and the PTFL can also be injured and , after severe inversion , subtalar joint ligaments are also affected . Commonly , an athlete with a lateral ankle ligament sprain reports having rolled over the outside of their ankle . The entire ankle and foot must be examined to ensure there are no other injuries . Clinical stability tests for ligamentous disruption include the anterior drawer test of ATFL function and inversion tilt test of both ATFL and CFL function . Radiographs may rule out treatable fractures in severe injuries or when pain or tenderness are not associated with lateral ligaments .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Acute lateral ankle ligament sprains are common in young athletes ( 15 to 35 years of age ) . Diagnostic and treatment protocols vary . Therapies range from cast immobilisation or acute surgical repair to functional rehabilitation . The lateral ligament complex includes 3 capsular ligaments : the anterior tibiofibular ( ATFL ) , calcaneofibular ( CFL ) and posterior talofibular ( PTFL ) ligaments . Injuries typically occur during plantar flexion and inversion ; the ATFL is most commonly torn . The CFL and the PTFL can also be injured and , after severe inversion , subtalar joint ligaments are also affected . Commonly , an athlete with a lateral ankle ligament sprain reports having rolled over the outside of their ankle . The entire ankle and foot must be examined to ensure there are no other injuries . Clinical stability tests for ligamentous disruption include the anterior drawer test of ATFL function and inversion tilt test of both ATFL and CFL function . Radiographs may rule out treatable fractures in severe injuries or when pain or tenderness are not associated with lateral ligaments . Stress radiographs do not affect treatment . Ankle sprains are classified from grades I to III ( mild , moderate or severe ) . Grade I and II injuries recover quickly with nonoperative management . A non-operative functional treatment programme includes immediate use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression , elevation ) , a short period of immobilisation and protection with a tape or bandage , and early range of motion , weight-bearing and neuromuscular training exercises . Proprioceptive training on a tilt board after 3 to 4 weeks helps improve balance and neuromuscular control of the ankle . Treatment for grade III injuries is more controversial A comprehensive literature evaluation and meta-analysis showed that early functional treatment provided the fastest recovery of ankle mobility and earliest return to work and physical activity without affecting late mechanical stability .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: Therapies range from cast immobilisation or acute surgical repair to functional rehabilitation . The lateral ligament complex includes 3 capsular ligaments : the anterior tibiofibular ( ATFL ) , calcaneofibular ( CFL ) and posterior talofibular ( PTFL ) ligaments . Injuries typically occur during plantar flexion and inversion ; the ATFL is most commonly torn . The CFL and the PTFL can also be injured and , after severe inversion , subtalar joint ligaments are also affected . Commonly , an athlete with a lateral ankle ligament sprain reports having rolled over the outside of their ankle . The entire ankle and foot must be examined to ensure there are no other injuries . Clinical stability tests for ligamentous disruption include the anterior drawer test of ATFL function and inversion tilt test of both ATFL and CFL function . Radiographs may rule out treatable fractures in severe injuries or when pain or tenderness are not associated with lateral ligaments . Stress radiographs do not affect treatment . Ankle sprains are classified from grades I to III ( mild , moderate or severe ) . Grade I and II injuries recover quickly with nonoperative management . A non-operative functional treatment programme includes immediate use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression , elevation ) , a short period of immobilisation and protection with a tape or bandage , and early range of motion , weight-bearing and neuromuscular training exercises . Proprioceptive training on a tilt board after 3 to 4 weeks helps improve balance and neuromuscular control of the ankle . Treatment for grade III injuries is more controversial A comprehensive literature evaluation and meta-analysis showed that early functional treatment provided the fastest recovery of ankle mobility and earliest return to work and physical activity without affecting late mechanical stability . Functional treatment was complication-free , whereas surgery had serious , though infrequent , complications . Functional treatment produced no more sequelae than casting with or without surgical repair . Secondary surgical repair , even years after an injury , has results comparable to those of primary repair , so even competitive athletes can receive initial conservative treatment . Sequelae of lateral ligament injuries are common . After conservative or surgical treatment , 10 to 30% of patients have chronic symptoms , including persistent synovitis or tendinitis , ankle stiffness , swelling , pain , muscle weakness and giving-way .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Human semen quality in relation to dietary pesticide exposure and organic diet .
| | Author: Juhler RK Larsen SB Meyer O Jensen ND SpanEM Giwercman A Bonde JP .
| | Citation: V : 37 ( 3 ) P : 415-23 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10473800 Accession (PMID): 10473800 | | Abstract: The objective of the study was to corroborate or refute the hypothesis that farmers having a high intake of organic grown commodities have a high semen quality due to their expected lower level of dietary pesticides intake .
Food frequency data and semen were collected from 256 farmers ( 171 traditional farmers and 85 organic farmers , overall participation rate : 32% ) who were selected from central registers .
Each farmer delivered one semen sample before the spraying season started .
The farmers were divided into three groups where the commodities from organic production contributed no ( N , 0% ) , medium ( M , 1-49% ) , or a high ( H , 50-100% ) proportion of the fruit and vegetables consumed .
Farmers having a high relative intake of organically grown fruit and vegetables also had a high relative consumption of organically produced meat , milk , and bread , and differences were observed comparing the actual mean intake of single commodities , such as rice , potato , and pork meat .
The current individual dietary intake of 40 pesticides was estimated using food frequencies and generalized serving size data in combination with data on pesticide concentrations in food commodities as obtained from the National Danish Food Monitoring Program .
The estimated pesticide intake was significantly lower among farmers of group H , but for all three groups of farmers the average dietary intake of 40 pesticides was at or below 1% of the acceptable daily intake ( ADI ) except for the dithiocarbamates ( max = 0 . 21 microg/kg day = 2 . 2% ADI ) , methidathion , ( max = 0 . 01 microg/kg day = 1 . 4% ADI ) , and 2-phenylphenol ( max = 0 . 21 microg/kg day = 1 . 1% ADI ) .
The median sperm concentration for the three groups of farmers was not significantly different ( p = 0 . 40 , median sperm concentration was N = 62 , M = 44 , and H = 75 million/ml ) .
The group of men without organic food intake had a significant lower proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa , but in relation to 14 other semen parameters no significant differences were found between the groups .
Intake of 40 individual pesticides was correlated with four semen parameters ( concentration , percentage dead spermatozoa , percentage normal sperm heads , and motility [ VCL ] ) .
Five significant correlations ( p value 0 . 01 ) were found among the 160 comparisons in relation to percentage dead spermatozoa : azinphos-methyl , carbaryl , chlorfenson , fenitrothion , and tetradifon .
For all of them a lower percentage of dead spermatozoa were found in the groups with a high dietary intake of the specific pesticide .
In contrast , for all pesticides evaluated only minor differences were found between the groups when considering spermatozoa concentration , morphology , and motility .
In conclusion , the estimated dietary intake of 40 pesticides did not entail a risk of impaired semen quality , but precautions should be taken when generalizing this negative result to populations with a higher dietary exposure level or an intake of other groups of pesticides .
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[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The objective of the study was to corroborate or refute the hypothesis that farmers having a high intake of organic grown commodities have a high semen quality due to their expected lower level of dietary pesticides intake . Food frequency data and semen were collected from 256 farmers ( 171 traditional farmers and 85 organic farmers , overall participation rate : 32% ) who were selected from central registers . Each farmer delivered one semen sample before the spraying season started . The farmers were divided into three groups where the commodities from organic production contributed no ( N , 0% ) , medium ( M , 1-49% ) , or a high ( H , 50-100% ) proportion of the fruit and vegetables consumed . Farmers having a high relative intake of organically grown fruit and vegetables also had a high relative consumption of organically produced meat , milk , and bread , and differences were observed comparing the actual mean intake of single commodities , such as rice , potato , and pork meat . The current individual dietary intake of 40 pesticides was estimated using food frequencies and generalized serving size data in combination with data on pesticide concentrations in food commodities as obtained from the National Danish Food Monitoring Program . The estimated pesticide intake was significantly lower among farmers of group H , but for all three groups of farmers the average dietary intake of 40 pesticides was at or below 1% of the acceptable daily intake ( ADI ) except for the dithiocarbamates ( max = 0 . 21 microg/kg day = 2 . 2% ADI ) , methidathion , ( max = 0 . 01 microg/kg day = 1 . 4% ADI ) , and 2-phenylphenol ( max = 0 . 21 microg/kg day = 1 . 1% ADI ) . The median sperm concentration for the three groups of farmers was not significantly different ( p = 0 . 40 , median sperm concentration was N = 62 , M = 44 , and H = 75 million/ml ) . The group of men without organic food intake had a significant lower proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa , but in relation to 14 other semen parameters no significant differences were found between the groups . Intake of 40 individual pesticides was correlated with four semen parameters ( concentration , percentage dead spermatozoa , percentage normal sperm heads , and motility [ VCL ] ) . Five significant correlations ( p value 0 . 01 ) were found among the 160 comparisons in relation to percentage dead spermatozoa : azinphos-methyl , carbaryl , chlorfenson , fenitrothion , and tetradifon . For all of them a lower percentage of dead spermatozoa were found in the groups with a high dietary intake of the specific pesticide .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Prediction of pesticide concentrations in the atmosphere using an atmospheric diffusion model ( linear source plume model ) .
| | Author: Watanabe T | | Citation: V : 40 ( 1 ) P : 79-90 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10665448 Accession (PMID): 10665448 | | Abstract: The foundational model to predict concentration of pesticides in the atmosphere outside of the sprayed area was developed using the results of measured concentration in the atmosphere , in reference to the atmospheric diffusion model utilized for the air pollution prediction model .
The atmospheric diffusion model assumes that the applied area was a topographically flat farmland , that wind direction and wind speeds were constant , and the pesticide was constantly discharged from the emission line sources .
Therefore the linear source plume model ( LSPLM ) was developed .
The concentration in the atmosphere was predicted by assigning the property of the pesticides and various conditions of measurements of the model , and compared with the measured them , then the adaptability of the model was examined .
As a result , the correlation between the measured value and the predicted value in paddy and forested areas was significant ( P < 0 . 01 ) although deviations in the order of tens were observed , the measured value and the predicted value were generally in agreement . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The foundational model to predict concentration of pesticides in the atmosphere outside of the sprayed area was developed using the results of measured concentration in the atmosphere , in reference to the atmospheric diffusion model utilized for the air pollution prediction model . The atmospheric diffusion model assumes that the applied area was a topographically flat farmland , that wind direction and wind speeds were constant , and the pesticide was constantly discharged from the emission line sources . Therefore the linear source plume model ( LSPLM ) was developed . The concentration in the atmosphere was predicted by assigning the property of the pesticides and various conditions of measurements of the model , and compared with the measured them , then the adaptability of the model was examined . As a result , the correlation between the measured value and the predicted value in paddy and forested areas was significant ( P < 0 . 01 ) although deviations in the order of tens were observed , the measured value and the predicted value were generally in agreement .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Opening of Rice Floret in Rapid Response to Methyl Jasmonate .
| | Author: Zeng X Zhou X Zhang W Murofushi N Kitahara T Kamuro Y | | Citation: V : 18 ( 4 ) P : 153-158 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10688703 Accession (PMID): 10688703 | | Abstract: Effects of methyl jasmonate ( MeJA ) on rice floret opening were investigated in seven cultivars or hybrid combinations covering various variety types .
Intact or excised panicles , judged to have florets just before anthesis , were soaked in 4 x 10 ( -5 ) - 4 x 10 ( -3 ) M MeJA solutions for 2 min at different temperatures .
The results indicated that MeJA significantly induced opening of rice florets within about 30 min , with the most rapid induction occurring just 6 min after treatment .
Numbers of induced opening florets are correlated with MeJA concentrations .
Higher concentrations of MeJA induced more florets . pH values had no influence on MeJA effect , but MeJA required less time and induced more florets at 34 degrees C than at 25 degrees C As far as we know , this is the first evidence that floret opening is induced by plant hormones .
CO ( 2 ) evolution from panicles was also increased by MeJA treatment .
Field experiments revealed that perfect flowering synchrony between the cytoplasmic male sterile ( CMS ) and restorer lines in hybrid seed production could be obtained by spraying MeJA solution on CMS line plants at the rate of 25 mg/m ( 2 ) .
As a result , many more hybrid seeds were harvested .
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[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Effects of methyl jasmonate ( MeJA ) on rice floret opening were investigated in seven cultivars or hybrid combinations covering various variety types . Intact or excised panicles , judged to have florets just before anthesis , were soaked in 4 x 10 ( -5 ) - 4 x 10 ( -3 ) M MeJA solutions for 2 min at different temperatures . The results indicated that MeJA significantly induced opening of rice florets within about 30 min , with the most rapid induction occurring just 6 min after treatment . Numbers of induced opening florets are correlated with MeJA concentrations . Higher concentrations of MeJA induced more florets . pH values had no influence on MeJA effect , but MeJA required less time and induced more florets at 34 degrees C than at 25 degrees C As far as we know , this is the first evidence that floret opening is induced by plant hormones . CO ( 2 ) evolution from panicles was also increased by MeJA treatment . Field experiments revealed that perfect flowering synchrony between the cytoplasmic male sterile ( CMS ) and restorer lines in hybrid seed production could be obtained by spraying MeJA solution on CMS line plants at the rate of 25 mg/m ( 2 ) . As a result , many more hybrid seeds were harvested .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: The stability of ascorbic acid microencapsulated in granules of rice starch and in gum arabic .
| | Author: Trindade MA Grosso CR .
| | Citation: V : 17 ( 2 ) P : 169-76 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10738692 Accession (PMID): 10738692 | | Abstract: Ascorbic acid ( AA ) was microencapsulated by spray drying , using gum arabic and rice starch as covering materials .
The AA was dissolved in solutions of the wall material prior to processing .
For the rice starch , gelatin was used as a binding agent and recovery was effected with calcium pectate .
The morphology of the materials was analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy , it thus being possible to verify the formation and evaluate the structural characteristics of the microcapsules .
The capsules produced with gum arabic were smaller ( d50% = 8 . 0 microns ) and with a multimode particle size distribution , whilst uncovered starch capsules containing 1-2% gelatin presented a distribution mainly in the range of 5-40 microns .
The capsules recovered with calcium pectate had average diameters 10-15 times greater than those obtained only by spray drying .
The stability of the encapsulated materials was studied at room temperature ( RH 60-65% ) and at 45 degrees C ( RH 60-65% and 90 . 7% ) .
AA microencapsulated in gum arabic was shown to be as stable as free crystalline AA under environmental conditions , whereas that encapsulated in rice starch was less stable .
Increasing the amount of the binding agent gelatin increased the stability of the uncovered starch encapsulated AA .
Recovery with calcium pectate notably increased the stability of the starch encapsulated AA , as compared to the uncovered samples .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Ascorbic acid ( AA ) was microencapsulated by spray drying , using gum arabic and rice starch as covering materials . The AA was dissolved in solutions of the wall material prior to processing . For the rice starch , gelatin was used as a binding agent and recovery was effected with calcium pectate . The morphology of the materials was analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy , it thus being possible to verify the formation and evaluate the structural characteristics of the microcapsules . The capsules produced with gum arabic were smaller ( d50% = 8 . 0 microns ) and with a multimode particle size distribution , whilst uncovered starch capsules containing 1-2% gelatin presented a distribution mainly in the range of 5-40 microns . The capsules recovered with calcium pectate had average diameters 10-15 times greater than those obtained only by spray drying . The stability of the encapsulated materials was studied at room temperature ( RH 60-65% ) and at 45 degrees C ( RH 60-65% and 90 . 7% ) . AA microencapsulated in gum arabic was shown to be as stable as free crystalline AA under environmental conditions , whereas that encapsulated in rice starch was less stable . Increasing the amount of the binding agent gelatin increased the stability of the uncovered starch encapsulated AA . Recovery with calcium pectate notably increased the stability of the starch encapsulated AA , as compared to the uncovered samples .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Ascorbic acid ( AA ) was microencapsulated by spray drying , using gum arabic and rice starch as covering materials . The AA was dissolved in solutions of the wall material prior to processing . For the rice starch , gelatin was used as a binding agent and recovery was effected with calcium pectate . The morphology of the materials was analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy , it thus being possible to verify the formation and evaluate the structural characteristics of the microcapsules . The capsules produced with gum arabic were smaller ( d50% = 8 . 0 microns ) and with a multimode particle size distribution , whilst uncovered starch capsules containing 1-2% gelatin presented a distribution mainly in the range of 5-40 microns . The capsules recovered with calcium pectate had average diameters 10-15 times greater than those obtained only by spray drying . The stability of the encapsulated materials was studied at room temperature ( RH 60-65% ) and at 45 degrees C ( RH 60-65% and 90 . 7% ) . AA microencapsulated in gum arabic was shown to be as stable as free crystalline AA under environmental conditions , whereas that encapsulated in rice starch was less stable . Increasing the amount of the binding agent gelatin increased the stability of the uncovered starch encapsulated AA . Recovery with calcium pectate notably increased the stability of the starch encapsulated AA , as compared to the uncovered samples .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Cholesterol supplementation attenuates the hypocholesterolemic effect of rice bran oil in rats .
| | Author: Koba K Liu JW Bobik E Sugano M Huang YS .
| | Citation: V : 46 ( 2 ) P : 58-64 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10885791 Accession (PMID): 10885791 | | Abstract: Rice bran oil ( RBO ) , when blended with safflower oil ( SFO ) at the ratio of 7 to 3 , has been shown to lower serum cholesterol in humans consuming cholesterol .
The mechanism as to how this oil blend exerts its effect is not yet clear .
This study examined the effect of cholesterol supplementation on the cholesterol-lowering ability of different RBO/SFO blends .
Male Sprague Dawley rats ( 4 wk old ) were fed purified diets containing 10% fat with or without the addition of 0 . 5% cholesterol for 3 wk .
The fat was either SFO or RBO alone , or the mixture of these two oils at the ratio of 7 : 3 ( 7S/3R ) , 5 : 5 ( 5S/5R ) , or 3 : 7 ( 3S/7R ) .
Without cholesterol supplementation , there were no significant differences in the serum and liver total cholesterol levels among different dietary fats .
However , the HDL cholesterol level of rats fed the RBO-containing diets ( especially in rats fed the 3S/7R diet ) was higher than that of rats fed the diet containing SFO alone .
This resulted in an increase in the ratio of HDL/total cholesterol-a desirable outcome .
Supplementation of the diets with 0 . 5% cholesterol significantly increased the cholesterol level in both the serum and the liver .
Increasing the proportion of RBO in the diet further raised the total cholesterol level in the serum whereas it reduced liver cholesterol .
Then , the specific effect of the 3S/7R mixture on the ratio of HDL/total cholesterol disappeared .
These findings suggest that cholesterol supplemented at the level of 0 . 5% in this study masked the cholesterol-lowering effect of RBO .
Smaller percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acid ( ie , 18 : 2n-6 ) in the RBO-containing diets than in the SFO diet might have reduced their ability to dispose the circulating serum cholesterol into the liver .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Rice bran oil ( RBO ) , when blended with safflower oil ( SFO ) at the ratio of 7 to 3 , has been shown to lower serum cholesterol in humans consuming cholesterol . The mechanism as to how this oil blend exerts its effect is not yet clear . This study examined the effect of cholesterol supplementation on the cholesterol-lowering ability of different RBO/SFO blends . Male Sprague Dawley rats ( 4 wk old ) were fed purified diets containing 10% fat with or without the addition of 0 . 5% cholesterol for 3 wk . The fat was either SFO or RBO alone , or the mixture of these two oils at the ratio of 7 : 3 ( 7S/3R ) , 5 : 5 ( 5S/5R ) , or 3 : 7 ( 3S/7R ) . Without cholesterol supplementation , there were no significant differences in the serum and liver total cholesterol levels among different dietary fats . However , the HDL cholesterol level of rats fed the RBO-containing diets ( especially in rats fed the 3S/7R diet ) was higher than that of rats fed the diet containing SFO alone . This resulted in an increase in the ratio of HDL/total cholesterol-a desirable outcome . Supplementation of the diets with 0 . 5% cholesterol significantly increased the cholesterol level in both the serum and the liver . Increasing the proportion of RBO in the diet further raised the total cholesterol level in the serum whereas it reduced liver cholesterol . Then , the specific effect of the 3S/7R mixture on the ratio of HDL/total cholesterol disappeared . These findings suggest that cholesterol supplemented at the level of 0 . 5% in this study masked the cholesterol-lowering effect of RBO . Smaller percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acid ( ie , 18 : 2n-6 ) in the RBO-containing diets than in the SFO diet might have reduced their ability to dispose the circulating serum cholesterol into the liver .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: [ Genetic studies of blast resistance of indica variety Zhefu 802 ] | | Author: Wang JL Lei CL Jiang WR Ling ZZ .
| | Citation: V : 27 ( 3 ) P : 235-9 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10887695 Accession (PMID): 10887695 | | Abstract: One indica variety , Zhefu 802 , was studied for its inheritance of blast resistance by inoculation of two strains Ken54-04 and 95-t2 .
The B1F1 and F2 populations from cross of Zhefu 802 ( R ) x Lijiangxintuanheigu ( S ) and related parents were inoculated by spray inoculation method with the two above mentioned strains to determine R : S ratio of segregating populations of this cross .
The results indicated that Zhefu 802 has two dominant resistance genes to strain Ken 54-04 .
One of the two genes showed resistant reaction and the other is susceptible to strain 95-t2 .
The allelism test indicated that one gene in Zhefu 802 , which showed resistant reaction to strain 95-t2 , is allelic to Pi-i gene locus and non-allelic to loci of Pi-a , Pi-sh , Pi-k , Pi-z , Pi-ta , Pi-b , Pi-t .
The other gene in this variety was also estimated to be different from all of the known genes .
So it may be an unknown gene .
But this point needs to be confirmed further . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: One indica variety , Zhefu 802 , was studied for its inheritance of blast resistance by inoculation of two strains Ken54-04 and 95-t2 . The B1F1 and F2 populations from cross of Zhefu 802 ( R ) x Lijiangxintuanheigu ( S ) and related parents were inoculated by spray inoculation method with the two above mentioned strains to determine R : S ratio of segregating populations of this cross . The results indicated that Zhefu 802 has two dominant resistance genes to strain Ken 54-04 . One of the two genes showed resistant reaction and the other is susceptible to strain 95-t2 . The allelism test indicated that one gene in Zhefu 802 , which showed resistant reaction to strain 95-t2 , is allelic to Pi-i gene locus and non-allelic to loci of Pi-a , Pi-sh , Pi-k , Pi-z , Pi-ta , Pi-b , Pi-t . The other gene in this variety was also estimated to be different from all of the known genes . So it may be an unknown gene . But this point needs to be confirmed further .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Cerebroside elicitors found in diverse phytopathogens activate defense responses in rice plants .
| | Author: Umemura K Ogawa N Yamauchi T Iwata M Shimura M Koga J | | Citation: V : 41 ( 6 ) P : 676-83 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10945336 Accession (PMID): 10945336 | | Abstract: Cerebrosides A and C , compounds categorized as glycosphingolipids , were isolated in our previous study from the rice blast fungus ( Magnaporthe grisea ) as novel elicitors which induce the synthesis of rice phytoalexins .
In this paper , these cerebroside elicitors showed phytoalexin-inducing activity when applied to plants by spray treatment and also induced the expression of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) proteins in rice leaves .
This elicitor activity of the cerebrosides showed the structural specificity as that for the induction of phytoalexins .
Ceramides prepared from the cerebrosides by removal of glucose also showed the elicitor activity even in lower level compared to the cerebrosides .
In field experiments , the cerebroside elicitors effectively protected rice plants against the rice blast fungus , an economically devastating agent of disease of rice in Japan .
The cerebrosides elicitors protected rice plants from other disease as well and were found to occur in a wide range of different phytopathogens , indicating that cerebrosides function as general elicitors in a wide variety of rice-pathogen interactions . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cerebrosides A and C , compounds categorized as glycosphingolipids , were isolated in our previous study from the rice blast fungus ( Magnaporthe grisea ) as novel elicitors which induce the synthesis of rice phytoalexins . In this paper , these cerebroside elicitors showed phytoalexin-inducing activity when applied to plants by spray treatment and also induced the expression of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) proteins in rice leaves . This elicitor activity of the cerebrosides showed the structural specificity as that for the induction of phytoalexins . Ceramides prepared from the cerebrosides by removal of glucose also showed the elicitor activity even in lower level compared to the cerebrosides . In field experiments , the cerebroside elicitors effectively protected rice plants against the rice blast fungus , an economically devastating agent of disease of rice in Japan . The cerebrosides elicitors protected rice plants from other disease as well and were found to occur in a wide range of different phytopathogens , indicating that cerebrosides function as general elicitors in a wide variety of rice-pathogen interactions .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Genetic diversity and disease control in rice .
| | Author: Zhu Y Chen H Fan J Wang Y Li Y Chen J Fan J Yang S Hu L Leung H Mew TW Teng PS Wang Z Mundt CC .
| | Citation: V : 406 ( 6797 ) P : 718-22 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10963595 Accession (PMID): 10963595 | | Abstract: Crop heterogeneity is a possible solution to the vulnerability of monocultured crops to disease .
Both theory and observation indicate that genetic heterogeneity provides greater disease suppression when used over large areas , though experimental data are lacking .
Here we report a unique cooperation among farmers , researchers and extension personnel in Yunnan Province , China--genetically diversified rice crops were planted in all the rice fields in five townships in 1998 and ten townships in 1999 .
Control plots of monocultured crops allowed us to calculate the effect of diversity on the severity of rice blast , the major disease of rice .
Disease-susceptible rice varieties planted in mixtures with resistant varieties had 89% greater yield and blast was 94% less severe than when they were grown in monoculture .
The experiment was so successful that fungicidal sprays were no longer applied by the end of the two-year programme .
Our results support the view that intraspecific crop diversification provides an ecological approach to disease control that can be highly effective over a large area and contribute to the sustainability of crop production . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Crop heterogeneity is a possible solution to the vulnerability of monocultured crops to disease . Both theory and observation indicate that genetic heterogeneity provides greater disease suppression when used over large areas , though experimental data are lacking . Here we report a unique cooperation among farmers , researchers and extension personnel in Yunnan Province , China--genetically diversified rice crops were planted in all the rice fields in five townships in 1998 and ten townships in 1999 . Control plots of monocultured crops allowed us to calculate the effect of diversity on the severity of rice blast , the major disease of rice . Disease-susceptible rice varieties planted in mixtures with resistant varieties had 89% greater yield and blast was 94% less severe than when they were grown in monoculture . The experiment was so successful that fungicidal sprays were no longer applied by the end of the two-year programme . Our results support the view that intraspecific crop diversification provides an ecological approach to disease control that can be highly effective over a large area and contribute to the sustainability of crop production .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
|---|
| Title: Indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin controls malaria in Pakistan : a community-randomized trial | | Author: Rowland M Mahmood P Iqbal J Carneiro I Chavasse D | | Citation: V : 5 ( 7 ) P : 472-81 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10964269 Accession (PMID): 10964269 | | Abstract: We conducted a community-randomized controlled trial in Pakistan to determine the efficacy of indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin ( Fendona , Cyanamid , NJ , USA ) , applied at 25 mg/m2 , to prevent falciparum and vivax malaria .
Wettable powder ( WP ) and suspension concentrate ( SC ) formulations were tested against an unsprayed control in an irrigated rice-growing area of Sheikhupura district , Punjab province .
The study area of 180 km2 was divided into nine sectors , which were assigned at random to control , WP , or SC treatments in replicates of 3 .
Sentinel villages were selected from each sector for entomological and disease monitoring .
Malaria was monitored by fortnightly active case detection ( ACD ) and by cross sectional parasite surveys on schoolchildren .
Mosquito populations were monitored by space spraying of rooms and by cattle-landing catches .
The spray campaign took place in June 1997 and covered 96% of compounds .
During the 7 months after spraying , the incidence of falciparum malaria was 95% lower and that of vivax malaria 80% lower in WP-sprayed than unsprayed sectors .
Similar results were obtained for sectors sprayed with the SC formulation .
Cross-sectional surveys gave estimates of efficacy comparable to those obtained by ACD .
Anopheles culicifacies was 80% less abundant and Astephensi , the predominant anopheline , was up to 68% less abundant in sprayed areas over the 7-month period .
Reductions in anopheline parous rates indicated that the single-spray treatment was effective for the entire transmission season .
Sprayed surfaces lacked odour , which contributed to the popularity of the campaign .
Alphacypermethrin is a promising insecticide for the control of malaria in Pakistan and South Asia generally .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: We conducted a community-randomized controlled trial in Pakistan to determine the efficacy of indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin ( Fendona , Cyanamid , NJ , USA ) , applied at 25 mg/m2 , to prevent falciparum and vivax malaria . Wettable powder ( WP ) and suspension concentrate ( SC ) formulations were tested against an unsprayed control in an irrigated rice-growing area of Sheikhupura district , Punjab province . The study area of 180 km2 was divided into nine sectors , which were assigned at random to control , WP , or SC treatments in replicates of 3 . Sentinel villages were selected from each sector for entomological and disease monitoring . Malaria was monitored by fortnightly active case detection ( ACD ) and by cross sectional parasite surveys on schoolchildren . Mosquito populations were monitored by space spraying of rooms and by cattle-landing catches . The spray campaign took place in June 1997 and covered 96% of compounds . During the 7 months after spraying , the incidence of falciparum malaria was 95% lower and that of vivax malaria 80% lower in WP-sprayed than unsprayed sectors . Similar results were obtained for sectors sprayed with the SC formulation . Cross-sectional surveys gave estimates of efficacy comparable to those obtained by ACD .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: We conducted a community-randomized controlled trial in Pakistan to determine the efficacy of indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin ( Fendona , Cyanamid , NJ , USA ) , applied at 25 mg/m2 , to prevent falciparum and vivax malaria . Wettable powder ( WP ) and suspension concentrate ( SC ) formulations were tested against an unsprayed control in an irrigated rice-growing area of Sheikhupura district , Punjab province . The study area of 180 km2 was divided into nine sectors , which were assigned at random to control , WP , or SC treatments in replicates of 3 . Sentinel villages were selected from each sector for entomological and disease monitoring . Malaria was monitored by fortnightly active case detection ( ACD ) and by cross sectional parasite surveys on schoolchildren . Mosquito populations were monitored by space spraying of rooms and by cattle-landing catches . The spray campaign took place in June 1997 and covered 96% of compounds . During the 7 months after spraying , the incidence of falciparum malaria was 95% lower and that of vivax malaria 80% lower in WP-sprayed than unsprayed sectors . Similar results were obtained for sectors sprayed with the SC formulation . Cross-sectional surveys gave estimates of efficacy comparable to those obtained by ACD . Anopheles culicifacies was 80% less abundant and Astephensi , the predominant anopheline , was up to 68% less abundant in sprayed areas over the 7-month period . Reductions in anopheline parous rates indicated that the single-spray treatment was effective for the entire transmission season . Sprayed surfaces lacked odour , which contributed to the popularity of the campaign . Alphacypermethrin is a promising insecticide for the control of malaria in Pakistan and South Asia generally .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: We conducted a community-randomized controlled trial in Pakistan to determine the efficacy of indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin ( Fendona , Cyanamid , NJ , USA ) , applied at 25 mg/m2 , to prevent falciparum and vivax malaria . Wettable powder ( WP ) and suspension concentrate ( SC ) formulations were tested against an unsprayed control in an irrigated rice-growing area of Sheikhupura district , Punjab province . The study area of 180 km2 was divided into nine sectors , which were assigned at random to control , WP , or SC treatments in replicates of 3 . Sentinel villages were selected from each sector for entomological and disease monitoring . Malaria was monitored by fortnightly active case detection ( ACD ) and by cross sectional parasite surveys on schoolchildren . Mosquito populations were monitored by space spraying of rooms and by cattle-landing catches . The spray campaign took place in June 1997 and covered 96% of compounds . During the 7 months after spraying , the incidence of falciparum malaria was 95% lower and that of vivax malaria 80% lower in WP-sprayed than unsprayed sectors . Similar results were obtained for sectors sprayed with the SC formulation . Cross-sectional surveys gave estimates of efficacy comparable to those obtained by ACD . Anopheles culicifacies was 80% less abundant and Astephensi , the predominant anopheline , was up to 68% less abundant in sprayed areas over the 7-month period . Reductions in anopheline parous rates indicated that the single-spray treatment was effective for the entire transmission season . Sprayed surfaces lacked odour , which contributed to the popularity of the campaign . Alphacypermethrin is a promising insecticide for the control of malaria in Pakistan and South Asia generally .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: We conducted a community-randomized controlled trial in Pakistan to determine the efficacy of indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin ( Fendona , Cyanamid , NJ , USA ) , applied at 25 mg/m2 , to prevent falciparum and vivax malaria . Wettable powder ( WP ) and suspension concentrate ( SC ) formulations were tested against an unsprayed control in an irrigated rice-growing area of Sheikhupura district , Punjab province . The study area of 180 km2 was divided into nine sectors , which were assigned at random to control , WP , or SC treatments in replicates of 3 . Sentinel villages were selected from each sector for entomological and disease monitoring . Malaria was monitored by fortnightly active case detection ( ACD ) and by cross sectional parasite surveys on schoolchildren . Mosquito populations were monitored by space spraying of rooms and by cattle-landing catches . The spray campaign took place in June 1997 and covered 96% of compounds . During the 7 months after spraying , the incidence of falciparum malaria was 95% lower and that of vivax malaria 80% lower in WP-sprayed than unsprayed sectors . Similar results were obtained for sectors sprayed with the SC formulation . Cross-sectional surveys gave estimates of efficacy comparable to those obtained by ACD . Anopheles culicifacies was 80% less abundant and Astephensi , the predominant anopheline , was up to 68% less abundant in sprayed areas over the 7-month period . Reductions in anopheline parous rates indicated that the single-spray treatment was effective for the entire transmission season . Sprayed surfaces lacked odour , which contributed to the popularity of the campaign . Alphacypermethrin is a promising insecticide for the control of malaria in Pakistan and South Asia generally .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: We conducted a community-randomized controlled trial in Pakistan to determine the efficacy of indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin ( Fendona , Cyanamid , NJ , USA ) , applied at 25 mg/m2 , to prevent falciparum and vivax malaria . Wettable powder ( WP ) and suspension concentrate ( SC ) formulations were tested against an unsprayed control in an irrigated rice-growing area of Sheikhupura district , Punjab province . The study area of 180 km2 was divided into nine sectors , which were assigned at random to control , WP , or SC treatments in replicates of 3 . Sentinel villages were selected from each sector for entomological and disease monitoring . Malaria was monitored by fortnightly active case detection ( ACD ) and by cross sectional parasite surveys on schoolchildren . Mosquito populations were monitored by space spraying of rooms and by cattle-landing catches . The spray campaign took place in June 1997 and covered 96% of compounds . During the 7 months after spraying , the incidence of falciparum malaria was 95% lower and that of vivax malaria 80% lower in WP-sprayed than unsprayed sectors . Similar results were obtained for sectors sprayed with the SC formulation . Cross-sectional surveys gave estimates of efficacy comparable to those obtained by ACD . Anopheles culicifacies was 80% less abundant and Astephensi , the predominant anopheline , was up to 68% less abundant in sprayed areas over the 7-month period . Reductions in anopheline parous rates indicated that the single-spray treatment was effective for the entire transmission season . Sprayed surfaces lacked odour , which contributed to the popularity of the campaign . Alphacypermethrin is a promising insecticide for the control of malaria in Pakistan and South Asia generally .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Wettable powder ( WP ) and suspension concentrate ( SC ) formulations were tested against an unsprayed control in an irrigated rice-growing area of Sheikhupura district , Punjab province . The study area of 180 km2 was divided into nine sectors , which were assigned at random to control , WP , or SC treatments in replicates of 3 . Sentinel villages were selected from each sector for entomological and disease monitoring . Malaria was monitored by fortnightly active case detection ( ACD ) and by cross sectional parasite surveys on schoolchildren . Mosquito populations were monitored by space spraying of rooms and by cattle-landing catches . The spray campaign took place in June 1997 and covered 96% of compounds . During the 7 months after spraying , the incidence of falciparum malaria was 95% lower and that of vivax malaria 80% lower in WP-sprayed than unsprayed sectors . Similar results were obtained for sectors sprayed with the SC formulation . Cross-sectional surveys gave estimates of efficacy comparable to those obtained by ACD . Anopheles culicifacies was 80% less abundant and Astephensi , the predominant anopheline , was up to 68% less abundant in sprayed areas over the 7-month period . Reductions in anopheline parous rates indicated that the single-spray treatment was effective for the entire transmission season . Sprayed surfaces lacked odour , which contributed to the popularity of the campaign . Alphacypermethrin is a promising insecticide for the control of malaria in Pakistan and South Asia generally .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sentinel villages were selected from each sector for entomological and disease monitoring . Malaria was monitored by fortnightly active case detection ( ACD ) and by cross sectional parasite surveys on schoolchildren . Mosquito populations were monitored by space spraying of rooms and by cattle-landing catches . The spray campaign took place in June 1997 and covered 96% of compounds . During the 7 months after spraying , the incidence of falciparum malaria was 95% lower and that of vivax malaria 80% lower in WP-sprayed than unsprayed sectors . Similar results were obtained for sectors sprayed with the SC formulation . Cross-sectional surveys gave estimates of efficacy comparable to those obtained by ACD . Anopheles culicifacies was 80% less abundant and Astephensi , the predominant anopheline , was up to 68% less abundant in sprayed areas over the 7-month period . Reductions in anopheline parous rates indicated that the single-spray treatment was effective for the entire transmission season . Sprayed surfaces lacked odour , which contributed to the popularity of the campaign . Alphacypermethrin is a promising insecticide for the control of malaria in Pakistan and South Asia generally .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| Title: Mycotoxin production by Fusarium proliferatum isolates from rice with Fusarium sheath rot disease .
| | Author: Abbas HK Cartwright RD Xie W Mirocha CJ Richard JL Dvorak TJ Sciumbato GL Shier WT .
| | Citation: V : 147 ( 2 ) P : 97-104 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10967968 Accession (PMID): 10967968 | | Abstract: Twenty samples of unpolished ( rough ) rice collected in Arkansas and Texas during the 1995 harvesting season from fields exhibiting Fusarium sheath rot disease or panicle blight were previously shown to include 8 samples positive for fumonisin B1 ( FB1 ) in the range 2 . 2-5 . 2 ppm , and moniliformin ( MON ) , but no beauvericin ( BEA ) , deoxynivalenol , its derivatives or zearalenone were detected .
Fifteen cultures of F proliferatum were established from the 20 rough rice samples .
Single spore isolates of each culture were grown on rice and tested for the production of fumonisins ( FB1 , FB2 , FB3 , etc ) , MON and BEA .
All 15 isolates produced FB1 , FB2 , MON and BEA in culture on rice .
No deoxynivalenol , its derivatives or zearalenone were detected .
Seven cultures produced FB1 at > 50 ppm ( range 80-230 ppm ) , with the rest producing FB1 in the range 14-43 ppm .
FB2 was produced in the range 5-47 ppm , and those cultures which produced the most FB1 also produced the most FB2 .
Of the 15 cultures producing MON , 11 produced it at > 100 ppm in the range 188-6018 ppm , with the rest producing in the range 7-64 ppm .
BEA was produced in the range 109-1350 ppm .
Other derivatives of fumonisins , including FA1 , FA2 and partially hydrolyzed FB1 , as well as several unknown metabolites including a compound with MW 414 , were identified in culture extracts by continuous flow fast atom bombardment with ion spray mass spectrometry ( CF/FAB/MS ) .
Further study is needed to identify the factors that control production of FB1 , MON and BEA by F proliferatum in culture and in field samples . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Twenty samples of unpolished ( rough ) rice collected in Arkansas and Texas during the 1995 harvesting season from fields exhibiting Fusarium sheath rot disease or panicle blight were previously shown to include 8 samples positive for fumonisin B1 ( FB1 ) in the range 2 . 2-5 . 2 ppm , and moniliformin ( MON ) , but no beauvericin ( BEA ) , deoxynivalenol , its derivatives or zearalenone were detected . Fifteen cultures of F proliferatum were established from the 20 rough rice samples . Single spore isolates of each culture were grown on rice and tested for the production of fumonisins ( FB1 , FB2 , FB3 , etc ) , MON and BEA . All 15 isolates produced FB1 , FB2 , MON and BEA in culture on rice . No deoxynivalenol , its derivatives or zearalenone were detected . Seven cultures produced FB1 at > 50 ppm ( range 80-230 ppm ) , with the rest producing FB1 in the range 14-43 ppm . FB2 was produced in the range 5-47 ppm , and those cultures which produced the most FB1 also produced the most FB2 . Of the 15 cultures producing MON , 11 produced it at > 100 ppm in the range 188-6018 ppm , with the rest producing in the range 7-64 ppm . BEA was produced in the range 109-1350 ppm . Other derivatives of fumonisins , including FA1 , FA2 and partially hydrolyzed FB1 , as well as several unknown metabolites including a compound with MW 414 , were identified in culture extracts by continuous flow fast atom bombardment with ion spray mass spectrometry ( CF/FAB/MS ) . Further study is needed to identify the factors that control production of FB1 , MON and BEA by F proliferatum in culture and in field samples .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| Title: Laboratory evaluation of chemical-biological control of the rice weevil ( Sitophilus oryzae L ) in stored grains .
| | Author: Dal Bello G Padin S Lpez Lastra C Fabrizio M | | Citation: V : 37 ( 1 ) P : 77-84 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11124371 Accession (PMID): 11124371 | | Abstract: The virulence of ten different fungal isolates of : Beauveria bassiana , Metarhizium anisopliae , Verticillium lecanii and Paecilomyces farinosus to the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae was tested .
A fungal mix of the most efficient isolates , B bassiana ARSEF 5500+M anisopliae ARSEF 2974 , which caused the highest mortality , was assayed in combination with fenitrothion at a concentration lower ( 3 ppm ) than the normal 6 ppm .
Fungal inoculation of insects was done by spraying conidial suspensions of each fungus on wheat .
Insecticide formulations were added by spraying wheat .
Treated and untreated insects were incubated on durum wheat .
Insects were kept in a climatized chamber for 30 days .
Observations were performed at 7 , 14 and 30 days to record insect mortality .
Highly significant differences were demonstrated for B bassiana 5500 and 5501 and for M anisopliae 2974 .
The level of mortality produced by treatments was : 6 ppm insecticide=97 . 50% , B bassiana ARSEF 5500+M anisopliae ARSEF 2974+3 ppm insecticide=74 . 17% , B bassiana ARSEF 5500+Manisopliae ARSEF 2974=50% and 3 ppm insecticide=37 . 50% .
There was a statistically significant difference ( p<0 . 05 ) among treatments .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The virulence of ten different fungal isolates of : Beauveria bassiana , Metarhizium anisopliae , Verticillium lecanii and Paecilomyces farinosus to the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae was tested . A fungal mix of the most efficient isolates , B bassiana ARSEF 5500+M anisopliae ARSEF 2974 , which caused the highest mortality , was assayed in combination with fenitrothion at a concentration lower ( 3 ppm ) than the normal 6 ppm . Fungal inoculation of insects was done by spraying conidial suspensions of each fungus on wheat . Insecticide formulations were added by spraying wheat . Treated and untreated insects were incubated on durum wheat . Insects were kept in a climatized chamber for 30 days . Observations were performed at 7 , 14 and 30 days to record insect mortality . Highly significant differences were demonstrated for B bassiana 5500 and 5501 and for M anisopliae 2974 . The level of mortality produced by treatments was : 6 ppm insecticide=97 . 50% , B bassiana ARSEF 5500+M anisopliae ARSEF 2974+3 ppm insecticide=74 . 17% , B bassiana ARSEF 5500+Manisopliae ARSEF 2974=50% and 3 ppm insecticide=37 . 50% . There was a statistically significant difference ( p<0 . 05 ) among treatments .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The virulence of ten different fungal isolates of : Beauveria bassiana , Metarhizium anisopliae , Verticillium lecanii and Paecilomyces farinosus to the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae was tested . A fungal mix of the most efficient isolates , B bassiana ARSEF 5500+M anisopliae ARSEF 2974 , which caused the highest mortality , was assayed in combination with fenitrothion at a concentration lower ( 3 ppm ) than the normal 6 ppm . Fungal inoculation of insects was done by spraying conidial suspensions of each fungus on wheat . Insecticide formulations were added by spraying wheat . Treated and untreated insects were incubated on durum wheat . Insects were kept in a climatized chamber for 30 days . Observations were performed at 7 , 14 and 30 days to record insect mortality . Highly significant differences were demonstrated for B bassiana 5500 and 5501 and for M anisopliae 2974 . The level of mortality produced by treatments was : 6 ppm insecticide=97 . 50% , B bassiana ARSEF 5500+M anisopliae ARSEF 2974+3 ppm insecticide=74 . 17% , B bassiana ARSEF 5500+Manisopliae ARSEF 2974=50% and 3 ppm insecticide=37 . 50% . There was a statistically significant difference ( p<0 . 05 ) among treatments .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 4.00 |
|---|
| Title: Management of ankle sprains .
| | Author: Wolfe MW Uhl TL Mattacola CG McCluskey LC .
| | Citation: V : 63 ( 1 ) P : 93-104 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11195774 Accession (PMID): 11195774 | | Abstract: Without adequate care , acute ankle trauma can result in chronic joint instability .
Use of a standardized protocol enhances the management of ankle sprains .
In patients with grades I or II sprains , emphasis should be placed on accurate diagnosis , early use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression and elevation ) , maintenance of range of motion and use of an ankle support .
Sprains with complete ligament [ corrected ] tears ( grade III ) may require surgical intervention .
Although early motion and mobility are recommended , ligamentous strength does not return until months after an ankle sprain .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Without adequate care , acute ankle trauma can result in chronic joint instability . Use of a standardized protocol enhances the management of ankle sprains . In patients with grades I or II sprains , emphasis should be placed on accurate diagnosis , early use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression and elevation ) , maintenance of range of motion and use of an ankle support . Sprains with complete ligament [ corrected ] tears ( grade III ) may require surgical intervention . Although early motion and mobility are recommended , ligamentous strength does not return until months after an ankle sprain .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Without adequate care , acute ankle trauma can result in chronic joint instability . Use of a standardized protocol enhances the management of ankle sprains . In patients with grades I or II sprains , emphasis should be placed on accurate diagnosis , early use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression and elevation ) , maintenance of range of motion and use of an ankle support . Sprains with complete ligament [ corrected ] tears ( grade III ) may require surgical intervention . Although early motion and mobility are recommended , ligamentous strength does not return until months after an ankle sprain .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Without adequate care , acute ankle trauma can result in chronic joint instability . Use of a standardized protocol enhances the management of ankle sprains . In patients with grades I or II sprains , emphasis should be placed on accurate diagnosis , early use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression and elevation ) , maintenance of range of motion and use of an ankle support . Sprains with complete ligament [ corrected ] tears ( grade III ) may require surgical intervention . Although early motion and mobility are recommended , ligamentous strength does not return until months after an ankle sprain .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Without adequate care , acute ankle trauma can result in chronic joint instability . Use of a standardized protocol enhances the management of ankle sprains . In patients with grades I or II sprains , emphasis should be placed on accurate diagnosis , early use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression and elevation ) , maintenance of range of motion and use of an ankle support . Sprains with complete ligament [ corrected ] tears ( grade III ) may require surgical intervention . Although early motion and mobility are recommended , ligamentous strength does not return until months after an ankle sprain .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| Title: Assessment of renal toxicity by analysis of regeneration of tubular epithelium in rats given low-dose cadmium chloride or cadmium-polluted rice for 22 months .
| | Author: Shibutani M Mitsumori K Niho N Satoh S Hiratsuka H Satoh M Sumiyoshi M Nishijima M Katsuki Y Suzuki J Nakagawa J Ando M | | Citation: V : 74 ( 10 ) P : 571-7 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11201662 Accession (PMID): 11201662 | | Abstract: To determine whether low-dose oral administration of cadmium ( Cd ) induces renal toxicity , six groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing low amounts of CdCl2 or Cd-polluted rice at concentrations up to 40 ppm , and were killed after 12 , 18 , and 22 months ( experiment 1 ) .
In addition to the determination of cortical Cd levels and histopathological assessment of kidneys , labeling indices ( LIs ) for proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA ) in the renal cortical tubular epithelium of Cd-treated rats were determined as a measure of regenerative activity .
For comparison , the kidneys of rats given diets containing small to large amounts of CdCl2 up to 600 ppm for 4 months were similarly examined ( experiment 2 ) .
Animals in experiment 1 demonstrated spontaneous chronic nephropathy and fluctuation in the tubular PCNA LI , but these findings were not correlated with renal Cd levels at 22 months .
PCNA LI on the other hand , appeared to be linked to the severity of chronic nephropathy .
In experiment 2 , levels of CdCl2 of 200 ppm or more clearly induced degeneration and apoptosis of proximal tubules with high correlations between renal Cd levels , PCNA LI , and the severity of tubular degeneration .
The results demonstrated that , in contrast to high-dose Cd administration , treatment with 40 ppm or less for 22 months did not influence tubular regeneration as a component of nonspecific chronic nephropathy , suggesting that long-term oral administration of low levels of Cd does not injure renal tubules in female rats . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: To determine whether low-dose oral administration of cadmium ( Cd ) induces renal toxicity , six groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing low amounts of CdCl2 or Cd-polluted rice at concentrations up to 40 ppm , and were killed after 12 , 18 , and 22 months ( experiment 1 ) . In addition to the determination of cortical Cd levels and histopathological assessment of kidneys , labeling indices ( LIs ) for proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA ) in the renal cortical tubular epithelium of Cd-treated rats were determined as a measure of regenerative activity . For comparison , the kidneys of rats given diets containing small to large amounts of CdCl2 up to 600 ppm for 4 months were similarly examined ( experiment 2 ) . Animals in experiment 1 demonstrated spontaneous chronic nephropathy and fluctuation in the tubular PCNA LI , but these findings were not correlated with renal Cd levels at 22 months . PCNA LI on the other hand , appeared to be linked to the severity of chronic nephropathy . In experiment 2 , levels of CdCl2 of 200 ppm or more clearly induced degeneration and apoptosis of proximal tubules with high correlations between renal Cd levels , PCNA LI , and the severity of tubular degeneration . The results demonstrated that , in contrast to high-dose Cd administration , treatment with 40 ppm or less for 22 months did not influence tubular regeneration as a component of nonspecific chronic nephropathy , suggesting that long-term oral administration of low levels of Cd does not injure renal tubules in female rats .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 5.00 |
|---|
| Title: Floral spray transformation can efficiently generate Arabidopsis transgenic plants .
| | Author: Chung MH Chen MK Pan SM .
| | Citation: V : 9 ( 6 ) P : 471-6 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11206976 Accession (PMID): 11206976 | | Abstract: In this study , floral spray and floral dip were used to replace the vacuum step in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) gene into Arabidopsis .
The transgene was constructed by using a CaMV 35S promoter to drive a rice cytosolic CuZnSOD coding sequence in Arabidopsis .
The transgene construct was developed in binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium .
When Arabidopsis plants started to initiate flower buds , the primary inflorescence shoots were removed and then transformed by floral spray or floral dip .
More than 300 transgenic plants were generated to assess the feasibility of floral spray used in the in planta transformation .
The result indicates that the floral spray method of Agrobacterium can achieve rates of in planta transformation comparable to the vacuum-infiltration and floral dip methods .
The floral spray method opens up the possibility of in planta transformation of plant species which are too large for dipping or vacuum infiltration . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this study , floral spray and floral dip were used to replace the vacuum step in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) gene into Arabidopsis . The transgene was constructed by using a CaMV 35S promoter to drive a rice cytosolic CuZnSOD coding sequence in Arabidopsis . The transgene construct was developed in binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium . When Arabidopsis plants started to initiate flower buds , the primary inflorescence shoots were removed and then transformed by floral spray or floral dip . More than 300 transgenic plants were generated to assess the feasibility of floral spray used in the in planta transformation . The result indicates that the floral spray method of Agrobacterium can achieve rates of in planta transformation comparable to the vacuum-infiltration and floral dip methods . The floral spray method opens up the possibility of in planta transformation of plant species which are too large for dipping or vacuum infiltration .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this study , floral spray and floral dip were used to replace the vacuum step in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) gene into Arabidopsis . The transgene was constructed by using a CaMV 35S promoter to drive a rice cytosolic CuZnSOD coding sequence in Arabidopsis . The transgene construct was developed in binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium . When Arabidopsis plants started to initiate flower buds , the primary inflorescence shoots were removed and then transformed by floral spray or floral dip . More than 300 transgenic plants were generated to assess the feasibility of floral spray used in the in planta transformation . The result indicates that the floral spray method of Agrobacterium can achieve rates of in planta transformation comparable to the vacuum-infiltration and floral dip methods . The floral spray method opens up the possibility of in planta transformation of plant species which are too large for dipping or vacuum infiltration .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this study , floral spray and floral dip were used to replace the vacuum step in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) gene into Arabidopsis . The transgene was constructed by using a CaMV 35S promoter to drive a rice cytosolic CuZnSOD coding sequence in Arabidopsis . The transgene construct was developed in binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium . When Arabidopsis plants started to initiate flower buds , the primary inflorescence shoots were removed and then transformed by floral spray or floral dip . More than 300 transgenic plants were generated to assess the feasibility of floral spray used in the in planta transformation . The result indicates that the floral spray method of Agrobacterium can achieve rates of in planta transformation comparable to the vacuum-infiltration and floral dip methods . The floral spray method opens up the possibility of in planta transformation of plant species which are too large for dipping or vacuum infiltration .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this study , floral spray and floral dip were used to replace the vacuum step in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) gene into Arabidopsis . The transgene was constructed by using a CaMV 35S promoter to drive a rice cytosolic CuZnSOD coding sequence in Arabidopsis . The transgene construct was developed in binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium . When Arabidopsis plants started to initiate flower buds , the primary inflorescence shoots were removed and then transformed by floral spray or floral dip . More than 300 transgenic plants were generated to assess the feasibility of floral spray used in the in planta transformation . The result indicates that the floral spray method of Agrobacterium can achieve rates of in planta transformation comparable to the vacuum-infiltration and floral dip methods . The floral spray method opens up the possibility of in planta transformation of plant species which are too large for dipping or vacuum infiltration .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this study , floral spray and floral dip were used to replace the vacuum step in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) gene into Arabidopsis . The transgene was constructed by using a CaMV 35S promoter to drive a rice cytosolic CuZnSOD coding sequence in Arabidopsis . The transgene construct was developed in binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium . When Arabidopsis plants started to initiate flower buds , the primary inflorescence shoots were removed and then transformed by floral spray or floral dip . More than 300 transgenic plants were generated to assess the feasibility of floral spray used in the in planta transformation . The result indicates that the floral spray method of Agrobacterium can achieve rates of in planta transformation comparable to the vacuum-infiltration and floral dip methods . The floral spray method opens up the possibility of in planta transformation of plant species which are too large for dipping or vacuum infiltration .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: A randomized controlled trial of a passive accessory joint mobilization on acute ankle inversion sprains .
| | Author: Green T Refshauge K Crosbie J Adams R | | Citation: V : 81 ( 4 ) P : 984-94 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11276181 Accession (PMID): 11276181 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Passive joint mobilization is commonly used by physical therapists as an intervention for acute ankle inversion sprains .
A randomized controlled trial with blinded assessors was conducted to investigate the effect of a specific joint mobilization , the anteroposterior glide on the talus , on increasing pain-free dorsiflexion and 3 gait variables : stride speed ( gait speed ) , step length , and single support time .
SUBJECTS : Forty-one subjects with acute ankle inversion sprains ( <72 hours ) and no other injury to the lower limb entered the trial METHODS : Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups .
The control group received a protocol of rest , ice , compression , and elevation ( RICE ) .
The experimental group received the anteroposterior mobilization , using a force that avoided incurring any increase in pain , in addition to the RICE protocol .
Subjects in both groups were treated every second day for a maximum of 2 weeks or until the discharge criteria were met , and all subjects were given a home program of continued RICE application .
Outcomes were measured before and after each treatment .
RESULTS : The results showed that the experimental group required fewer treatment sessions than the control group to achieve full pain-free dorsiflexion .
The experimental group had greater improvement in range of movement before and after each of the first 3 treatment sessions .
The experimental group also had greater increases in stride speed during the first and third treatment sessions .
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Addition of a talocrural mobilization to the RICE protocol in the management of ankle inversion injuries necessitated fewer treatments to achieve pain-free dorsiflexion and to improve stride speed more than RICE alone .
Improvement in step length symmetry and single support time was similar in both groups .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Passive joint mobilization is commonly used by physical therapists as an intervention for acute ankle inversion sprains . A randomized controlled trial with blinded assessors was conducted to investigate the effect of a specific joint mobilization , the anteroposterior glide on the talus , on increasing pain-free dorsiflexion and 3 gait variables : stride speed ( gait speed ) , step length , and single support time . SUBJECTS : Forty-one subjects with acute ankle inversion sprains ( <72 hours ) and no other injury to the lower limb entered the trial METHODS : Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups . The control group received a protocol of rest , ice , compression , and elevation ( RICE ) . The experimental group received the anteroposterior mobilization , using a force that avoided incurring any increase in pain , in addition to the RICE protocol . Subjects in both groups were treated every second day for a maximum of 2 weeks or until the discharge criteria were met , and all subjects were given a home program of continued RICE application . Outcomes were measured before and after each treatment . RESULTS : The results showed that the experimental group required fewer treatment sessions than the control group to achieve full pain-free dorsiflexion . The experimental group had greater improvement in range of movement before and after each of the first 3 treatment sessions . The experimental group also had greater increases in stride speed during the first and third treatment sessions .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Passive joint mobilization is commonly used by physical therapists as an intervention for acute ankle inversion sprains . A randomized controlled trial with blinded assessors was conducted to investigate the effect of a specific joint mobilization , the anteroposterior glide on the talus , on increasing pain-free dorsiflexion and 3 gait variables : stride speed ( gait speed ) , step length , and single support time . SUBJECTS : Forty-one subjects with acute ankle inversion sprains ( <72 hours ) and no other injury to the lower limb entered the trial METHODS : Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups . The control group received a protocol of rest , ice , compression , and elevation ( RICE ) . The experimental group received the anteroposterior mobilization , using a force that avoided incurring any increase in pain , in addition to the RICE protocol . Subjects in both groups were treated every second day for a maximum of 2 weeks or until the discharge criteria were met , and all subjects were given a home program of continued RICE application . Outcomes were measured before and after each treatment . RESULTS : The results showed that the experimental group required fewer treatment sessions than the control group to achieve full pain-free dorsiflexion . The experimental group had greater improvement in range of movement before and after each of the first 3 treatment sessions . The experimental group also had greater increases in stride speed during the first and third treatment sessions . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Addition of a talocrural mobilization to the RICE protocol in the management of ankle inversion injuries necessitated fewer treatments to achieve pain-free dorsiflexion and to improve stride speed more than RICE alone . Improvement in step length symmetry and single support time was similar in both groups .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Flavor production from a non-stick oil by moulds .
| | Author: Fujikawa H Ibe A Wauke T Morozumi S Mori H | | Citation: V : 42 ( 1 ) P : 7-12 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11383159 Accession (PMID): 11383159 | | Abstract: Natural flavor was accidentally produced from rice cake products in Japan .
A non-stick oil had been sprayed on the products during the production process .
It was found that a Penicillium corylophilum strain , a contaminant of the oil , produced the flavor from the oil .
The ingredients of the flavor were four volatile substances , 2-heptanone , 2-nonanone , 2-heptanol , and 2-nonanol .
Challenge tests with the mould strain in a rice cake system were performed under various conditions .
The volatile substances were produced in the largest amounts at 25 degrees C , followed by 20 or 30 degrees C then 10 degrees C 2-Heptanone was produced most remarkably at 25 degrees C , followed by 2-nonanone , 2-heptanol , and 2-nonanol .
The growth patterns of the mould were similar between 20-30 degrees C , and the growth at 10 degrees C was delayed .
The non-stick oil itself had neither flavor nor volatile substance .
The flavor was also produced from coconut oil , which was one of the materials of the non-stick oil .
No bacteria or yeasts tested produced any flavor from the non-stick oil , whereas most of the moulds tested produced flavor components . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Natural flavor was accidentally produced from rice cake products in Japan . A non-stick oil had been sprayed on the products during the production process . It was found that a Penicillium corylophilum strain , a contaminant of the oil , produced the flavor from the oil . The ingredients of the flavor were four volatile substances , 2-heptanone , 2-nonanone , 2-heptanol , and 2-nonanol . Challenge tests with the mould strain in a rice cake system were performed under various conditions . The volatile substances were produced in the largest amounts at 25 degrees C , followed by 20 or 30 degrees C then 10 degrees C 2-Heptanone was produced most remarkably at 25 degrees C , followed by 2-nonanone , 2-heptanol , and 2-nonanol . The growth patterns of the mould were similar between 20-30 degrees C , and the growth at 10 degrees C was delayed . The non-stick oil itself had neither flavor nor volatile substance . The flavor was also produced from coconut oil , which was one of the materials of the non-stick oil . No bacteria or yeasts tested produced any flavor from the non-stick oil , whereas most of the moulds tested produced flavor components .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Evaluation of immune parameters in propanil-exposed farm families .
| | Author: McClure GY Helm RM Stine K Burks AW Jones SM Gandy J | | Citation: V : 41 ( 1 ) P : 104-11 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11385596 Accession (PMID): 11385596 | | Abstract: The rice herbicide propanil induces alterations in the mouse immune system , causing significant decreases in T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antibody responses .
This postemergent herbicide is used extensively in rice production in the Mississippi River delta region of the southern United States .
The aerial application and airborne drift of propanil may pose health concerns to exposed farm families living adjacent to sprayed rice fields .
To determine if aerial spraying of propanil increases risks of altered immune responses in families bordering rice fields , immune parameters were assessed during a 2-year study .
Families living within 100 yards of rice fields were compared in a case control study to farm families whose homes exceeded 1 mile from any rice field .
Blood was analyzed in adults ( n = 56 ) and children ( n = 52 ) at three time intervals : ( 1 ) preseason , prior to propanil application ; ( 2 ) 5-7 days after aerial application of propanil to rice fields ; and ( 3 ) postseason , following harvest Exposed adults and children were compared with controls for a number of immune parameters .
Total cell count and the percentage of various lymphocytes ( T cells , B cells , CD4+ helper cells , and CD8+ suppressor cells ) and natural killer ( NK ) cells , mitogen-induced cell proliferation , cytokine ( IL-2+ ) production , and NK cell function were assessed .
A comparison of immune function between exposed and nonexposed farm families showed no significant differences , possibly related to propanil exposure .
However , some immune test parameters changed as a function of season rather than propanil exposure .
The data indicate that individuals living next to rice fields are not at increased risk of altered immune function due to propanil exposure .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice herbicide propanil induces alterations in the mouse immune system , causing significant decreases in T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antibody responses . This postemergent herbicide is used extensively in rice production in the Mississippi River delta region of the southern United States . The aerial application and airborne drift of propanil may pose health concerns to exposed farm families living adjacent to sprayed rice fields . To determine if aerial spraying of propanil increases risks of altered immune responses in families bordering rice fields , immune parameters were assessed during a 2-year study . Families living within 100 yards of rice fields were compared in a case control study to farm families whose homes exceeded 1 mile from any rice field . Blood was analyzed in adults ( n = 56 ) and children ( n = 52 ) at three time intervals : ( 1 ) preseason , prior to propanil application ; ( 2 ) 5-7 days after aerial application of propanil to rice fields ; and ( 3 ) postseason , following harvest Exposed adults and children were compared with controls for a number of immune parameters . Total cell count and the percentage of various lymphocytes ( T cells , B cells , CD4+ helper cells , and CD8+ suppressor cells ) and natural killer ( NK ) cells , mitogen-induced cell proliferation , cytokine ( IL-2+ ) production , and NK cell function were assessed . A comparison of immune function between exposed and nonexposed farm families showed no significant differences , possibly related to propanil exposure . However , some immune test parameters changed as a function of season rather than propanil exposure . The data indicate that individuals living next to rice fields are not at increased risk of altered immune function due to propanil exposure .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rice herbicide propanil induces alterations in the mouse immune system , causing significant decreases in T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antibody responses . This postemergent herbicide is used extensively in rice production in the Mississippi River delta region of the southern United States . The aerial application and airborne drift of propanil may pose health concerns to exposed farm families living adjacent to sprayed rice fields . To determine if aerial spraying of propanil increases risks of altered immune responses in families bordering rice fields , immune parameters were assessed during a 2-year study . Families living within 100 yards of rice fields were compared in a case control study to farm families whose homes exceeded 1 mile from any rice field . Blood was analyzed in adults ( n = 56 ) and children ( n = 52 ) at three time intervals : ( 1 ) preseason , prior to propanil application ; ( 2 ) 5-7 days after aerial application of propanil to rice fields ; and ( 3 ) postseason , following harvest Exposed adults and children were compared with controls for a number of immune parameters . Total cell count and the percentage of various lymphocytes ( T cells , B cells , CD4+ helper cells , and CD8+ suppressor cells ) and natural killer ( NK ) cells , mitogen-induced cell proliferation , cytokine ( IL-2+ ) production , and NK cell function were assessed . A comparison of immune function between exposed and nonexposed farm families showed no significant differences , possibly related to propanil exposure . However , some immune test parameters changed as a function of season rather than propanil exposure . The data indicate that individuals living next to rice fields are not at increased risk of altered immune function due to propanil exposure .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 3.00 |
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| Title: Propanil ( 3 , 4-dichloropropionanilide ) particulate concentrations within and near the residences of families living adjacent to aerially sprayed rice fields .
| | Author: Richards SM McClure GY Lavy TL Mattice JD Keller RJ Gandy J | | Citation: V : 41 ( 1 ) P : 112-6 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11385597 Accession (PMID): 11385597 | | Abstract: Propanil is widely used as a postemergence herbicide in rice .
Because it is typically applied aerially , there is a potential for propanil to drift into and around homes of those living adjacent to rice fields .
Propanil has been shown to be immunotoxic in rodent models .
The objective of this study was to measure the levels of propanil to which families living adjacent to aerially sprayed rice fields may be exposed .
Air levels were sampled by actively and passively collecting propanil in and around the homes of volunteer families living in close proximity to rice fields sprayed with propanil .
Homes ranged from 73 m to 113 m from treated rice fields .
Sampling was conducted in the home , adjacent to the home ( within 5 m of the home ) , 30 m from the home , and at the edge of the rice field .
Concentrations were determined via gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy .
Propanil levels adjacent to the homes ranged from nondetectable to 1 , 106 . 4 microg per 400 cm2 collection surface ( 2 . 0 microg detection limit ) .
Wind direction and wind velocity were the primary determinants of propanil drift .
At sites where the prevailing wind was blowing away from the home , no propanil was detected except at the edge of the field .
Distance from the edge of the rice field also influenced the amount of drift with higher levels measured at 30 m from the house than adjacent to the house .
No propanil vapor was detected on absorbent media sampled in and around the homes .
The results indicate that individuals living adjacent to rice fields aerially sprayed with propanil are potentially exposed to variable amounts of propanil , and wind speed and direction are the most important factors that influence the concentration of aerially applied pesticide . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Propanil is widely used as a postemergence herbicide in rice . Because it is typically applied aerially , there is a potential for propanil to drift into and around homes of those living adjacent to rice fields . Propanil has been shown to be immunotoxic in rodent models . The objective of this study was to measure the levels of propanil to which families living adjacent to aerially sprayed rice fields may be exposed . Air levels were sampled by actively and passively collecting propanil in and around the homes of volunteer families living in close proximity to rice fields sprayed with propanil . Homes ranged from 73 m to 113 m from treated rice fields . Sampling was conducted in the home , adjacent to the home ( within 5 m of the home ) , 30 m from the home , and at the edge of the rice field . Concentrations were determined via gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy . Propanil levels adjacent to the homes ranged from nondetectable to 1 , 106 . 4 microg per 400 cm2 collection surface ( 2 . 0 microg detection limit ) . Wind direction and wind velocity were the primary determinants of propanil drift . At sites where the prevailing wind was blowing away from the home , no propanil was detected except at the edge of the field . Distance from the edge of the rice field also influenced the amount of drift with higher levels measured at 30 m from the house than adjacent to the house . No propanil vapor was detected on absorbent media sampled in and around the homes .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Propanil is widely used as a postemergence herbicide in rice . Because it is typically applied aerially , there is a potential for propanil to drift into and around homes of those living adjacent to rice fields . Propanil has been shown to be immunotoxic in rodent models . The objective of this study was to measure the levels of propanil to which families living adjacent to aerially sprayed rice fields may be exposed . Air levels were sampled by actively and passively collecting propanil in and around the homes of volunteer families living in close proximity to rice fields sprayed with propanil . Homes ranged from 73 m to 113 m from treated rice fields . Sampling was conducted in the home , adjacent to the home ( within 5 m of the home ) , 30 m from the home , and at the edge of the rice field . Concentrations were determined via gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy . Propanil levels adjacent to the homes ranged from nondetectable to 1 , 106 . 4 microg per 400 cm2 collection surface ( 2 . 0 microg detection limit ) . Wind direction and wind velocity were the primary determinants of propanil drift . At sites where the prevailing wind was blowing away from the home , no propanil was detected except at the edge of the field . Distance from the edge of the rice field also influenced the amount of drift with higher levels measured at 30 m from the house than adjacent to the house . No propanil vapor was detected on absorbent media sampled in and around the homes . The results indicate that individuals living adjacent to rice fields aerially sprayed with propanil are potentially exposed to variable amounts of propanil , and wind speed and direction are the most important factors that influence the concentration of aerially applied pesticide .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 1.00 ]: Air levels were sampled by actively and passively collecting propanil in and around the homes of volunteer families living in close proximity to rice fields sprayed with propanil . Homes ranged from 73 m to 113 m from treated rice fields . Sampling was conducted in the home , adjacent to the home ( within 5 m of the home ) , 30 m from the home , and at the edge of the rice field . Concentrations were determined via gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy . Propanil levels adjacent to the homes ranged from nondetectable to 1 , 106 . 4 microg per 400 cm2 collection surface ( 2 . 0 microg detection limit ) . Wind direction and wind velocity were the primary determinants of propanil drift . At sites where the prevailing wind was blowing away from the home , no propanil was detected except at the edge of the field . Distance from the edge of the rice field also influenced the amount of drift with higher levels measured at 30 m from the house than adjacent to the house . No propanil vapor was detected on absorbent media sampled in and around the homes . The results indicate that individuals living adjacent to rice fields aerially sprayed with propanil are potentially exposed to variable amounts of propanil , and wind speed and direction are the most important factors that influence the concentration of aerially applied pesticide .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Selenium geochemistry of paddy soils in Yangtze River Delta .
| | Author: Cao ZH Wang XC Yao DH Zhang XL Wong MH .
| | Citation: V : 26 ( 5-6 ) P : 335-9 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11392748 Accession (PMID): 11392748 | | Abstract: Selenium ( Se ) content both in total and bioavailable forms were very low ( 25-35 and 9 . 5 micrograms/kg , respectively ) in waterlogged paddy soils in the central Yangtze River Delta .
This was due to changes in geochemistry and the inherent properties of the parent materials of these lowland paddy soils .
The very low Se content ( 23 micrograms/kg ) in the parent material resulted in low total Se content in the soil .
The main chemical changes under long-term waterlogged conditions are depletion of molecular oxygen , decrease of redox potential , and reduction of Fe ( III ) to Fe ( II ) and SeO3 ( 2- ) to Se0 .
This led to low availability of Se in soils , and subsequently low Se content ( 29 micrograms/kg ) in brown rice grain produced in this region .
It has been suspected that low Se content in staple food might be one of the major reasons for a high infection rate of the intestine and stomach cancers and the higher death rate caused by these diseases in the region .
Foliage spray of Na2SeO3 at early heading stage of rice plant growth improved the Se content of brown rice grain , hull , and straw , and would improve human and animal health . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Selenium ( Se ) content both in total and bioavailable forms were very low ( 25-35 and 9 . 5 micrograms/kg , respectively ) in waterlogged paddy soils in the central Yangtze River Delta . This was due to changes in geochemistry and the inherent properties of the parent materials of these lowland paddy soils . The very low Se content ( 23 micrograms/kg ) in the parent material resulted in low total Se content in the soil . The main chemical changes under long-term waterlogged conditions are depletion of molecular oxygen , decrease of redox potential , and reduction of Fe ( III ) to Fe ( II ) and SeO3 ( 2- ) to Se0 . This led to low availability of Se in soils , and subsequently low Se content ( 29 micrograms/kg ) in brown rice grain produced in this region . It has been suspected that low Se content in staple food might be one of the major reasons for a high infection rate of the intestine and stomach cancers and the higher death rate caused by these diseases in the region . Foliage spray of Na2SeO3 at early heading stage of rice plant growth improved the Se content of brown rice grain , hull , and straw , and would improve human and animal health .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: A new method for assessing foliar uptake of fungicides using Congo Red as a tracer .
| | Author: Yu JH Lim HK Choi GJ Cho KY Kim JH .
| | Citation: V : 57 ( 6 ) P : 564-9 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11407035 Accession (PMID): 11407035 | | Abstract: In order to develop a new method for measuring foliar uptake of fungicides , Congo Red was selected as a tracer , and optimum procedures were established for washing , extracting and analyzing it and fungicides from leaf surfaces .
Congo Red , a water-soluble dye , was not absorbed into cucumber or rice leaf , even in the presence of various surfactants , and was completely washable from leaf surfaces by aqueous acetonitrile solutions .
Congo Red and fungicides in washings were quantified to calculate the amount of foliar uptake of the latter , by comparing the ratio to Congo Red .
The optimum concentration of Congo Red in a formulation should be established in order to minimize its influence on fungicide uptake .
Although Congo Red has proved to be useful with a conventional droplet application method , it will give more realistic and practical results with the spraying method used in the present study . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In order to develop a new method for measuring foliar uptake of fungicides , Congo Red was selected as a tracer , and optimum procedures were established for washing , extracting and analyzing it and fungicides from leaf surfaces . Congo Red , a water-soluble dye , was not absorbed into cucumber or rice leaf , even in the presence of various surfactants , and was completely washable from leaf surfaces by aqueous acetonitrile solutions . Congo Red and fungicides in washings were quantified to calculate the amount of foliar uptake of the latter , by comparing the ratio to Congo Red . The optimum concentration of Congo Red in a formulation should be established in order to minimize its influence on fungicide uptake . Although Congo Red has proved to be useful with a conventional droplet application method , it will give more realistic and practical results with the spraying method used in the present study .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate contamination of retail packed lunches caused by PVC gloves used in the preparation of foods .
| | Author: Tsumura Y Ishimitsu S Kaihara A Yoshii K Nakamura Y Tonogai Y | | Citation: V : 18 ( 6 ) P : 569-79 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11407756 Accession (PMID): 11407756 | | Abstract: Plasticizer contamination of foods sold in retail packed lunches and set lunches in restaurants was determined by GC/MS .
The phthalate esters were as follows : diethyl , dipropyl , dibutyl , dipentyl , dihexyl , butylbenzyl , dicyclohexyl , di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) , dioctyl , diisooctyl ( mixture of isomers ) and diisononyl ( mixture ) .
Di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) adipate was also determined .
Sixteen packed lunches and ten set lunches were analysed , and in all samples the concentration of di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate ( DEHP ) was the highest , at 0 . 80-11 . 8 mg/kg in packed lunches and 0 . 012-0 . 30 mg/kg in set lunches .
The DEHP content of five packed lunches exceeded 1 . 85 mg , which is the EU tolerable daily intake ( TDI ) for a person of 50 kg body weight .
Foodstuffs that were components of the packed lunches were taken from the factory at each step of preparation and phthalates were determined .
For example , chicken contained 0 . 08 mg/kg DEHP when uncooked , 13 . 1 mg/kg after frying and 16 . 9 mg/kg after packing .
Disposable PVC gloves used in the preparation of foods were apparently the source of high DEHP concentrations .
The gloves used during cooking or packaging were sprayed with 68% ( w/w ) ethanol to sterilize them .
PVC gloves from the factory contained 22 or 41% by weight of DEHP .
To confirm the link with the contamination problem , samples of boiled rice , croquette and boiled dry radish were handled in the laboratory with PVC gloves containing 30% ( w/w ) DEHP .
DEHP migration levels of 0 . 05 mg/kg in rice or 0 . 33 mg/kg in croquette , and 11 . 1 mg/kg in radish were found .
The alcohol sprayed onto the gloves increased the migration of DEHP to 2 . 03 mg/kg in rice , 2 . 45 mg , kg in croquette , and 18 . 4 mg/kg in radish .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Plasticizer contamination of foods sold in retail packed lunches and set lunches in restaurants was determined by GC/MS . The phthalate esters were as follows : diethyl , dipropyl , dibutyl , dipentyl , dihexyl , butylbenzyl , dicyclohexyl , di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) , dioctyl , diisooctyl ( mixture of isomers ) and diisononyl ( mixture ) . Di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) adipate was also determined . Sixteen packed lunches and ten set lunches were analysed , and in all samples the concentration of di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate ( DEHP ) was the highest , at 0 . 80-11 . 8 mg/kg in packed lunches and 0 . 012-0 . 30 mg/kg in set lunches . The DEHP content of five packed lunches exceeded 1 . 85 mg , which is the EU tolerable daily intake ( TDI ) for a person of 50 kg body weight . Foodstuffs that were components of the packed lunches were taken from the factory at each step of preparation and phthalates were determined . For example , chicken contained 0 . 08 mg/kg DEHP when uncooked , 13 . 1 mg/kg after frying and 16 . 9 mg/kg after packing . Disposable PVC gloves used in the preparation of foods were apparently the source of high DEHP concentrations . The gloves used during cooking or packaging were sprayed with 68% ( w/w ) ethanol to sterilize them . PVC gloves from the factory contained 22 or 41% by weight of DEHP . To confirm the link with the contamination problem , samples of boiled rice , croquette and boiled dry radish were handled in the laboratory with PVC gloves containing 30% ( w/w ) DEHP . DEHP migration levels of 0 . 05 mg/kg in rice or 0 . 33 mg/kg in croquette , and 11 . 1 mg/kg in radish were found . The alcohol sprayed onto the gloves increased the migration of DEHP to 2 . 03 mg/kg in rice , 2 . 45 mg , kg in croquette , and 18 . 4 mg/kg in radish .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sixteen packed lunches and ten set lunches were analysed , and in all samples the concentration of di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate ( DEHP ) was the highest , at 0 . 80-11 . 8 mg/kg in packed lunches and 0 . 012-0 . 30 mg/kg in set lunches . The DEHP content of five packed lunches exceeded 1 . 85 mg , which is the EU tolerable daily intake ( TDI ) for a person of 50 kg body weight . Foodstuffs that were components of the packed lunches were taken from the factory at each step of preparation and phthalates were determined . For example , chicken contained 0 . 08 mg/kg DEHP when uncooked , 13 . 1 mg/kg after frying and 16 . 9 mg/kg after packing . Disposable PVC gloves used in the preparation of foods were apparently the source of high DEHP concentrations . The gloves used during cooking or packaging were sprayed with 68% ( w/w ) ethanol to sterilize them . PVC gloves from the factory contained 22 or 41% by weight of DEHP . To confirm the link with the contamination problem , samples of boiled rice , croquette and boiled dry radish were handled in the laboratory with PVC gloves containing 30% ( w/w ) DEHP . DEHP migration levels of 0 . 05 mg/kg in rice or 0 . 33 mg/kg in croquette , and 11 . 1 mg/kg in radish were found . The alcohol sprayed onto the gloves increased the migration of DEHP to 2 . 03 mg/kg in rice , 2 . 45 mg , kg in croquette , and 18 . 4 mg/kg in radish .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Population-scale laboratory studies of the effect of transgenic plants on nontarget insects .
| | Author: Schuler TH Denholm I Jouanin L Clark SJ Clark AJ Poppy GM .
| | Citation: V : 10 ( 7 ) P : 1845-53 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11472551 Accession (PMID): 11472551 | | Abstract: Studies of the effects of insect-resistant transgenic plants on beneficial insects have , to date , concentrated mainly on either small-scale "worst case scenario" laboratory experiments or on field trials .
We present a laboratory method using large population cages that represent an intermediate experimental scale , allowing the study of ecological and behavioural interactions between transgenic plants , pests and their natural enemies under more controlled conditions than is possible in the field .
Previous studies have also concentrated on natural enemies of lepidopteran and coleopteran target pests .
However , natural enemies of other pests , which are not controlled by the transgenic plants , are also potentially exposed to the transgene product when feeding on hosts .
The reduction in the use of insecticides on transgenic crops could lead to increasing problems with such nontarget pests , normally controlled by sprays , especially if there are any negative effects of the transgenic plant on their natural enemies .
This study tested two lines of insect-resistant transgenic oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) for side-effects on the hymenopteran parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae and its aphid host , Myzus persicae .
One transgenic line expressed the delta-endotoxin Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) and a second expressed the proteinase inhibitor oryzacystatin I ( OC-I ) from rice .
These transgenic plant lines were developed to provide resistance to lepidopteran and coleopteran pests , respectively .
No detrimental effects of the transgenic oilseed rape lines on the ability of the parasitoid to control aphid populations were observed .
Adult parasitoid emergence and sex ratio were also not consistently altered on the transgenic oilseed rape lines compared with the wild-type lines .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Studies of the effects of insect-resistant transgenic plants on beneficial insects have , to date , concentrated mainly on either small-scale "worst case scenario" laboratory experiments or on field trials . We present a laboratory method using large population cages that represent an intermediate experimental scale , allowing the study of ecological and behavioural interactions between transgenic plants , pests and their natural enemies under more controlled conditions than is possible in the field . Previous studies have also concentrated on natural enemies of lepidopteran and coleopteran target pests . However , natural enemies of other pests , which are not controlled by the transgenic plants , are also potentially exposed to the transgene product when feeding on hosts . The reduction in the use of insecticides on transgenic crops could lead to increasing problems with such nontarget pests , normally controlled by sprays , especially if there are any negative effects of the transgenic plant on their natural enemies . This study tested two lines of insect-resistant transgenic oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) for side-effects on the hymenopteran parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae and its aphid host , Myzus persicae . One transgenic line expressed the delta-endotoxin Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) and a second expressed the proteinase inhibitor oryzacystatin I ( OC-I ) from rice . These transgenic plant lines were developed to provide resistance to lepidopteran and coleopteran pests , respectively . No detrimental effects of the transgenic oilseed rape lines on the ability of the parasitoid to control aphid populations were observed . Adult parasitoid emergence and sex ratio were also not consistently altered on the transgenic oilseed rape lines compared with the wild-type lines .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: [ Current epidemiological malaria situation in Kyrgyzstan ( 1995-1999 ) ] | | Author: Abdikarimov ST .
| | Citation: V : -1 P : 33-4 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11548310 Accession (PMID): 11548310 | | Abstract: Kyzgyzstan is situated in an area which is potentially at risk for malaria .
In 1995-1999 , 58 cases of malaria were recorded , six of them were local cases .
The factors that promote the spread of malaria in Kyrgyzstan are the widespread and constant migration of people from Tajikistan and close economic ties between Kyrgyzstan and a number of Asian countries with widespread malaria epidemics .
Most cases of malaria in Kyrgyzstan were imported from Tajikistan ( 39 cases or 75% of all imported cases ) .
Plasmodium vivax , P falciparum and P malariae were identified in 95 . 9 , 1 . 7 , and 2 . 1% , respectively .
There is a widespread irrigation network in the country , along with a large number of reservoirs , ponds , lakes , springs , streams , gullies , and marshy floodplains .
As of 1 January 2000 , there are 2833 water areas that can support Anopheles mosquitoes , with a total area of 5008 . 5 ha .
The total length of the sewerage and drainage system is 5 , 440 km .
There is a great potential for the spread of malaria in the south of the republic , ie the Osh and Zhalalabad Regions , especially due to a large number of state rice ( paddy ) fields covering an area of over 3 , 500 ha .
Small rice-growing plots close to private dwellings , which are cultivated without any mosquito control measures , currently provide further breeding grounds for mosquitoes .
Almost 80% of the population of these areas is at risk for malaria .
Almost all species of malaria mosquitoes have been identified in Kyrgyzstan . An . _claviger and An . messeae have too , two other species have also spread through the country , these are An . martinius and An . superpictus which became the main vectors of malaria epidemics in the south in the 1930s-1950s .
Large-scale development of the pre-imago stages of the mosquito ( a larval , water-based stage ) takes place 5-7 months within which 4-6 mosquito generations develop .
At present , there is a shortage of staff in Kyrgyzstan , especially at a local level , who has thorough knowledge of malaria and experience with its control and who can define the highest priorities and the most appropriate and effective within the Global Malaria Control Strategy at the current stage .
Laboratory services are in need of considerable support : stocks of essential supplies for laboratory tests are almost exhausted , there is a shortage of essential equipment , the staff is not well enough trained .
There is an acute shortage of insecticides and larvicides for mosquito control .
Entomologists have no sufficient insect control equipment to treat water areas ( eg sprayers ) , there is no equipment for monitoring water areas or introducing larvicidal fishlaria ( Gambusiae ) either , and local monitoring is hampered by shortages of vehicles , fuel , and lubricants .
Since malaria control is an urgent problem , Kyrgyzstan has developed a comprehensive and integrated malaria programme for 2000-2004 and a plan of actions to study malaria vector resistance to insecticides in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan in 2000 .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 17, subscore: 1.00 ]: The total length of the sewerage and drainage system is 5 , 440 km . There is a great potential for the spread of malaria in the south of the republic , ie the Osh and Zhalalabad Regions , especially due to a large number of state rice ( paddy ) fields covering an area of over 3 , 500 ha . Small rice-growing plots close to private dwellings , which are cultivated without any mosquito control measures , currently provide further breeding grounds for mosquitoes . Almost 80% of the population of these areas is at risk for malaria . Almost all species of malaria mosquitoes have been identified in Kyrgyzstan . An . _claviger and An . messeae have too , two other species have also spread through the country , these are An . martinius and An . superpictus which became the main vectors of malaria epidemics in the south in the 1930s-1950s . Large-scale development of the pre-imago stages of the mosquito ( a larval , water-based stage ) takes place 5-7 months within which 4-6 mosquito generations develop . At present , there is a shortage of staff in Kyrgyzstan , especially at a local level , who has thorough knowledge of malaria and experience with its control and who can define the highest priorities and the most appropriate and effective within the Global Malaria Control Strategy at the current stage . Laboratory services are in need of considerable support : stocks of essential supplies for laboratory tests are almost exhausted , there is a shortage of essential equipment , the staff is not well enough trained . There is an acute shortage of insecticides and larvicides for mosquito control . Entomologists have no sufficient insect control equipment to treat water areas ( eg sprayers ) , there is no equipment for monitoring water areas or introducing larvicidal fishlaria ( Gambusiae ) either , and local monitoring is hampered by shortages of vehicles , fuel , and lubricants . Since malaria control is an urgent problem , Kyrgyzstan has developed a comprehensive and integrated malaria programme for 2000-2004 and a plan of actions to study malaria vector resistance to insecticides in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan in 2000 .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: In vivo pharmacokinetics of pyribenzoxim in rats .
| | Author: Liu KH Moon JK Sung HJ Kang SH Koo SJ Lee HS Kim JH .
| | Citation: V : 57 ( 12 ) P : 1155-60 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11802604 Accession (PMID): 11802604 | | Abstract: Pyribenzoxim , benzophenone O- [ 2 , 6-bis ( 4 , 6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy ) benzoyl ] oxime , is a new post-emergence herbicide providing broad-spectrum weed control in rice fields .
[ 14C ] Pyribenzoxim was used to study the pharmacokinetics of the compound after oral administration of a dose of 1000 mg kg-1 to male Sprague-Dawley rats .
The material balance ranged from 97 . 3 to 99 . 7% of the administered dose and urinary and fecal recovery accounted for 97 . 1% , with the majority of radioactivity recovered in feces ( 88 . 6% ) by 168 h after treatment .
Elimination as volatile products or as carbon dioxide was negligible .
The following values were obtained for the compound in the blood : AUC0-168 h , 28 , 400 micrograms equiv hg-1 ; Tmax , 12 h ; Cmax , 372 micrograms equiv g-1 ; half-life , 53 h .
Radioactivity in it issue decreased from 96 . 1% of applied radiocarbon at 6 h to 0 . 4% at 168 h and the highest concentration of radioactivity among the it issues was observed in liver while the lowest residues were found in brain .
The elimination half-lives of radioactivity from it issues was in the range of 7 to 77 h and Tmax values of 12 , 24 and 12 h were observed for blood , liver and kidney , respectively .
Except for that in the digestive tract , the it issue-to-blood ratio ( TBR ) was highest in the liver .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Pyribenzoxim , benzophenone O- [ 2 , 6-bis ( 4 , 6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy ) benzoyl ] oxime , is a new post-emergence herbicide providing broad-spectrum weed control in rice fields . [ 14C ] Pyribenzoxim was used to study the pharmacokinetics of the compound after oral administration of a dose of 1000 mg kg-1 to male Sprague-Dawley rats . The material balance ranged from 97 . 3 to 99 . 7% of the administered dose and urinary and fecal recovery accounted for 97 . 1% , with the majority of radioactivity recovered in feces ( 88 . 6% ) by 168 h after treatment . Elimination as volatile products or as carbon dioxide was negligible . The following values were obtained for the compound in the blood : AUC0-168 h , 28 , 400 micrograms equiv hg-1 ; Tmax , 12 h ; Cmax , 372 micrograms equiv g-1 ; half-life , 53 h . Radioactivity in it issue decreased from 96 . 1% of applied radiocarbon at 6 h to 0 . 4% at 168 h and the highest concentration of radioactivity among the it issues was observed in liver while the lowest residues were found in brain . The elimination half-lives of radioactivity from it issues was in the range of 7 to 77 h and Tmax values of 12 , 24 and 12 h were observed for blood , liver and kidney , respectively . Except for that in the digestive tract , the it issue-to-blood ratio ( TBR ) was highest in the liver .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Mode of action of acibenzolar-S-methyl against sheath blight of rice , caused by Rhizoctonia solani Khn .
| | Author: Rohilla R Singh US Singh RL .
| | Citation: V : 58 ( 1 ) P : 63-9 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11838287 Accession (PMID): 11838287 | | Abstract: The mode of action of acibenzolar-S-methyl ( BTH ) was investigated against sheath blight of rice and its pathogen , Rhizoctonia solani .
BTH exhibited limited fungitoxicity against R solani , in the form of reduced mycelial growth , hyphal browning and sclerotia formation .
Parasite fitness of mycelia and sclerotia formed on BTH-amended media was also reduced .
When applied as soil drench or foliar spray , BTH inhibited both disease development on inoculated sheaths and its spread to the younger sheaths .
The degree of protection against sheath blight increased with increase in duration between BTH application and inoculation .
The curative effect of BTH was poor .
When applied through roots a protective effect of BTH was visible even with only a 1-h interval between application and inoculation .
However , in the case of foliar application , protective effect was recorded only when the gap between application and inoculation was 24 h .
BTH reduced the frequency of penetration by R solani , colonization of host it issue and spread of the hyphae from primary lesions to form secondary lesions .
BTH induced swelling of hyphal tips on the sheath surface , formation of papillae , browning of penetrated epidermal cells and degeneration of intra-cellular hyphae colonizing epidermal and mesophyll cells .
Therefore , the protective effect of BTH against sheath blight was due to combination of its host defence-inducing activity and its adverse effect on growth and vigor ( parasite fitness ) of the pathogen . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The mode of action of acibenzolar-S-methyl ( BTH ) was investigated against sheath blight of rice and its pathogen , Rhizoctonia solani . BTH exhibited limited fungitoxicity against R solani , in the form of reduced mycelial growth , hyphal browning and sclerotia formation . Parasite fitness of mycelia and sclerotia formed on BTH-amended media was also reduced . When applied as soil drench or foliar spray , BTH inhibited both disease development on inoculated sheaths and its spread to the younger sheaths . The degree of protection against sheath blight increased with increase in duration between BTH application and inoculation . The curative effect of BTH was poor . When applied through roots a protective effect of BTH was visible even with only a 1-h interval between application and inoculation . However , in the case of foliar application , protective effect was recorded only when the gap between application and inoculation was 24 h . BTH reduced the frequency of penetration by R solani , colonization of host it issue and spread of the hyphae from primary lesions to form secondary lesions . BTH induced swelling of hyphal tips on the sheath surface , formation of papillae , browning of penetrated epidermal cells and degeneration of intra-cellular hyphae colonizing epidermal and mesophyll cells . Therefore , the protective effect of BTH against sheath blight was due to combination of its host defence-inducing activity and its adverse effect on growth and vigor ( parasite fitness ) of the pathogen .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Relationship between toxicity and cadmium accumulation in rats given low amounts of cadmium chloride or cadmium-polluted rice for 22 months .
| | Author: Shibutani M Mitsumori K Satoh S Hiratsuka H Satoh M Sumiyoshi M Nishijima M Katsuki Y Suzuki J Nakagawa J Akagi T Imazawa T Ando M | | Citation: V : 26 ( 5 ) P : 337-58 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11871130 Accession (PMID): 11871130 | | Abstract: To clarify toxic effects of long-term oral administration of low dose cadmium ( Cd ) on the liver and kidney , six groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing Cd-polluted rice or CdCl2 at concentrations up to 40 ppm , and killed after 12 , 18 , and 22 months .
With toxicological parameters , including histopathology , there was no evidence of Cd-related hepato-renal toxicity , despite a slight decrease of mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin of red blood cells with 40 ppm CdCl2 .
Dose-dependent accumulation of Cd was observed in the liver and kidneys with peak levels of 130 +/- 42 micrograms/g and 120 +/- 20 micrograms/g , respectively , at 18 months in animals treated with 40 ppm CdCl2 .
A dose-dependent increase in urinary Cd levels became evident with time .
Induction of metallothionein ( MT ) was also observed in the liver and kidney with a high correlation to the corresponding Cd levels .
In the proximal renal tubular epithelia of 40 ppm CdCl2-treated rats at 22 months , prominent accumulation of Cd was observed in secondary lysosomes associated with MT deposits in their exocytotic residual bodies .
The results demonstrated that , in contrast to the case with high-dose Cd-administration , renal toxicity is not induced by long-term oral administration of low amounts of Cd , although it issue accumulation does occur .
Possible protective mechanisms may be operating . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: To clarify toxic effects of long-term oral administration of low dose cadmium ( Cd ) on the liver and kidney , six groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing Cd-polluted rice or CdCl2 at concentrations up to 40 ppm , and killed after 12 , 18 , and 22 months . With toxicological parameters , including histopathology , there was no evidence of Cd-related hepato-renal toxicity , despite a slight decrease of mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin of red blood cells with 40 ppm CdCl2 . Dose-dependent accumulation of Cd was observed in the liver and kidneys with peak levels of 130 +/- 42 micrograms/g and 120 +/- 20 micrograms/g , respectively , at 18 months in animals treated with 40 ppm CdCl2 . A dose-dependent increase in urinary Cd levels became evident with time . Induction of metallothionein ( MT ) was also observed in the liver and kidney with a high correlation to the corresponding Cd levels . In the proximal renal tubular epithelia of 40 ppm CdCl2-treated rats at 22 months , prominent accumulation of Cd was observed in secondary lysosomes associated with MT deposits in their exocytotic residual bodies . The results demonstrated that , in contrast to the case with high-dose Cd-administration , renal toxicity is not induced by long-term oral administration of low amounts of Cd , although it issue accumulation does occur . Possible protective mechanisms may be operating .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Comparison of Canadian Fusarium graminearum isolates for aggressiveness , vegetative compatibility , and production of ergosterol and mycotoxins .
| | Author: Gilbert J Abramson D McCallum B Clear R | | Citation: V : 153 ( 4 ) P : 209-15 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12014482 Accession (PMID): 12014482 | | Abstract: Fusarium graminearum is the predominant pathogen causing fusarium head blight of cereals in North America .
Fifteen Canadian isolates of Fusarium graminearum were highly diverse in terms of vegetative compatibility grouping ( VCG ) and varied for production of ergosterol and mycotoxin production in rice culture .
Aggressiveness was assessed by scoring the disease severity incited in wheat spikes by each isolate .
Two inoculation methods , single-floret injection and spray of entire spikes , were used to screen 4 wheat varieties for reaction to the F graminearum isolates .
All isolates were of broadly similar aggressiveness , with disease severity ranging from 17 . 2 to 39 . 1 for single floret injection , and 39 . 1 to 69 . 0 for spray inoculation .
Disease severity , ergosterol production , and mycotoxin development were not correlated .
Using nitrate non-utilizing mutants the 15 isolates were grouped into 14 VCGs .
Deoxynivalenol ( DON ) was produced by all isolates in rice culture , at levels between 0 . 2 and 249 ppm .
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was produced by 14 of the 15 isolates at levels between 0 . 4 and 44 . 6 ppm .
These results reveal a high level of diversity for several characteristics among F graminearum isolates from Canada . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Fusarium graminearum is the predominant pathogen causing fusarium head blight of cereals in North America . Fifteen Canadian isolates of Fusarium graminearum were highly diverse in terms of vegetative compatibility grouping ( VCG ) and varied for production of ergosterol and mycotoxin production in rice culture . Aggressiveness was assessed by scoring the disease severity incited in wheat spikes by each isolate . Two inoculation methods , single-floret injection and spray of entire spikes , were used to screen 4 wheat varieties for reaction to the F graminearum isolates . All isolates were of broadly similar aggressiveness , with disease severity ranging from 17 . 2 to 39 . 1 for single floret injection , and 39 . 1 to 69 . 0 for spray inoculation . Disease severity , ergosterol production , and mycotoxin development were not correlated . Using nitrate non-utilizing mutants the 15 isolates were grouped into 14 VCGs . Deoxynivalenol ( DON ) was produced by all isolates in rice culture , at levels between 0 . 2 and 249 ppm . 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was produced by 14 of the 15 isolates at levels between 0 . 4 and 44 . 6 ppm . These results reveal a high level of diversity for several characteristics among F graminearum isolates from Canada .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Fusarium graminearum is the predominant pathogen causing fusarium head blight of cereals in North America . Fifteen Canadian isolates of Fusarium graminearum were highly diverse in terms of vegetative compatibility grouping ( VCG ) and varied for production of ergosterol and mycotoxin production in rice culture . Aggressiveness was assessed by scoring the disease severity incited in wheat spikes by each isolate . Two inoculation methods , single-floret injection and spray of entire spikes , were used to screen 4 wheat varieties for reaction to the F graminearum isolates . All isolates were of broadly similar aggressiveness , with disease severity ranging from 17 . 2 to 39 . 1 for single floret injection , and 39 . 1 to 69 . 0 for spray inoculation . Disease severity , ergosterol production , and mycotoxin development were not correlated . Using nitrate non-utilizing mutants the 15 isolates were grouped into 14 VCGs . Deoxynivalenol ( DON ) was produced by all isolates in rice culture , at levels between 0 . 2 and 249 ppm . 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was produced by 14 of the 15 isolates at levels between 0 . 4 and 44 . 6 ppm . These results reveal a high level of diversity for several characteristics among F graminearum isolates from Canada .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: [ Studies on extensive application of bromoacetamide in various types of schistosomiasis endemic area ] | | Author: Zhu D Yin J Bao Z Cai L | | Citation: V : 16 ( 1 ) P : 53-7 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12078209 Accession (PMID): 12078209 | | Abstract: AIM : To provide scientific basis for the popularization and application of molluscide bromoacetamide .
METHODS : Large scale application of bromoacetamide in twenty eight counties of four provinces was investigated and its molluscicidal effect in marshland and influence on marshland grass ( Cyperus ) and fishes were observed .
RESULTS : High molluscicidal effect of bromoacetamide was found against both snails and snail eggs in various environments .
According to the results observed in different fields , the applicable dosage of bromoacetamide is 1 . 5-2 g/m2 for spraying method , 1 . 5-2 g/m3 for immersing method and 1 . 5-2 g/m for immersing in combination with shovelling the turf along the bank .
When it was applied in fish-raising ponds or rivers at an applicable dosage , no toxic effect on fishes was found .
The spraying dosage of bromoacetamide did not affect the rice seedling but it did some damage to the leaf-tips of marshland grass , however , the grass did turn green and grow .
CONCLUSION : Bromoacetamide has proved to be a safe and effective mulluscicde against Oncomelania under various field conditions .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: AIM : To provide scientific basis for the popularization and application of molluscide bromoacetamide . METHODS : Large scale application of bromoacetamide in twenty eight counties of four provinces was investigated and its molluscicidal effect in marshland and influence on marshland grass ( Cyperus ) and fishes were observed . RESULTS : High molluscicidal effect of bromoacetamide was found against both snails and snail eggs in various environments . According to the results observed in different fields , the applicable dosage of bromoacetamide is 1 . 5-2 g/m2 for spraying method , 1 . 5-2 g/m3 for immersing method and 1 . 5-2 g/m for immersing in combination with shovelling the turf along the bank . When it was applied in fish-raising ponds or rivers at an applicable dosage , no toxic effect on fishes was found . The spraying dosage of bromoacetamide did not affect the rice seedling but it did some damage to the leaf-tips of marshland grass , however , the grass did turn green and grow . CONCLUSION : Bromoacetamide has proved to be a safe and effective mulluscicde against Oncomelania under various field conditions .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: AIM : To provide scientific basis for the popularization and application of molluscide bromoacetamide . METHODS : Large scale application of bromoacetamide in twenty eight counties of four provinces was investigated and its molluscicidal effect in marshland and influence on marshland grass ( Cyperus ) and fishes were observed . RESULTS : High molluscicidal effect of bromoacetamide was found against both snails and snail eggs in various environments . According to the results observed in different fields , the applicable dosage of bromoacetamide is 1 . 5-2 g/m2 for spraying method , 1 . 5-2 g/m3 for immersing method and 1 . 5-2 g/m for immersing in combination with shovelling the turf along the bank . When it was applied in fish-raising ponds or rivers at an applicable dosage , no toxic effect on fishes was found . The spraying dosage of bromoacetamide did not affect the rice seedling but it did some damage to the leaf-tips of marshland grass , however , the grass did turn green and grow . CONCLUSION : Bromoacetamide has proved to be a safe and effective mulluscicde against Oncomelania under various field conditions .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Epidemic malaria in the Menoreh Hills of Central Java .
| | Author: Barcus MJ Laihad F Sururi M Sismadi P Marwoto H Bangs MJ Baird JK .
| | Citation: V : 66 ( 3 ) P : 287-92 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12139222 Accession (PMID): 12139222 | | Abstract: After more than 50 years of effective management , resurgent malaria threatens residents in the Menoreh Hills and the foothills of the Dieng Plateau of Central Java , Indonesia .
The Dieng Plateau dominates the highland center of Central Java .
The steep Menoreh Hills , surrounded by rice paddy habitats , cover approximately 500 km2 with no peaks greater than 1 , 000 m .
We studied epidemic malaria in Purworejo district , one of the three districts containing the Menoreh Hills .
Between 1986 and 1995 , the annual parasite incidence ( API ) in Purworejo ranged from 2 to 11 cases per 1 , 000 residents per year and was typically approximately 5 per 1 , 000 .
In 2000 the API was 44 . 5 .
This sharp increase was confined to subdistricts in and around the Menoreh Hills and Dieng Plateau foothills .
The primary vectors of malaria , those favoring steep , forested hillsides on Java , were Anopheles maculatus and Anopheles balabacensis .
Deterioration of vector control activity , followed by a severe economic downturn in 1997 , may explain the epidemic .
Malaria in the Menoreh Hills and lower Dieng Plateau threatens surrounding areas of rice paddy inhabited by Anopheles aconitus as well as a nearby coastal habitat where the even more efficient vector Anopheles sundaicus occurs in abundance .
Most of the 130 million people living on Java never experienced the hyper and holoendemic malaria that occurred throughout most of the island before the effective DDT spraying and chloroquine treatment campaigns of the 1950s .
Reintroduced endemic malaria threatens the island of Java .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: The Dieng Plateau dominates the highland center of Central Java . The steep Menoreh Hills , surrounded by rice paddy habitats , cover approximately 500 km2 with no peaks greater than 1 , 000 m . We studied epidemic malaria in Purworejo district , one of the three districts containing the Menoreh Hills . Between 1986 and 1995 , the annual parasite incidence ( API ) in Purworejo ranged from 2 to 11 cases per 1 , 000 residents per year and was typically approximately 5 per 1 , 000 . In 2000 the API was 44 . 5 . This sharp increase was confined to subdistricts in and around the Menoreh Hills and Dieng Plateau foothills . The primary vectors of malaria , those favoring steep , forested hillsides on Java , were Anopheles maculatus and Anopheles balabacensis . Deterioration of vector control activity , followed by a severe economic downturn in 1997 , may explain the epidemic . Malaria in the Menoreh Hills and lower Dieng Plateau threatens surrounding areas of rice paddy inhabited by Anopheles aconitus as well as a nearby coastal habitat where the even more efficient vector Anopheles sundaicus occurs in abundance . Most of the 130 million people living on Java never experienced the hyper and holoendemic malaria that occurred throughout most of the island before the effective DDT spraying and chloroquine treatment campaigns of the 1950s . Reintroduced endemic malaria threatens the island of Java .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Abscisic acid and cytokinins in the root exudates and leaves and their relationship to senescence and remobilization of carbon reserves in rice subjected to water stress during grain filling .
| | Author: Yang J Zhang J Wang Z Zhu Q Liu L | | Citation: V : 215 ( 4 ) P : 645-52 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12172848 Accession (PMID): 12172848 | | Abstract: The possible regulation of senescence-initiated remobilization of carbon reserves in rice ( Oryza sativa L ) by abscisic acid ( ABA ) and cytokinins was studied using two rice cultivars with high lodging resistance and slow remobilization .
The plants were grown in pots and either well-watered ( WW , soil water potential = 0 MPa ) or water-stressed ( WS , soil water potential = -0 . 05 MPa ) from 9 days after anthesis until they reached maturity .
Leaf water potentials of both cultivars markedly decreased at midday as a result of water stress but completely recovered by early morning .
Chlorophyll ( Chl ) and photosynthetic rate ( Pr ) of the flag leaves declined faster in WS plants than in WW plants , indicating that the water deficit enhanced senescence .
Water stress accelerated starch remobilization in the stems , promoted the re-allocation of pre-fixed ( 14 ) C from the stems to grains , shortened the grain-filling period and increased the grain-filling rate .
Sucrose phosphate synthase ( SPS , EC 2 . 4 . 1 . 14 ) activity was enhanced by water stress and positively correlated with sucrose accumulation in both the stem and leaves .
Water stress substantially increased ABA but reduced zeatin ( Z ) + zeatin riboside ( ZR ) concentrations in the root exudates and leaves .
ABA significantly and negatively , while Z+ZR positively , correlated with Pr and Chl of the flag leaves .
ABA , not Z+ZR , was positively and significantly correlated with SPS activity and remobilization of pre-stored carbon .
Spraying ABA reduced Chl in the flag leaves , and enhanced SPS activity and remobilization of carbon reserves .
Spraying kinetin had the opposite effect .
The results suggest that both ABA and cytokinins are involved in controlling plant senescence , and an enhanced carbon remobilization is attributed to an elevated ABA level in rice plants subjected to water stress . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: The possible regulation of senescence-initiated remobilization of carbon reserves in rice ( Oryza sativa L ) by abscisic acid ( ABA ) and cytokinins was studied using two rice cultivars with high lodging resistance and slow remobilization . The plants were grown in pots and either well-watered ( WW , soil water potential = 0 MPa ) or water-stressed ( WS , soil water potential = -0 . 05 MPa ) from 9 days after anthesis until they reached maturity . Leaf water potentials of both cultivars markedly decreased at midday as a result of water stress but completely recovered by early morning . Chlorophyll ( Chl ) and photosynthetic rate ( Pr ) of the flag leaves declined faster in WS plants than in WW plants , indicating that the water deficit enhanced senescence . Water stress accelerated starch remobilization in the stems , promoted the re-allocation of pre-fixed ( 14 ) C from the stems to grains , shortened the grain-filling period and increased the grain-filling rate . Sucrose phosphate synthase ( SPS , EC 2 . 4 . 1 . 14 ) activity was enhanced by water stress and positively correlated with sucrose accumulation in both the stem and leaves . Water stress substantially increased ABA but reduced zeatin ( Z ) + zeatin riboside ( ZR ) concentrations in the root exudates and leaves . ABA significantly and negatively , while Z+ZR positively , correlated with Pr and Chl of the flag leaves . ABA , not Z+ZR , was positively and significantly correlated with SPS activity and remobilization of pre-stored carbon . Spraying ABA reduced Chl in the flag leaves , and enhanced SPS activity and remobilization of carbon reserves . Spraying kinetin had the opposite effect . The results suggest that both ABA and cytokinins are involved in controlling plant senescence , and an enhanced carbon remobilization is attributed to an elevated ABA level in rice plants subjected to water stress .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: The plants were grown in pots and either well-watered ( WW , soil water potential = 0 MPa ) or water-stressed ( WS , soil water potential = -0 . 05 MPa ) from 9 days after anthesis until they reached maturity . Leaf water potentials of both cultivars markedly decreased at midday as a result of water stress but completely recovered by early morning . Chlorophyll ( Chl ) and photosynthetic rate ( Pr ) of the flag leaves declined faster in WS plants than in WW plants , indicating that the water deficit enhanced senescence . Water stress accelerated starch remobilization in the stems , promoted the re-allocation of pre-fixed ( 14 ) C from the stems to grains , shortened the grain-filling period and increased the grain-filling rate . Sucrose phosphate synthase ( SPS , EC 2 . 4 . 1 . 14 ) activity was enhanced by water stress and positively correlated with sucrose accumulation in both the stem and leaves . Water stress substantially increased ABA but reduced zeatin ( Z ) + zeatin riboside ( ZR ) concentrations in the root exudates and leaves . ABA significantly and negatively , while Z+ZR positively , correlated with Pr and Chl of the flag leaves . ABA , not Z+ZR , was positively and significantly correlated with SPS activity and remobilization of pre-stored carbon . Spraying ABA reduced Chl in the flag leaves , and enhanced SPS activity and remobilization of carbon reserves . Spraying kinetin had the opposite effect . The results suggest that both ABA and cytokinins are involved in controlling plant senescence , and an enhanced carbon remobilization is attributed to an elevated ABA level in rice plants subjected to water stress .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 4.00 |
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| Title: Biological monitoring of combined exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroids .
| | Author: He F Chen S Tang X Gan W Tao B Wen B | | Citation: V : 134 ( 1-3 ) P : 119-24 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12191869 Accession (PMID): 12191869 | | Abstract: A total of 132 farmers were selected from two areas ( J and S ) for this study .
In area J , the subgroups Ja ( 40 subjects ) and Jb ( 36 subjects ) sprayed on rice crops either the organophosphate ( OP ) insecticide methamidophos or the mixture methamidophos-deltamethrin ( a pyrethroid , Pyr ) .
In area S , the subgroups Sa ( 27 subjects ) and Sb ( 29 subjects ) sprayed on cottons either the OP methyl-parathion or the mixture methyl-parathion-deltamethrin .
Groups Jc ( 22 subjects ) and Sc ( 20 subjects ) were non-exposed controls .
Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase ( AChE ) was measured by the Ellmans method before spraying , after 2-h exposure and 1 h later .
Inhibition of AChE occurred after 2-h exposure to both single OP ( Ja and Sa ) and OP-containing mixtures ( Jb and Sb ) as compared with both pre-exposure and control values ( Jc and Sc ) .
A similar recovery was found in subgroups Ja , Jb , Sa and Sb 1 h after spraying , but all remained lower than the pre-exposure level .
There was no difference in AChE inhibition and recovery between the single OP subgroups and the OP mixture subgroups .
The inhibitory effect on AChE shown in subjects with combined OP-Pyr exposure was induced by the OP component of the insecticide mixture and to a similar extent as that induced by the single OP formulations .
In addition to the fact that the OP is more potent than Pyrs , the above results might explain why the clinical manifestations of OP mixture poisonings are similar to those of single OP poisoning .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: A total of 132 farmers were selected from two areas ( J and S ) for this study . In area J , the subgroups Ja ( 40 subjects ) and Jb ( 36 subjects ) sprayed on rice crops either the organophosphate ( OP ) insecticide methamidophos or the mixture methamidophos-deltamethrin ( a pyrethroid , Pyr ) . In area S , the subgroups Sa ( 27 subjects ) and Sb ( 29 subjects ) sprayed on cottons either the OP methyl-parathion or the mixture methyl-parathion-deltamethrin . Groups Jc ( 22 subjects ) and Sc ( 20 subjects ) were non-exposed controls . Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase ( AChE ) was measured by the Ellmans method before spraying , after 2-h exposure and 1 h later . Inhibition of AChE occurred after 2-h exposure to both single OP ( Ja and Sa ) and OP-containing mixtures ( Jb and Sb ) as compared with both pre-exposure and control values ( Jc and Sc ) . A similar recovery was found in subgroups Ja , Jb , Sa and Sb 1 h after spraying , but all remained lower than the pre-exposure level . There was no difference in AChE inhibition and recovery between the single OP subgroups and the OP mixture subgroups . The inhibitory effect on AChE shown in subjects with combined OP-Pyr exposure was induced by the OP component of the insecticide mixture and to a similar extent as that induced by the single OP formulations . In addition to the fact that the OP is more potent than Pyrs , the above results might explain why the clinical manifestations of OP mixture poisonings are similar to those of single OP poisoning .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: A total of 132 farmers were selected from two areas ( J and S ) for this study . In area J , the subgroups Ja ( 40 subjects ) and Jb ( 36 subjects ) sprayed on rice crops either the organophosphate ( OP ) insecticide methamidophos or the mixture methamidophos-deltamethrin ( a pyrethroid , Pyr ) . In area S , the subgroups Sa ( 27 subjects ) and Sb ( 29 subjects ) sprayed on cottons either the OP methyl-parathion or the mixture methyl-parathion-deltamethrin . Groups Jc ( 22 subjects ) and Sc ( 20 subjects ) were non-exposed controls . Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase ( AChE ) was measured by the Ellmans method before spraying , after 2-h exposure and 1 h later . Inhibition of AChE occurred after 2-h exposure to both single OP ( Ja and Sa ) and OP-containing mixtures ( Jb and Sb ) as compared with both pre-exposure and control values ( Jc and Sc ) . A similar recovery was found in subgroups Ja , Jb , Sa and Sb 1 h after spraying , but all remained lower than the pre-exposure level . There was no difference in AChE inhibition and recovery between the single OP subgroups and the OP mixture subgroups . The inhibitory effect on AChE shown in subjects with combined OP-Pyr exposure was induced by the OP component of the insecticide mixture and to a similar extent as that induced by the single OP formulations . In addition to the fact that the OP is more potent than Pyrs , the above results might explain why the clinical manifestations of OP mixture poisonings are similar to those of single OP poisoning .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: A total of 132 farmers were selected from two areas ( J and S ) for this study . In area J , the subgroups Ja ( 40 subjects ) and Jb ( 36 subjects ) sprayed on rice crops either the organophosphate ( OP ) insecticide methamidophos or the mixture methamidophos-deltamethrin ( a pyrethroid , Pyr ) . In area S , the subgroups Sa ( 27 subjects ) and Sb ( 29 subjects ) sprayed on cottons either the OP methyl-parathion or the mixture methyl-parathion-deltamethrin . Groups Jc ( 22 subjects ) and Sc ( 20 subjects ) were non-exposed controls . Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase ( AChE ) was measured by the Ellmans method before spraying , after 2-h exposure and 1 h later . Inhibition of AChE occurred after 2-h exposure to both single OP ( Ja and Sa ) and OP-containing mixtures ( Jb and Sb ) as compared with both pre-exposure and control values ( Jc and Sc ) . A similar recovery was found in subgroups Ja , Jb , Sa and Sb 1 h after spraying , but all remained lower than the pre-exposure level . There was no difference in AChE inhibition and recovery between the single OP subgroups and the OP mixture subgroups . The inhibitory effect on AChE shown in subjects with combined OP-Pyr exposure was induced by the OP component of the insecticide mixture and to a similar extent as that induced by the single OP formulations . In addition to the fact that the OP is more potent than Pyrs , the above results might explain why the clinical manifestations of OP mixture poisonings are similar to those of single OP poisoning .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: A total of 132 farmers were selected from two areas ( J and S ) for this study . In area J , the subgroups Ja ( 40 subjects ) and Jb ( 36 subjects ) sprayed on rice crops either the organophosphate ( OP ) insecticide methamidophos or the mixture methamidophos-deltamethrin ( a pyrethroid , Pyr ) . In area S , the subgroups Sa ( 27 subjects ) and Sb ( 29 subjects ) sprayed on cottons either the OP methyl-parathion or the mixture methyl-parathion-deltamethrin . Groups Jc ( 22 subjects ) and Sc ( 20 subjects ) were non-exposed controls . Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase ( AChE ) was measured by the Ellmans method before spraying , after 2-h exposure and 1 h later . Inhibition of AChE occurred after 2-h exposure to both single OP ( Ja and Sa ) and OP-containing mixtures ( Jb and Sb ) as compared with both pre-exposure and control values ( Jc and Sc ) . A similar recovery was found in subgroups Ja , Jb , Sa and Sb 1 h after spraying , but all remained lower than the pre-exposure level . There was no difference in AChE inhibition and recovery between the single OP subgroups and the OP mixture subgroups . The inhibitory effect on AChE shown in subjects with combined OP-Pyr exposure was induced by the OP component of the insecticide mixture and to a similar extent as that induced by the single OP formulations . In addition to the fact that the OP is more potent than Pyrs , the above results might explain why the clinical manifestations of OP mixture poisonings are similar to those of single OP poisoning .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Correlation of cytokinin levels in the endosperms and roots with cell number and cell division activity during endosperm development in rice .
| | Author: Yang J Zhang J Huang Z Wang Z Zhu Q Liu L | | Citation: V : 90 ( 3 ) P : 369-77 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12234149 Accession (PMID): 12234149 | | Abstract: Cell number and cell division activity in rice ( Oryza sativa ) endosperms are possibly regulated by cytokinin levels in the endosperm and its source in the roots .
This study tried to find the possible correlations among them .
Six rice genotypes were grown in nutrient solution .
Two patterns of endosperm cell division , synchronous and asynchronous , were observed among the genotypes based on the cell division rate of superior and inferior spikelets .
Contents of zeatin ( Z ) + zeatin riboside ( ZR ) were much higher than those of N6-isopentenyladenine ( iP ) and N6-isopentenyladenosine ( iPR ) in both endosperms and roots .
Changes in Z + ZR levels in endosperms were significantly correlated with those in roots , and both were very significantly correlated with the cell division rate .
Changes in iP + iPR contents in the roots were not significantly correlated with those in the endosperms and the cell division rate .
When roots were treated with kinetin , endosperm cell number and grain weight were increased .
Such enhancement was more significantly achieved by the root kinetin treatment than by spraying kinetin on leaves and panicles .
The results suggest that the cell number and cell division activity in rice endosperms are regulated by cytokinin levels in the endosperm and that root-derived Z + ZR play a pivotal role . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cell number and cell division activity in rice ( Oryza sativa ) endosperms are possibly regulated by cytokinin levels in the endosperm and its source in the roots . This study tried to find the possible correlations among them . Six rice genotypes were grown in nutrient solution . Two patterns of endosperm cell division , synchronous and asynchronous , were observed among the genotypes based on the cell division rate of superior and inferior spikelets . Contents of zeatin ( Z ) + zeatin riboside ( ZR ) were much higher than those of N6-isopentenyladenine ( iP ) and N6-isopentenyladenosine ( iPR ) in both endosperms and roots . Changes in Z + ZR levels in endosperms were significantly correlated with those in roots , and both were very significantly correlated with the cell division rate . Changes in iP + iPR contents in the roots were not significantly correlated with those in the endosperms and the cell division rate . When roots were treated with kinetin , endosperm cell number and grain weight were increased . Such enhancement was more significantly achieved by the root kinetin treatment than by spraying kinetin on leaves and panicles . The results suggest that the cell number and cell division activity in rice endosperms are regulated by cytokinin levels in the endosperm and that root-derived Z + ZR play a pivotal role .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: [ Genetic analysis of blast resistance in japonica rice landrace heikezijing from Taihu region ] | | Author: Wang JF He XJ Zhang HS Chen ZY .
| | Citation: V : 29 ( 9 ) P : 803-7 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12561228 Accession (PMID): 12561228 | | Abstract: Japonica rice landrace Heikezijing ( HKZJ ) from Taihu region is highly resistant to several Chinese and Japanese differential strains of Magnaporthe grisea .
The F1 , F2 and RIL populations from the cross between the resistant variety Heikezijing and the susceptible variety Lijiangxintuanheigu ( LJXTHG ) were inoculated by spray with two strains of Ken 54-04 and Hoku 1 in seedling stages .
Based on the R : S ratios of segregation in F1 , F2 and RIL populations it was showed that there were two independent dominant genes in Heikezijing in responsible for resistance to strain Ken 54-04 and one dominant R gene to strain Hoku 1 which is the same to one of the two genes resistant to Ken 54-04 .
The allelic test indicated that the gene with resistance to both Hoku 1 and Ken 54-04 is non-allelic to loci of Pi-k , Pi-z , Pi-ta , Pi-b and Pi-t , also neither Pi-i nor Pi-a gene .
It is necessary to confirm whether it is an unknown gene . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Japonica rice landrace Heikezijing ( HKZJ ) from Taihu region is highly resistant to several Chinese and Japanese differential strains of Magnaporthe grisea . The F1 , F2 and RIL populations from the cross between the resistant variety Heikezijing and the susceptible variety Lijiangxintuanheigu ( LJXTHG ) were inoculated by spray with two strains of Ken 54-04 and Hoku 1 in seedling stages . Based on the R : S ratios of segregation in F1 , F2 and RIL populations it was showed that there were two independent dominant genes in Heikezijing in responsible for resistance to strain Ken 54-04 and one dominant R gene to strain Hoku 1 which is the same to one of the two genes resistant to Ken 54-04 . The allelic test indicated that the gene with resistance to both Hoku 1 and Ken 54-04 is non-allelic to loci of Pi-k , Pi-z , Pi-ta , Pi-b and Pi-t , also neither Pi-i nor Pi-a gene . It is necessary to confirm whether it is an unknown gene .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: [ Survey of susceptibility of anopheline vectors to insecticides in a malaria mesoendemic area , Hubei Province ] | | Author: Yu PH Zhang HX Zhang SQ Xu BZ .
| | Citation: V : 18 ( 3 ) P : 149-51 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12567689 Accession (PMID): 12567689 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To determine the susceptibility of Anopheles anthropophagus and Anopheles sinensis to deltamethrin and DDT in an area where different counter-measures had been adopted .
METHODS : The mortality of the vectors was examined by using the standardised WHO test RESULTS : The mortality for tentative diagnostic dose in An . anthropophagus to deltamethrin were 83 . 8% , 83 . 7% and 84 . 7% , respectively in the areas where impregnated net had been used for 1 year or 3 years and DDT residual spraying had been carried out for 3 years , suggesting that An . anthropophagus was an initially resistant group .
The LT50 were 8 . 69 , 7 . 48 and 9 . 87 min , respectively .
The mortality for tentative diagnostic dose in An . sinensis to deltamethrin and DDT were 76 . 5% , 57 . 0% and 79 . 0% , respectively in three survey areas , suggesting that An . sinensis was a resistant group .
The LT50 were 12 . 0 , 15 . 4 and 11 . 2 min , respectively .
The mortality for tentative diagnostic dose in An . sinensis to DDT was 95 . 8% in impregnated net area , suggesting that An . anthropophagus was an initially resistant group .
The LC50 was 0 . 73% .
The mortality for tentative diagnostic dose in An . sinensis to DDT was 44% , suggesting that An . sinensis was a highly resistant group .
The LC50 was more than 4% .
CONCLUSION : A substantial use of insecticides in the rice paddy field has resulted in resistance of An . sinensis , whereas no apparent resistance of An . anthropophgus has been found .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : To determine the susceptibility of Anopheles anthropophagus and Anopheles sinensis to deltamethrin and DDT in an area where different counter-measures had been adopted . METHODS : The mortality of the vectors was examined by using the standardised WHO test RESULTS : The mortality for tentative diagnostic dose in An . anthropophagus to deltamethrin were 83 . 8% , 83 . 7% and 84 . 7% , respectively in the areas where impregnated net had been used for 1 year or 3 years and DDT residual spraying had been carried out for 3 years , suggesting that An . anthropophagus was an initially resistant group . The LT50 were 8 . 69 , 7 . 48 and 9 . 87 min , respectively . The mortality for tentative diagnostic dose in An . sinensis to deltamethrin and DDT were 76 . 5% , 57 . 0% and 79 . 0% , respectively in three survey areas , suggesting that An . sinensis was a resistant group . The LT50 were 12 . 0 , 15 . 4 and 11 . 2 min , respectively . The mortality for tentative diagnostic dose in An . sinensis to DDT was 95 . 8% in impregnated net area , suggesting that An . anthropophagus was an initially resistant group . The LC50 was 0 . 73% . The mortality for tentative diagnostic dose in An . sinensis to DDT was 44% , suggesting that An . sinensis was a highly resistant group . The LC50 was more than 4% . CONCLUSION : A substantial use of insecticides in the rice paddy field has resulted in resistance of An . sinensis , whereas no apparent resistance of An . anthropophgus has been found .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control .
| | Author: Sparacino AC Tano F Ferro R Ditto D Riva N Braggio R | | Citation: V : 67 ( 3 ) P : 441-9 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12696411 Accession (PMID): 12696411 | | Abstract: Two field experiments were conducted in 1999 and 2000 at Zeme ( Pavia , Italy ) to determine the effects of water managements and herbicide treatments on red rice control .
In the first experiment , all plots were flooded 10-13 cm deep from April 1 to May 17 in 1999 and from April 3 to May 6 in 2000 .
At the same time , in the second experiment , the plots were alternately drained-flooded .
At the end of water management , all plots of both experiments were drained and sprayed with herbicides to control the emerged red rice plants .
In both years were applied : Propaquizafop 78 g a . i . ha-1 , Cycloxydim at 300 and 400 g a . i . ha-1 ; Dalapon at 15 . 300 Kg a . i . ha-1 ; Quizalofop-ethyl at 100 g a . i . ha-1 .
Six days after the chemical treatments , all field plots were flooded 10 cm deep and three days later , an early variety of rice ( Loto ) was sown at 150 Kg ha-1 .
Seedling emergence was reduced by lack of oxygen ( especially from seeds covered with soil in flooded condition ) .
In alternately drained-flooded soil , the red rice emerged and developed from seeds located in the top 4-5 cm .
In flooded condition , no red rice plants emerged from seeds at more than 1 cm depth .
In both experiments , the density of red rice plants increased during the season in the untreated check and in the plots where treatments were ineffective or performed poorly .
The best red rice control , both in submerged and in alternately drained-flooded soil , was obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl ( 100 g a . i . /ha ) , Cycloxydim ( 300 and 400 g a . i . ha-1 ) and Propaquizafop ( 78 g a . i . ha-1 ) .
These herbicides controlled 90-99% of red rice .
Partial control of red rice resulted with the other chemical treatments .
The shattered grains of red rice were reduced in both experiments by the herbicide treatments .
Grain yield reflected the level of red rice control .
In fact , the highest commercial grain yields were obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl , Propaquizafop , and Cycloxydim ( 400 g a . i . ha-1 ) , in both years and experiments .
The red rice percentages of the total yields resulted about 3 . 6-5 . 7% with all chemical treatments except Dalapon , which was not much effective . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Two field experiments were conducted in 1999 and 2000 at Zeme ( Pavia , Italy ) to determine the effects of water managements and herbicide treatments on red rice control . In the first experiment , all plots were flooded 10-13 cm deep from April 1 to May 17 in 1999 and from April 3 to May 6 in 2000 . At the same time , in the second experiment , the plots were alternately drained-flooded . At the end of water management , all plots of both experiments were drained and sprayed with herbicides to control the emerged red rice plants . In both years were applied : Propaquizafop 78 g a . i . ha-1 , Cycloxydim at 300 and 400 g a . i . ha-1 ; Dalapon at 15 . 300 Kg a . i . ha-1 ; Quizalofop-ethyl at 100 g a . i . ha-1 . Six days after the chemical treatments , all field plots were flooded 10 cm deep and three days later , an early variety of rice ( Loto ) was sown at 150 Kg ha-1 . Seedling emergence was reduced by lack of oxygen ( especially from seeds covered with soil in flooded condition ) . In alternately drained-flooded soil , the red rice emerged and developed from seeds located in the top 4-5 cm . In flooded condition , no red rice plants emerged from seeds at more than 1 cm depth . In both experiments , the density of red rice plants increased during the season in the untreated check and in the plots where treatments were ineffective or performed poorly . The best red rice control , both in submerged and in alternately drained-flooded soil , was obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl ( 100 g a . i . /ha ) , Cycloxydim ( 300 and 400 g a . i . ha-1 ) and Propaquizafop ( 78 g a . i . ha-1 ) . These herbicides controlled 90-99% of red rice . Partial control of red rice resulted with the other chemical treatments .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Release characteristics of flavor from spray-dried powder in boiling water and during rice cooking .
| | Author: Shiga H Yoshii H Taguchi R Nishiyama T Furuta T Linko P | | Citation: V : 67 ( 2 ) P : 426-8 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12729014 Accession (PMID): 12729014 | | Abstract: The release characteristics of flavor in boiling water and the flavor retention in the rice after cooking were investigated by using spray dried powder in encapsulated in or emulsified with d-limonene or ethyl n-hexanoate in cyclodextrin and maltodextrin , or in gum arabic and maltodextrin .
The behavior of flavor release into the boiling water was well simulated by Avramis equation .
The retention of d-limonene and ethyl n-hexanoate in cooked rice was correlated in each case with the flavor amount of spray-dried powder added . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The release characteristics of flavor in boiling water and the flavor retention in the rice after cooking were investigated by using spray dried powder in encapsulated in or emulsified with d-limonene or ethyl n-hexanoate in cyclodextrin and maltodextrin , or in gum arabic and maltodextrin . The behavior of flavor release into the boiling water was well simulated by Avramis equation . The retention of d-limonene and ethyl n-hexanoate in cooked rice was correlated in each case with the flavor amount of spray-dried powder added .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The release characteristics of flavor in boiling water and the flavor retention in the rice after cooking were investigated by using spray dried powder in encapsulated in or emulsified with d-limonene or ethyl n-hexanoate in cyclodextrin and maltodextrin , or in gum arabic and maltodextrin . The behavior of flavor release into the boiling water was well simulated by Avramis equation . The retention of d-limonene and ethyl n-hexanoate in cooked rice was correlated in each case with the flavor amount of spray-dried powder added .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Effect of resistant starch from corn or rice on glucose control , colonic events , and blood lipid concentrations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats .
| | Author: Kim WK Chung MK Kang NE Kim MH Park OJ .
| | Citation: V : 14 ( 3 ) P : 166-72 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12742545 Accession (PMID): 12742545 | | Abstract: To examine the effect of two types of resistant starch on blood glucose and insulin levels , colonic events , hypolipidemic actions and humoral immune responses , Sprague-Dawley streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were fed diet containing resistant starch from corn or rice .
The marked body weight loss by inducing diabetes was not recovered by feeding resistant starch , even though there are no differences in food intakes compared to the non-diabetic control rats .
No significant effect of resistant starch feeding on blood glucose and insulin was found .
Even though the length of small intestines , and cecum , colon and rectum together with the it issue weight of cecum were not affected by feeding resistant starch , the intestinal transit time was markedly shortened by both types of resistant starch and resistant starch from corn had a more pronounced effect .
The short chain fatty acids in the intestinal contents did not appear to be different among the groups .
Nonetheless , both of resistant starch from corn and rice significantly lowered plasma total lipid and cholesterol concentrations compared to the diabetic control .
The total liver cholesterol lowering effect was observed with resistant starch from rice .
Neither immunoglobulin G nor C ( 3 ) were influenced by resistant starch . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: To examine the effect of two types of resistant starch on blood glucose and insulin levels , colonic events , hypolipidemic actions and humoral immune responses , Sprague-Dawley streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were fed diet containing resistant starch from corn or rice . The marked body weight loss by inducing diabetes was not recovered by feeding resistant starch , even though there are no differences in food intakes compared to the non-diabetic control rats . No significant effect of resistant starch feeding on blood glucose and insulin was found . Even though the length of small intestines , and cecum , colon and rectum together with the it issue weight of cecum were not affected by feeding resistant starch , the intestinal transit time was markedly shortened by both types of resistant starch and resistant starch from corn had a more pronounced effect . The short chain fatty acids in the intestinal contents did not appear to be different among the groups . Nonetheless , both of resistant starch from corn and rice significantly lowered plasma total lipid and cholesterol concentrations compared to the diabetic control . The total liver cholesterol lowering effect was observed with resistant starch from rice . Neither immunoglobulin G nor C ( 3 ) were influenced by resistant starch .
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Score: 4.00 |
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| Title: [ Effects of rice cleaning and cooking process on the residues of flutolanil , fenobucarb , silafluofen and buprofezin in rice ] | | Author: Satoh M Sakaguchi M Kobata M Sakaguchi Y Tanizawa H Miura Y Sasano R Nakanishi Y | | Citation: V : 44 ( 1 ) P : 7-12 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12749190 Accession (PMID): 12749190 | | Abstract: We studied the effect of cleaning and cooking on the residues of flutolanil , fenobucarb , silafluofen and buprofezin in rice .
The rice had been sprayed in a paddy field in Wakayama city , with 3 kinds of pesticide application protocols : spraying once at the usual concentration of pesticides , repeated spraying ( 3 times ) with the usual concentration of pesticides and spraying once with 3 times the usual concentration of pesticides .
The residue levels of pesticide decreased during the rice cleaning process .
Silafluofen , which has a higher log Pow value , remained in the hull of the rice .
Fenobucarb , which has a lower log Pow value , penetrated inside the rice .
The residue concentration of pesticide in polished rice was higher than that in pre-washed rice processed ready for cooking .
During the cooking procedure , the reduction of pesticides in polished rice was higher than that in brown rice . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 4.00 ]: We studied the effect of cleaning and cooking on the residues of flutolanil , fenobucarb , silafluofen and buprofezin in rice . The rice had been sprayed in a paddy field in Wakayama city , with 3 kinds of pesticide application protocols : spraying once at the usual concentration of pesticides , repeated spraying ( 3 times ) with the usual concentration of pesticides and spraying once with 3 times the usual concentration of pesticides . The residue levels of pesticide decreased during the rice cleaning process . Silafluofen , which has a higher log Pow value , remained in the hull of the rice . Fenobucarb , which has a lower log Pow value , penetrated inside the rice . The residue concentration of pesticide in polished rice was higher than that in pre-washed rice processed ready for cooking . During the cooking procedure , the reduction of pesticides in polished rice was higher than that in brown rice .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Family 19 chitinase of Streptomyces griseus HUT6037 increases plant resistance to the fungal disease .
| | Author: Itoh Y Takahashi K Takizawa H Nikaidou N Tanaka H Nishihashi H Watanabe T Nishizawa Y | | Citation: V : 67 ( 4 ) P : 847-55 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12784627 Accession (PMID): 12784627 | | Abstract: Chitinase C ( ChiC ) is the first bacterial family 19 chitinase discovered in Streptomyces griseus HUT6037 .
In vitro , ChiC clearly inhibited hyphal extension of Trichoderma reesei but a rice family 19 chitinase did not .
In order to investigate the effects of ChiC as an increaser of plant resistance to fungal diseases , the chiC gene was introduced into rice plants under the control of the increased CaMV 35S promoter and a signal sequence from the rice chitinase gene .
Transgenic plants were morphologically normal Resistance to leaf blast disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea was evaluated in R1 and R2 generations using a spray method .
Ninety percent of transgenic rice plants expressing ChiC had higher resistance than non-transgenic plants .
Disease resistance of sibling plants within the same line was correlated with the ChiC expression levels .
ChiC produced in rice plants accumulated intercellularly and had the hydrolyzing activity against glycol chitin . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Chitinase C ( ChiC ) is the first bacterial family 19 chitinase discovered in Streptomyces griseus HUT6037 . In vitro , ChiC clearly inhibited hyphal extension of Trichoderma reesei but a rice family 19 chitinase did not . In order to investigate the effects of ChiC as an increaser of plant resistance to fungal diseases , the chiC gene was introduced into rice plants under the control of the increased CaMV 35S promoter and a signal sequence from the rice chitinase gene . Transgenic plants were morphologically normal Resistance to leaf blast disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea was evaluated in R1 and R2 generations using a spray method . Ninety percent of transgenic rice plants expressing ChiC had higher resistance than non-transgenic plants . Disease resistance of sibling plants within the same line was correlated with the ChiC expression levels . ChiC produced in rice plants accumulated intercellularly and had the hydrolyzing activity against glycol chitin .
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| Title: Operational note effects of fipronil and lambda-cyhalothrin against larval Anopheles quadrimaculatus and nontarget aquatic mosquito predators in Arkansas small rice plots .
| | Author: Dennett JA Bernhardt JL Meisch MV .
| | Citation: V : 19 ( 2 ) P : 172-4 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12825673 Accession (PMID): 12825673 | | Abstract: The effects of fipronil and lambda-cyhalothrin , applied at rates labeled for control of the rice water weevil , Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus , on 3 nontarget indigenous insect species in Arkansas rice are described .
Three replicates of untreated control checks and fipronil and lambda-cyhalothrin-treated plots containing 3 sentinel cages each were performed .
Ten 4th-stage larvae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus , 10 adult Tropisternus lateralis , or 10 adult Notonecta indica were placed within individual cages in small rice plots treated with ICON 6 . 2 FS ( fipronil ) at 0 . 025 lb active ingredient ( AI ) /acre ( 0 . 028 kg/ha ) or KARATEZ 2 . 08 CS ( lambda-cyhalothrin ) at 0 . 03 lb AI/acre ( 0 . 033 kg/ha ) applied over vegetation and water with a single-boom sprayer .
At 24 h after treatment in fipronil plots , significantly higher control of An . quadrimaculatus and T lateralis ( 69 and 48% control , respectively ) was achieved , compared to N indica ( 18% ) .
In lambda-cyhalothrin plots 24 h after treatment , 100% reductions of both T lateralis and N indica were highly significant ( P < 0 . 05 ) from the lower level of control in An . quadrimaculatus ( 10% ) .
At 48 h after treatment , no significant , differences existed between all species within fipronil plots , with An . quadrimaculatus , T lateralis , and N indica obtaining 41 , 10 , and 7% control , respectively .
Significantly higher ( P < 0 . 05 ) control was obtained in lambda-cyhalothrin plots 48 h after treatment , with 93 and 53% control of T lateralis and N indica , respectively , compared to 7% control of An . quadrimaculatus .
A marked difference in susceptibility was found between selected nontarget organisms used in this study .
When using lambda-cyhalothrin to control adult L oryzophilus , populations of nontarget beneficial insects , such as T lateralis and N indica , could be adversely affected , whereas nontarget pestilent species , such as An . quadrimaculatus , could proliferate .
Fipronil achieved higher percentages of control against An . quadrimaculatus , compared to lambda-cyhalothrin , and was less harmful to both nontarget predators . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The effects of fipronil and lambda-cyhalothrin , applied at rates labeled for control of the rice water weevil , Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus , on 3 nontarget indigenous insect species in Arkansas rice are described . Three replicates of untreated control checks and fipronil and lambda-cyhalothrin-treated plots containing 3 sentinel cages each were performed . Ten 4th-stage larvae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus , 10 adult Tropisternus lateralis , or 10 adult Notonecta indica were placed within individual cages in small rice plots treated with ICON 6 . 2 FS ( fipronil ) at 0 . 025 lb active ingredient ( AI ) /acre ( 0 . 028 kg/ha ) or KARATEZ 2 . 08 CS ( lambda-cyhalothrin ) at 0 . 03 lb AI/acre ( 0 . 033 kg/ha ) applied over vegetation and water with a single-boom sprayer . At 24 h after treatment in fipronil plots , significantly higher control of An . quadrimaculatus and T lateralis ( 69 and 48% control , respectively ) was achieved , compared to N indica ( 18% ) . In lambda-cyhalothrin plots 24 h after treatment , 100% reductions of both T lateralis and N indica were highly significant ( P < 0 . 05 ) from the lower level of control in An . quadrimaculatus ( 10% ) . At 48 h after treatment , no significant , differences existed between all species within fipronil plots , with An . quadrimaculatus , T lateralis , and N indica obtaining 41 , 10 , and 7% control , respectively . Significantly higher ( P < 0 . 05 ) control was obtained in lambda-cyhalothrin plots 48 h after treatment , with 93 and 53% control of T lateralis and N indica , respectively , compared to 7% control of An . quadrimaculatus . A marked difference in susceptibility was found between selected nontarget organisms used in this study . When using lambda-cyhalothrin to control adult L oryzophilus , populations of nontarget beneficial insects , such as T lateralis and N indica , could be adversely affected , whereas nontarget pestilent species , such as An . quadrimaculatus , could proliferate . Fipronil achieved higher percentages of control against An . quadrimaculatus , compared to lambda-cyhalothrin , and was less harmful to both nontarget predators .
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| Title: Collection Of Adult And Larval Mosquitoes In US Army Compounds In The Republic Of Korea During 19791983 .
| | Author: Lee KW Gupta RK Wildie JA .
| | Citation: V : 22 ( 1 ) P : 102-108 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12891039 Accession (PMID): 12891039 | | Abstract: This paper is the result of adult female mosquito and larval collection in US Army Installations in Korea from 1979 to 1983 .
New Jersey light traps ere operated for ault collection from May to October .
The primary concern of this surveillance is to determine when to recommend insecticide spraying for mosquito control in the Army areas .
The 5th Preventive Medicine Unit have developed an "index" level of female mosquitoes in a light trap similar to other USArmy Agencies in other parts of the world .
When 10 female mosquitoes are reached on two consecutive trap-night , or 5 known vector females are collected , fogging is recommended in the trap areas .
Mosquito collections were conducted in 12 US Army areas by operating 39 New Jersey light traps .
Mosquitoes collected from the areas were identified to be 17 species comprising 3 genera .
Anopheles sinensis ( 40% ) .
Culex tritaeniorhyncus ( 31% ) , Aedes vexans nipponii ( 19% ) , and Culex pipiens pallens ( 10% ) appeared to be the most common species in the area .
The species , population density and monthly appearance of adult mosquitoes were found to be almost the same in the all provinces involved .
And Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes , Culex tritaeniorhyncus , showed their seasonal fluctuation from July to September with a peak in August each year .
3 .
Larval habitats confirmed in the Army areas were categorized into 16 types as shown in Table The mosquito larvae collected in those habitats were identified to be 15 species representign 4 genera .
Most breeding sites in the Army areas were those which are activated during the wet season .
More mosquitoes were collected from the Kyungki province than from the other provinces .
The reason for more collection of mosquitoes from military installations in the Kyungki provinces appears to be the geographic characteritics surrounded by rice fields , marshes and other stagnant water areas .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: This paper is the result of adult female mosquito and larval collection in US Army Installations in Korea from 1979 to 1983 . New Jersey light traps ere operated for ault collection from May to October . The primary concern of this surveillance is to determine when to recommend insecticide spraying for mosquito control in the Army areas . The 5th Preventive Medicine Unit have developed an "index" level of female mosquitoes in a light trap similar to other USArmy Agencies in other parts of the world . When 10 female mosquitoes are reached on two consecutive trap-night , or 5 known vector females are collected , fogging is recommended in the trap areas . Mosquito collections were conducted in 12 US Army areas by operating 39 New Jersey light traps . Mosquitoes collected from the areas were identified to be 17 species comprising 3 genera . Anopheles sinensis ( 40% ) . Culex tritaeniorhyncus ( 31% ) , Aedes vexans nipponii ( 19% ) , and Culex pipiens pallens ( 10% ) appeared to be the most common species in the area . The species , population density and monthly appearance of adult mosquitoes were found to be almost the same in the all provinces involved . And Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes , Culex tritaeniorhyncus , showed their seasonal fluctuation from July to September with a peak in August each year . 3 .
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| Title: [ A model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the neonatal rats ] | | Author: Liu LX Yang YJ Jia YJ .
| | Citation: V : 28 ( 2 ) P : 133-6 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12934357 Accession (PMID): 12934357 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To duplicate a model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage ( HIBD ) in the neonatal rat to create unilateral cerebral damage .
METHODS : Healthy 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley ( SD ) rats were used as research subjects and randomly divided into 3 groups : the control group ( n = 18 ) , the sham operated group ( n = 8 ) , and the HIBD group ( n = 19 ) .
The HIBD model was produced according to the traditional Rice model and the brains were collected when the rats were 14 days old .
The weight , left/right brain weight ratio , behavioral ability , and neuropathologic changes were studied in each group .
RESULTS : 1 .
The weight in the HIBD group increased obviously slowly and was lower than that in the control group and sham operated group ( P < 0 . 01 ) .
2 .
The abnormity of behavioral ability was found in the HIBD group , including turnover unability ( 63 . 16% ) , spontaneously turn left round ( 89 . 47% ) , convulsion ( 47 . 37% ) , and so on .
3 .
The left/right brain weight ratio was significantly lower in the HIBD group than in the other two groups ( P < 0 . 01 ) .
4 .
The pathologic features in the HIBD group were as follows : atrophy of left brain ( 84 . 21% ) , softening of left brain ( 31 . 58% ) , liquefaction of left brain ( 52 . 63% ) , and cavum brain ( 15 . 79% ) .
HE staining showed the neuron damage and the proliferation of neuroglial cells in the HIBD group .
There was no obvious abnormity found in the control group and the sham operated group .
CONCLUSION : The model of HIBD is successful and worthy of spreading , with its cheap price , easy duplication , and higher successful rate .
The reasonable ambient temperature should be kept in 36-37 degrees C | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : To duplicate a model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage ( HIBD ) in the neonatal rat to create unilateral cerebral damage . METHODS : Healthy 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley ( SD ) rats were used as research subjects and randomly divided into 3 groups : the control group ( n = 18 ) , the sham operated group ( n = 8 ) , and the HIBD group ( n = 19 ) . The HIBD model was produced according to the traditional Rice model and the brains were collected when the rats were 14 days old . The weight , left/right brain weight ratio , behavioral ability , and neuropathologic changes were studied in each group . RESULTS : 1 . The weight in the HIBD group increased obviously slowly and was lower than that in the control group and sham operated group ( P < 0 . 01 ) . 2 . The abnormity of behavioral ability was found in the HIBD group , including turnover unability ( 63 . 16% ) , spontaneously turn left round ( 89 . 47% ) , convulsion ( 47 . 37% ) , and so on . 3 . The left/right brain weight ratio was significantly lower in the HIBD group than in the other two groups ( P < 0 . 01 ) . 4 .
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| Title: Synthesis of 1-triazolyl-4-trimethylsilyl-2-butanol and 1-triazolyl-5-trimethylsilyl-2-pentanol derivatives and an investigation of their fungicidal activities .
| | Author: Itoh H Yoneda R Tobitsuka J Ohta H Takahi Y Tsuda M Takeshiba H | | Citation: V : 51 ( 9 ) P : 1113-6 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12951461 Accession (PMID): 12951461 | | Abstract: A new series of azole derivatives of 1-triazolyl-4-trimethylsilyl-2-butanol and 1-triazolyl-5-trimethylsilyl-2-pentanol were synthesized and evaluated for fungicidal activities against rice blast , sheath blight , and powdery mildew on barley .
The derivatives of 2 , 4-difluorobenzene exhibited high antifungal activities when applied by spray , but exhibited no fungicidal activity by submerged application . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: A new series of azole derivatives of 1-triazolyl-4-trimethylsilyl-2-butanol and 1-triazolyl-5-trimethylsilyl-2-pentanol were synthesized and evaluated for fungicidal activities against rice blast , sheath blight , and powdery mildew on barley . The derivatives of 2 , 4-difluorobenzene exhibited high antifungal activities when applied by spray , but exhibited no fungicidal activity by submerged application .
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| Title: Epidemiology and control of Japanese encephalitis .
| | Author: Igarashi A | | Citation: V : 45 ( 2-3 ) P : 299-305 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1334301 Accession (PMID): 1334301 | | Abstract: Japanese encephalitis ( JE ) remains endemo-epidemic in several countries in East , South-East and South Asia .
The disease has been under control in Japan since the 1970s owing to mass immunization using mouse-brain-derived inactivated vaccine and to reduced vector mosquito populations .
The vector density which was once reduced by wide spraying of insecticides in rice fields showed an increasing trend after the 1980s as a result of mosquito resistance .
In the Republic of Korea , the number of JE cases showed a significant decrease after 1983 also because of mass immunization using mouse-brain-derived vaccine .
On the other hand , large outbreaks of JE continued to occur in China , Viet Nam , Thailand , India , Nepal and Sri Lanka .
In China , a hamster-kidney cell-derived vaccine was developed and used for human immunization .
Besides human JE , the fatal outcome of equine JE is an economic problem in China .
Current JE vaccine derived from mouse brain is highly purified and its safety and efficacy have been proved by field-tests as well as laboratory experiments .
In spite of slight antigenic differences among JE virus isolates , JE vaccine produced by a classical Nakayama strain was effective in preventing overt JE in a field study in Thailand .
The technology of mouse-brain-derived inactivated JE vaccine production was transferred from Japan to India , Thailand and Viet Nam .
The production of JE vaccine in these countries is still on a pilot scale and insufficient for mass-immunization of susceptible target populations . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS ) | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Japanese encephalitis ( JE ) remains endemo-epidemic in several countries in East , South-East and South Asia . The disease has been under control in Japan since the 1970s owing to mass immunization using mouse-brain-derived inactivated vaccine and to reduced vector mosquito populations . The vector density which was once reduced by wide spraying of insecticides in rice fields showed an increasing trend after the 1980s as a result of mosquito resistance . In the Republic of Korea , the number of JE cases showed a significant decrease after 1983 also because of mass immunization using mouse-brain-derived vaccine . On the other hand , large outbreaks of JE continued to occur in China , Viet Nam , Thailand , India , Nepal and Sri Lanka . In China , a hamster-kidney cell-derived vaccine was developed and used for human immunization . Besides human JE , the fatal outcome of equine JE is an economic problem in China . Current JE vaccine derived from mouse brain is highly purified and its safety and efficacy have been proved by field-tests as well as laboratory experiments . In spite of slight antigenic differences among JE virus isolates , JE vaccine produced by a classical Nakayama strain was effective in preventing overt JE in a field study in Thailand . The technology of mouse-brain-derived inactivated JE vaccine production was transferred from Japan to India , Thailand and Viet Nam . The production of JE vaccine in these countries is still on a pilot scale and insufficient for mass-immunization of susceptible target populations . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS )
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| Title: Neuroprotective effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine in focal stroke in the 7-day old rat .
| | Author: Trifiletti RR .
| | Citation: V : 218 ( 1 ) P : 197-8 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1397032 Accession (PMID): 1397032 | | Abstract: Recent evidence in primary neuronal cell culture implicates nitric oxide ( NO ) as a mediator of glutamatergic neurotoxicity acting via N-methyl-D-aspartate ( NMDA ) receptors .
We find that administration of the potent nitric oxide synthetase ( NOS ) inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine ( NO-Arg ) at 50 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg i . p . to 6-day old Sprague-Dawley rat pups results in prompt and long-lasting in vivo inhibition of NOS .
Fifteen hours after administration , NO-Arg produces essentially complete neuroprotection against hypoxic-ischemic in a standard ( Rice-Vanucci ) model .
These results support the hypothesis that NO may play a key mediatory role in brain damage attending focal ischemic stroke .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Recent evidence in primary neuronal cell culture implicates nitric oxide ( NO ) as a mediator of glutamatergic neurotoxicity acting via N-methyl-D-aspartate ( NMDA ) receptors . We find that administration of the potent nitric oxide synthetase ( NOS ) inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine ( NO-Arg ) at 50 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg i . p . to 6-day old Sprague-Dawley rat pups results in prompt and long-lasting in vivo inhibition of NOS . Fifteen hours after administration , NO-Arg produces essentially complete neuroprotection against hypoxic-ischemic in a standard ( Rice-Vanucci ) model . These results support the hypothesis that NO may play a key mediatory role in brain damage attending focal ischemic stroke .
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| Title: Effects of the agricultural insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin ( Warrior ) on mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis ) .
| | Author: Lawler SP Dritz DA Godfrey LD .
| | Citation: V : 19 ( 4 ) P : 430-2 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14710748 Accession (PMID): 14710748 | | Abstract: Because agricultural insecticides have potential to disrupt biological control of mosquitoes , we quantified whether an insecticide used in rice fields causes mortality of mosquitofish .
Laboratory studies have shown that lambda-cyhalothrin ( Warrior ) is toxic to fish ; however , some studies report low field toxicities of pyrethroids to fish because they degrade rapidly and adsorb to soil .
We tested whether Warrior kills mosquitofish under field conditions .
Replicated enclosures in a rice field were either sprayed with Warrior at 5 . 8 g active ingredient/ha or were untreated .
Mosquitofish were either added before the spray , or 7 days later .
Of those added before the spray , none survived .
Most fish added 7 days later survived .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Because agricultural insecticides have potential to disrupt biological control of mosquitoes , we quantified whether an insecticide used in rice fields causes mortality of mosquitofish . Laboratory studies have shown that lambda-cyhalothrin ( Warrior ) is toxic to fish ; however , some studies report low field toxicities of pyrethroids to fish because they degrade rapidly and adsorb to soil . We tested whether Warrior kills mosquitofish under field conditions . Replicated enclosures in a rice field were either sprayed with Warrior at 5 . 8 g active ingredient/ha or were untreated . Mosquitofish were either added before the spray , or 7 days later . Of those added before the spray , none survived . Most fish added 7 days later survived .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Because agricultural insecticides have potential to disrupt biological control of mosquitoes , we quantified whether an insecticide used in rice fields causes mortality of mosquitofish . Laboratory studies have shown that lambda-cyhalothrin ( Warrior ) is toxic to fish ; however , some studies report low field toxicities of pyrethroids to fish because they degrade rapidly and adsorb to soil . We tested whether Warrior kills mosquitofish under field conditions . Replicated enclosures in a rice field were either sprayed with Warrior at 5 . 8 g active ingredient/ha or were untreated . Mosquitofish were either added before the spray , or 7 days later . Of those added before the spray , none survived . Most fish added 7 days later survived .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Because agricultural insecticides have potential to disrupt biological control of mosquitoes , we quantified whether an insecticide used in rice fields causes mortality of mosquitofish . Laboratory studies have shown that lambda-cyhalothrin ( Warrior ) is toxic to fish ; however , some studies report low field toxicities of pyrethroids to fish because they degrade rapidly and adsorb to soil . We tested whether Warrior kills mosquitofish under field conditions . Replicated enclosures in a rice field were either sprayed with Warrior at 5 . 8 g active ingredient/ha or were untreated . Mosquitofish were either added before the spray , or 7 days later . Of those added before the spray , none survived . Most fish added 7 days later survived .
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| Title: [ Ecoethology of vectors and transmission of malaria in the lowland rice growing region of Mandritsara , Madagascar ] | | Author: Ravoahangimalala RO Rakotoarivony HL Le Goff G Fontenille D | | Citation: V : 96 ( 4 ) P : 323-8 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14717053 Accession (PMID): 14717053 | | Abstract: To evaluate the determining factors of the malaria transmission in the northwest region of Madagascar , transversal studies were carried out through one year , from March 1997 to April 1998 , in two villages located near Mandritsara , at less than 300 meters above sea level .
The rice-growing region forms an intermediate zone between the central highlands with epidemic and instable malaria and the coastal zone with endemic and stable malaria .
Mosquitoes were collected when landing on humans during the night and by pyrethrum spray catches as regards endophilic mosquitoes .
Three vectors were identified : Anopheles arabiensis , An . gambiae and An . funestus .
An . arabiensis and An . gambiae were exophagic and zoophilic .
An . funestus was endo-exophagic and anthropophilic but this species shows also a zoophilic trophic deviation .
In both villages , An . funestus is the main vector of human malaria .
Malaria transmission was estimated to be around 50 and 70 infective bites/person/year in each village . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: To evaluate the determining factors of the malaria transmission in the northwest region of Madagascar , transversal studies were carried out through one year , from March 1997 to April 1998 , in two villages located near Mandritsara , at less than 300 meters above sea level . The rice-growing region forms an intermediate zone between the central highlands with epidemic and instable malaria and the coastal zone with endemic and stable malaria . Mosquitoes were collected when landing on humans during the night and by pyrethrum spray catches as regards endophilic mosquitoes . Three vectors were identified : Anopheles arabiensis , An . gambiae and An . funestus . An . arabiensis and An . gambiae were exophagic and zoophilic . An . funestus was endo-exophagic and anthropophilic but this species shows also a zoophilic trophic deviation . In both villages , An . funestus is the main vector of human malaria . Malaria transmission was estimated to be around 50 and 70 infective bites/person/year in each village .
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| Title: Malaria transmission in relation to rice cultivation in the irrigated Sahel of Mali .
| | Author: Dolo G Brit OJ Dao A Traor SF Bouar M Sogoba N Niar O Bagayogo M Sangar D Teuscher T Tour YT .
| | Citation: V : 89 ( 2 ) P : 147-59 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14732237 Accession (PMID): 14732237 | | Abstract: Seven cross-sectional entomological surveys were carried out from September 1995 to February 1998 in three irrigated rice growing villages and three villages without irrigated agriculture in the area surrounding Niono , located 350km north-east of Bamako , Mali .
The transmission pattern differed markedly between the two zones .
In the irrigated zone , the transmission of malaria was fairly constant over the seasons at a low level .
In the non-irrigated zone , transmission was mostly below detection level during the dry season , whereas it was high toward the end of the rainy season .
In the irrigated zone , high densities of mosquitoes were correlated with low anthropophily , low sporozoite indices and probably low survival rates .
In the non-irrigated zone , mosquito densities were lower and these relationships were less pronounced .
Differential use of mosquito nets in the two zones may have been an important factor in the observed differences in transmission .
The presence of cattle may also have played an important role .
Two mosquito-catching methods ( human landing catch and spray catch ) were compared . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Seven cross-sectional entomological surveys were carried out from September 1995 to February 1998 in three irrigated rice growing villages and three villages without irrigated agriculture in the area surrounding Niono , located 350km north-east of Bamako , Mali . The transmission pattern differed markedly between the two zones . In the irrigated zone , the transmission of malaria was fairly constant over the seasons at a low level . In the non-irrigated zone , transmission was mostly below detection level during the dry season , whereas it was high toward the end of the rainy season . In the irrigated zone , high densities of mosquitoes were correlated with low anthropophily , low sporozoite indices and probably low survival rates . In the non-irrigated zone , mosquito densities were lower and these relationships were less pronounced . Differential use of mosquito nets in the two zones may have been an important factor in the observed differences in transmission . The presence of cattle may also have played an important role . Two mosquito-catching methods ( human landing catch and spray catch ) were compared .
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| Title: Malaria transmission in Southern Madagascar : influence of the environment and hydro-agricultural works in sub-arid and humid regions .
Part 1 .
Entomological investigations .
| | Author: Marrama L Jambou R Rakotoarivony I Leong Pock Tsi JM Duchemin JB Laventure S Mouchet J Roux J | | Citation: V : 89 ( 2 ) P : 193-203 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14732241 Accession (PMID): 14732241 | | Abstract: A 4-year entomological study was carried out in Southern Madagascar to identify malaria vectors , evaluate the transmission and compare the influence of irrigation in the sub-arid and adjacent humid regions .
Three villages were involved in this entomological survey : Androvasoa ( located in the natural sub-arid ecosystem ) , Ppinire ( sited at the centre of an irrigated rice scheme in the sub-arid region ) and Esana ( bordered with rice fields in the humid region ) .
Mosquitoes were collected inside and outside dwellings when landing on human beings , with light traps and with knockdown indoor sprays .
Anopheles arabiensis , Anopheles merus and Anopheles funestus were found in every village while Anopheles gambiae s . s . was only found in the village bordering the rice-fields ( Ppinire ) and Anopheles mascarensis , a mosquito native to Madagascar , was only found in the humid region ( Esana ) .
In Ppinire , the annual entomological inoculation rate ( EIR ) was low ( EIR=0 . 4 infective bites/man/year ( IBM ) ) .
In the irrigated scheme of the sub-arid region , malaria transmission was 150 times higher ( mean EIR=63 IBM ) than in the natural ecosystem and A funestus was the main vector , responsible for 90% of infective bites .
In Esana , the level of malaria transmission was high ( EIR=41 IBM ) and 2/3 of the infective bites were due to A mascarensis , despite the presence of A gambiae s . s . and A funestus .
These results are discussed with reference to the impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa ( "the paddies paradox" ) . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: A 4-year entomological study was carried out in Southern Madagascar to identify malaria vectors , evaluate the transmission and compare the influence of irrigation in the sub-arid and adjacent humid regions . Three villages were involved in this entomological survey : Androvasoa ( located in the natural sub-arid ecosystem ) , Ppinire ( sited at the centre of an irrigated rice scheme in the sub-arid region ) and Esana ( bordered with rice fields in the humid region ) . Mosquitoes were collected inside and outside dwellings when landing on human beings , with light traps and with knockdown indoor sprays . Anopheles arabiensis , Anopheles merus and Anopheles funestus were found in every village while Anopheles gambiae s . s . was only found in the village bordering the rice-fields ( Ppinire ) and Anopheles mascarensis , a mosquito native to Madagascar , was only found in the humid region ( Esana ) . In Ppinire , the annual entomological inoculation rate ( EIR ) was low ( EIR=0 . 4 infective bites/man/year ( IBM ) ) . In the irrigated scheme of the sub-arid region , malaria transmission was 150 times higher ( mean EIR=63 IBM ) than in the natural ecosystem and A funestus was the main vector , responsible for 90% of infective bites . In Esana , the level of malaria transmission was high ( EIR=41 IBM ) and 2/3 of the infective bites were due to A mascarensis , despite the presence of A gambiae s . s . and A funestus . These results are discussed with reference to the impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa ( "the paddies paradox" ) .
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