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| Title: Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function among Chinese rice-granary workers .
| | Author: Ye TT Huang JX Shen YE Lu PL Christiani DC .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 4 ( 3 ) P : 155-9 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10026476 Accession (PMID): 10026476 | | Abstract: The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of 474 rice-granary workers and 235 non-granary worker controls in a rural area near Shanghai , the Peoples Republic of China .
Responses to a respiratory-symptom questionnaire and pre and post-shift spirometry were obtained for all subjects .
Area sampling was performed for total and vertically elutriated ( suggest that exposure to rice dust can induce pulmonary responses similar to those observed with exposures to other types of grains . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of 474 rice-granary workers and 235 non-granary worker controls in a rural area near Shanghai , the Peoples Republic of China . Responses to a respiratory-symptom questionnaire and pre and post-shift spirometry were obtained for all subjects . Area sampling was performed for total and vertically elutriated ( The results suggest that exposure to rice dust can induce pulmonary responses similar to those observed with exposures to other types of grains .
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| Title: Evolutionary dynamics of Ty1-copia group retrotransposons in grass shown by reverse transcriptase domain analysis .
| | Author: Matsuoka Y Tsunewaki K | | Journal: Mol . Biol . Evol Citation: V : 16 ( 2 ) P : 208-17 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10028288 Accession (PMID): 10028288 | | Abstract: The evolutionary dynamics of Ty1-copia group retrotransposons in grass were examined by reverse transcriptase ( RT ) domain analysis .
Twenty-three rice RT sequences were newly determined for this report .
Phylogenetic analysis of 177 RT sequences , mostly derived from wheat , rice , and , maize , showed four distinct families , which were designated G1 , G2 , G3 , and G4 .
Three of these families have elements obtained from distantly related species , indicative of origins prior to the radiation of grass species .
Results of Southern hybridization and detailed comparisons between the wheat and rice sequences indicated that each of the families had undergone a distinct pattern of evolution .
Multiple families appear to have evolved in parallel in a host species .
Analyses of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions suggested that there is a low percentage of elements carrying functional RT domains in the G4 family , indicating that the production of new G4 elements has been controlled by a small number of elements carrying functional RT domains . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The evolutionary dynamics of Ty1-copia group retrotransposons in grass were examined by reverse transcriptase ( RT ) domain analysis . Twenty-three rice RT sequences were newly determined for this report . Phylogenetic analysis of 177 RT sequences , mostly derived from wheat , rice , and , maize , showed four distinct families , which were designated G1 , G2 , G3 , and G4 . Three of these families have elements obtained from distantly related species , indicative of origins prior to the radiation of grass species . Results of Southern hybridization and detailed comparisons between the wheat and rice sequences indicated that each of the families had undergone a distinct pattern of evolution . Multiple families appear to have evolved in parallel in a host species . Analyses of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions suggested that there is a low percentage of elements carrying functional RT domains in the G4 family , indicating that the production of new G4 elements has been controlled by a small number of elements carrying functional RT domains .
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| Title: Gene cloning and expression of cytosolic glutathione reductase in rice ( Oryza sativa L ) .
| | Author: Kaminaka H Morita S Nakajima M Masumura T Tanaka K | | Journal: Plant Cell Physiol .
Citation: V : 39 ( 12 ) P : 1269-80 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10050312 Accession (PMID): 10050312 | | Abstract: We have isolated a cDNA ( RGRC2 ) encoding glutathione reductase ( GR ) from rice ( Oryza sativa L ) .
The comparison of deduced amino acid sequences from RGRC2 and other plant GR cDNAs indicated that RGRC2 encodes a putative cytosolic isoform .
The recombinant RGRC2 protein had enzymatic properties comparable to those of GR from rice embryo .
Subcellular fractionation showed that the RGRC2 protein is localized primarily in cytosol . mRNA and protein of RGRC2 were observed mainly in roots and calli but little in leaf it issues .
Southern blot analysis showed that the RGRC2 gene exists as a single copy gene .
Here , we have also isolated a genomic clone completely corresponding to RGRC2 .
The RGRC2 gene is split into 16 exons spread about 7 . 4 kb of chromosomal DNA , with coding sequence beginning in the 2nd exon and ending in the 16th exon .
From the presence of two ABA-responsive elements in the 5-flanking region of RGRC2 , we examined the expression in rice seedlings treated with ABA and the ABA-related environmental stresses , chilling , drought and salinity .
The expression of RGRC2 was strongly induced by all these treatments .
We suggest that the expression of the rice cytosolic GR gene is regulated via ABA-mediated signal transduction pathway under environmental stresses . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: We have isolated a cDNA ( RGRC2 ) encoding glutathione reductase ( GR ) from rice ( Oryza sativa L ) . The comparison of deduced amino acid sequences from RGRC2 and other plant GR cDNAs indicated that RGRC2 encodes a putative cytosolic isoform . The recombinant RGRC2 protein had enzymatic properties comparable to those of GR from rice embryo . Subcellular fractionation showed that the RGRC2 protein is localized primarily in cytosol . mRNA and protein of RGRC2 were observed mainly in roots and calli but little in leaf it issues . Southern blot analysis showed that the RGRC2 gene exists as a single copy gene . Here , we have also isolated a genomic clone completely corresponding to RGRC2 . The RGRC2 gene is split into 16 exons spread about 7 . 4 kb of chromosomal DNA , with coding sequence beginning in the 2nd exon and ending in the 16th exon . From the presence of two ABA-responsive elements in the 5-flanking region of RGRC2 , we examined the expression in rice seedlings treated with ABA and the ABA-related environmental stresses , chilling , drought and salinity . The expression of RGRC2 was strongly induced by all these treatments . We suggest that the expression of the rice cytosolic GR gene is regulated via ABA-mediated signal transduction pathway under environmental stresses .
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| Title: A "defeated" rice resistance gene acts as a QTL against a virulent strain of Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae .
| | Author: Li ZK Luo LJ Mei HW Paterson AH Zhao XH Zhong DB Wang YP Yu XQ Zhu L Tabien R Stansel JW Ying CS .
| | Journal: Mol . Gen . Genet . Citation: V : 261 ( 1 ) P : 58-63 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10071210 Accession (PMID): 10071210 | | Abstract: The genetic components responsible for qualitative and quantitative resistance of rice plants to three strains ( CR4 , CXO8 , and CR6 ) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) were investigated using a set of 315 recombinant inbred lines ( RILs ) from the cross Lemont ( japonica ) x Teqing ( indica ) and a complete linkage map with 182 well distributed RFLP markers .
We mapped a major gene ( Xa4 ) and ten quantitative trait loci ( QTLs ) which were largely responsible for segregation of the resistance phenotype in the RILs .
The Teqing allele at the Xa4 locus , Xa4T , acted as a dominant resistance gene against CR4 and CXO8 .
The breakdown of Xa4T-associated resistance mediated by the mutant allele at the avrXa4 locus in the virulent strain CR6 results from significant changes in both gene action ( lose of dominance ) and the magnitude of gene effect ( approximately 50% reduction ) .
Nevertheless , Xa4T still acted as a recessive QTL with a significant residual effect against CR6 .
The mutant alleles at the avrXa4 locus in CXO8 and CR6 that lead to a reduction in effect , or "breakdown" , of Xa4T were apparently accompanied by corresponding penalties for their fitness .
The quantitative component of resistance to Xoo in the RILs was largely due to a number of resistance QTLs .
Most resistance QTLs mapped to genomic locations where major resistance genes and/or QTLs for resistance to Xoo , blast and sheath blight were identified in the same cross .
Most QTLs showed consistent levels of resistance against all three Xoo strains .
Our results suggest that a high level of durable resistance to Xoo may be achieved by the cumulative effects of multiple QTLs , including the residual effects of "defeated" major resistance genes . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: The genetic components responsible for qualitative and quantitative resistance of rice plants to three strains ( CR4 , CXO8 , and CR6 ) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) were investigated using a set of 315 recombinant inbred lines ( RILs ) from the cross Lemont ( japonica ) x Teqing ( indica ) and a complete linkage map with 182 well distributed RFLP markers . We mapped a major gene ( Xa4 ) and ten quantitative trait loci ( QTLs ) which were largely responsible for segregation of the resistance phenotype in the RILs . The Teqing allele at the Xa4 locus , Xa4T , acted as a dominant resistance gene against CR4 and CXO8 . The breakdown of Xa4T-associated resistance mediated by the mutant allele at the avrXa4 locus in the virulent strain CR6 results from significant changes in both gene action ( lose of dominance ) and the magnitude of gene effect ( approximately 50% reduction ) . Nevertheless , Xa4T still acted as a recessive QTL with a significant residual effect against CR6 . The mutant alleles at the avrXa4 locus in CXO8 and CR6 that lead to a reduction in effect , or "breakdown" , of Xa4T were apparently accompanied by corresponding penalties for their fitness . The quantitative component of resistance to Xoo in the RILs was largely due to a number of resistance QTLs . Most resistance QTLs mapped to genomic locations where major resistance genes and/or QTLs for resistance to Xoo , blast and sheath blight were identified in the same cross . Most QTLs showed consistent levels of resistance against all three Xoo strains . Our results suggest that a high level of durable resistance to Xoo may be achieved by the cumulative effects of multiple QTLs , including the residual effects of "defeated" major resistance genes .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Digestibility index and factors affecting rate of starch digestion in vitro in conventional food preparation .
| | Author: Urooj A Puttraj S | | Journal: Citation: V : 43 ( 1 ) P : 42-7 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10079465 Accession (PMID): 10079465 | | Abstract: The rate of starch hydrolysis in ten cereal-based food preparations was studied using an in vitro dialysis system .
The foods were incubated with human saliva and porcine pancreatin .
The sugars released after 3 h digestion were expressed as digestibility index ( DI ) , the percentage starch digested was determined and correlated with the degree of gelatinization ( DG ) .
Granule morphology was also investigated and related with starch availability for hydrolysis .
Significant differences were observed in the in vitro starch digestibility of the 10 foods ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
The DI ranged from 53 for chapathi to 78 for rice flakes .
DI was inversely related to the protein ( r = -0 . 79 , P < 0 . 01 ) , fat ( r = -0 . 63 , P < 0 . 05 ) and energy ( r = -0 . 61 , P < 0 . 01 ) .
Percent starch digested was inversely related to the insoluble ( r = -0 . 49 , P < 0 . 05 ) and total dietary fiber ( r = -0 . 63 , P < 0 . 01 ) content of the foods .
The SEM results provided a better understanding of granular morphology on cooking and the effect of protein on limiting DG .
The results suggest that carbohydrate foods of potential use in the therapeutic diets may be identified by their in vitro digestion characteristics .
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[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rate of starch hydrolysis in ten cereal-based food preparations was studied using an in vitro dialysis system . The foods were incubated with human saliva and porcine pancreatin . The sugars released after 3 h digestion were expressed as digestibility index ( DI ) , the percentage starch digested was determined and correlated with the degree of gelatinization ( DG ) . Granule morphology was also investigated and related with starch availability for hydrolysis . Significant differences were observed in the in vitro starch digestibility of the 10 foods ( P < 0 . 05 ) . The DI ranged from 53 for chapathi to 78 for rice flakes . DI was inversely related to the protein ( r = -0 . 79 , P < 0 . 01 ) , fat ( r = -0 . 63 , P < 0 . 05 ) and energy ( r = -0 . 61 , P < 0 . 01 ) . Percent starch digested was inversely related to the insoluble ( r = -0 . 49 , P < 0 . 05 ) and total dietary fiber ( r = -0 . 63 , P < 0 . 01 ) content of the foods . The SEM results provided a better understanding of granular morphology on cooking and the effect of protein on limiting DG . The results suggest that carbohydrate foods of potential use in the therapeutic diets may be identified by their in vitro digestion characteristics .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: The rate of starch hydrolysis in ten cereal-based food preparations was studied using an in vitro dialysis system . The foods were incubated with human saliva and porcine pancreatin . The sugars released after 3 h digestion were expressed as digestibility index ( DI ) , the percentage starch digested was determined and correlated with the degree of gelatinization ( DG ) . Granule morphology was also investigated and related with starch availability for hydrolysis . Significant differences were observed in the in vitro starch digestibility of the 10 foods ( P < 0 . 05 ) . The DI ranged from 53 for chapathi to 78 for rice flakes . DI was inversely related to the protein ( r = -0 . 79 , P < 0 . 01 ) , fat ( r = -0 . 63 , P < 0 . 05 ) and energy ( r = -0 . 61 , P < 0 . 01 ) . Percent starch digested was inversely related to the insoluble ( r = -0 . 49 , P < 0 . 05 ) and total dietary fiber ( r = -0 . 63 , P < 0 . 01 ) content of the foods . The SEM results provided a better understanding of granular morphology on cooking and the effect of protein on limiting DG . The results suggest that carbohydrate foods of potential use in the therapeutic diets may be identified by their in vitro digestion characteristics .
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| Title: Characterization of the KNOX class homeobox genes Oskn2 and Oskn3 identified in a collection of cDNA libraries covering the early stages of rice embryogenesis .
| | Author: Postma-Haarsma AD Verwoert II Stronk OP Koster J Lamers GE Hoge JH Meijer AH .
| | Journal: Plant Mol . Biol . Citation: V : 39 ( 2 ) P : 257-71 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10080693 Accession (PMID): 10080693 | | Abstract: For identification of genes involved in embryogenesis in the model cereal rice , we have constructed a collection of cDNA libraries of well-defined stages of embryo development before , during and after organ differentiation .
Here , we focus on the possible role of KNOX ( maize Knotted1-like ) class homeobox genes in regulation of rice embryogenesis .
Three types of KNOX clones were identified in libraries of early zygotic embryos .
Two of these , Oskn2 and Oskn3 , encode newly described KNOX genes , whereas the third ( Oskn1 ) corresponds to the previously described OSH1 gene .
In situ hybridizations showed that during the early stages of embryo development , all three KNOX genes are expressed in the region where the shoot apical meristem ( SAM ) is organizing , suggesting that these genes are involved in regulating SAM formation .
Whereas OSH1 was previously proposed to function also in SAM maintenance , Oskn3 may be involved in patterning organ positions , as its expression was found to mark the boundaries of different embryonic organs following SAM formation .
The expression pattern of Oskn2 suggested an additional role in scutellum and epiblast development .
Transgenic expression of Oskn2 and Oskn3 in tobacco further supported their involvement in cell fate determination , like previously reported for Knotted1 and OSH1 ectopic expression .
Whereas Oskn3 transformants showed the most pronounced phenotypic effects during vegetative development , Oskn2 transformants showed relatively mild alterations in the vegetative phase but a more severely affected flower morphology .
The observation that the KNOX genes produce similar though distinct phenotypic reponses in tobacco , indicates that their gene products act on overlapping but different sets of target genes , or that cell-type specific factors determine their precise action . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: For identification of genes involved in embryogenesis in the model cereal rice , we have constructed a collection of cDNA libraries of well-defined stages of embryo development before , during and after organ differentiation . Here , we focus on the possible role of KNOX ( maize Knotted1-like ) class homeobox genes in regulation of rice embryogenesis . Three types of KNOX clones were identified in libraries of early zygotic embryos . Two of these , Oskn2 and Oskn3 , encode newly described KNOX genes , whereas the third ( Oskn1 ) corresponds to the previously described OSH1 gene . In situ hybridizations showed that during the early stages of embryo development , all three KNOX genes are expressed in the region where the shoot apical meristem ( SAM ) is organizing , suggesting that these genes are involved in regulating SAM formation . Whereas OSH1 was previously proposed to function also in SAM maintenance , Oskn3 may be involved in patterning organ positions , as its expression was found to mark the boundaries of different embryonic organs following SAM formation . The expression pattern of Oskn2 suggested an additional role in scutellum and epiblast development . Transgenic expression of Oskn2 and Oskn3 in tobacco further supported their involvement in cell fate determination , like previously reported for Knotted1 and OSH1 ectopic expression . Whereas Oskn3 transformants showed the most pronounced phenotypic effects during vegetative development , Oskn2 transformants showed relatively mild alterations in the vegetative phase but a more severely affected flower morphology . The observation that the KNOX genes produce similar though distinct phenotypic reponses in tobacco , indicates that their gene products act on overlapping but different sets of target genes , or that cell-type specific factors determine their precise action .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: For identification of genes involved in embryogenesis in the model cereal rice , we have constructed a collection of cDNA libraries of well-defined stages of embryo development before , during and after organ differentiation . Here , we focus on the possible role of KNOX ( maize Knotted1-like ) class homeobox genes in regulation of rice embryogenesis . Three types of KNOX clones were identified in libraries of early zygotic embryos . Two of these , Oskn2 and Oskn3 , encode newly described KNOX genes , whereas the third ( Oskn1 ) corresponds to the previously described OSH1 gene . In situ hybridizations showed that during the early stages of embryo development , all three KNOX genes are expressed in the region where the shoot apical meristem ( SAM ) is organizing , suggesting that these genes are involved in regulating SAM formation . Whereas OSH1 was previously proposed to function also in SAM maintenance , Oskn3 may be involved in patterning organ positions , as its expression was found to mark the boundaries of different embryonic organs following SAM formation . The expression pattern of Oskn2 suggested an additional role in scutellum and epiblast development . Transgenic expression of Oskn2 and Oskn3 in tobacco further supported their involvement in cell fate determination , like previously reported for Knotted1 and OSH1 ectopic expression . Whereas Oskn3 transformants showed the most pronounced phenotypic effects during vegetative development , Oskn2 transformants showed relatively mild alterations in the vegetative phase but a more severely affected flower morphology . The observation that the KNOX genes produce similar though distinct phenotypic reponses in tobacco , indicates that their gene products act on overlapping but different sets of target genes , or that cell-type specific factors determine their precise action .
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| Title: Molecular characterization of catalytic-subunit cDNA sequences encoding protein phosphatases 1 and 2A and study of their roles in the gibberellin-dependent Osamy-c expression in rice .
| | Author: Chang M Wang B Chen X Wu R | | Journal: Plant Mol . Biol . Citation: V : 39 ( 1 ) P : 105-15 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10080713 Accession (PMID): 10080713 | | Abstract: To understand the molecular mechanism of gibberellin-dependent gene regulation , the effect of three phosphatase inhibitors on the germination of rice seeds and the expression of a target gene , the alpha-amylase gene , Osamy-c , were measured .
We found that okadaic acid , microcystin-LR , and calyculin A , which are known to specifically inhibit Ser/Thr phosphatases 1 and 2A , strongly inhibit the expression of the Osamy-c and may be involved in the germination of rice seeds .
The protein phosphatase enzyme activity assays showed that there is no obvious effect of GA3 on total PP1/PP2A activities .
To further understand the possible role of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A in the GA-dependent expression of Osamy-c , we isolated cDNA clones encoding protein phosphatase 1 and protein phosphatase 2A from a rice aleurone cDNA library .
These were designated OsPP1c and OsPP2Ac , respectively .
Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of OsPP1c and OsPP2Ac with the catalytic subunits of PP1 or PP2A of rabbit skeletal muscle , Arabidopsis thaliana , maize and Brassica napus showed that the catalytic subunit sequences of PP1 or PP2A among these organisms are highly conserved ( 73% to 90% similarity ) .
Genomic Southern blot analysis indicated that there are only one or two copies of OsPP1c genes and more than two copies of OsPP2Ac genes in the rice genome .
Northern blot analysis showed that OsPP1c and OsPP2Ac genes are expressed in several organs of rice , including seed , shoot and root .
We also showed by using 3 gene-specific probes of OsPP1c and OsPP2Ac cDNA , that the expression of neither gene is regulated by GA .
Taken together , our results suggest that protein phosphatases PP1 or PP2A are involved in the GA-dependent expression of the rice Osamy-c gene , though the PP1 or/and PP2A enzymatic activities as well as mRNA levels do not increase upon GA3 treatment . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: To understand the molecular mechanism of gibberellin-dependent gene regulation , the effect of three phosphatase inhibitors on the germination of rice seeds and the expression of a target gene , the alpha-amylase gene , Osamy-c , were measured . We found that okadaic acid , microcystin-LR , and calyculin A , which are known to specifically inhibit Ser/Thr phosphatases 1 and 2A , strongly inhibit the expression of the Osamy-c and may be involved in the germination of rice seeds . The protein phosphatase enzyme activity assays showed that there is no obvious effect of GA3 on total PP1/PP2A activities . To further understand the possible role of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A in the GA-dependent expression of Osamy-c , we isolated cDNA clones encoding protein phosphatase 1 and protein phosphatase 2A from a rice aleurone cDNA library . These were designated OsPP1c and OsPP2Ac , respectively . Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of OsPP1c and OsPP2Ac with the catalytic subunits of PP1 or PP2A of rabbit skeletal muscle , Arabidopsis thaliana , maize and Brassica napus showed that the catalytic subunit sequences of PP1 or PP2A among these organisms are highly conserved ( 73% to 90% similarity ) . Genomic Southern blot analysis indicated that there are only one or two copies of OsPP1c genes and more than two copies of OsPP2Ac genes in the rice genome . Northern blot analysis showed that OsPP1c and OsPP2Ac genes are expressed in several organs of rice , including seed , shoot and root . We also showed by using 3 gene-specific probes of OsPP1c and OsPP2Ac cDNA , that the expression of neither gene is regulated by GA . Taken together , our results suggest that protein phosphatases PP1 or PP2A are involved in the GA-dependent expression of the rice Osamy-c gene , though the PP1 or/and PP2A enzymatic activities as well as mRNA levels do not increase upon GA3 treatment .
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| Title: Molecular characterization of a gene for alanine aminotransferase from rice ( Oryza sativa ) .
| | Author: Kikuchi H Hirose S Toki S Akama K Takaiwa F | | Journal: Plant Mol . Biol . Citation: V : 39 ( 1 ) P : 149-59 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10080717 Accession (PMID): 10080717 | | Abstract: A cDNA clone encoding alanine aminotransferase ( AlaAT ) has isolated from randomly sequenced clones derived from a cDNA library of maturing rice seeds by comparison to previously identified genes .
The deduced amino acid sequence was 88% and 91% homologous to those of the enzymes from barley and broomcorn millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) , respectively .
Using this cDNA as a probe , we isolated and sequenced the corresponding genomic clone .
Comparison of the sequences of the cDNA and the genomic gene revealed that the coding region of the gene was interrupted by 14 introns 66 to 1547 bp long .
Northern and western blotting analyses showed that the gene was expressed at high levels in developing seeds .
When the 5-flanking region between -930 and +85 from the site of initiation of transcription was fused to a reporter gene for beta-glucuronidase ( GUS ) and then introduced into the rice genome , histochemical staining revealed strong GUS activity in the inner endosperm it issue of developing seeds and weak activity in root tips .
Similar it issue-specific expression was also detected by in situ hybridization .
These results suggest that AlaAT is involved in nitrogen metabolism during the maturation of rice seed . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: A cDNA clone encoding alanine aminotransferase ( AlaAT ) has isolated from randomly sequenced clones derived from a cDNA library of maturing rice seeds by comparison to previously identified genes . The deduced amino acid sequence was 88% and 91% homologous to those of the enzymes from barley and broomcorn millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) , respectively . Using this cDNA as a probe , we isolated and sequenced the corresponding genomic clone . Comparison of the sequences of the cDNA and the genomic gene revealed that the coding region of the gene was interrupted by 14 introns 66 to 1547 bp long . Northern and western blotting analyses showed that the gene was expressed at high levels in developing seeds . When the 5-flanking region between -930 and +85 from the site of initiation of transcription was fused to a reporter gene for beta-glucuronidase ( GUS ) and then introduced into the rice genome , histochemical staining revealed strong GUS activity in the inner endosperm it issue of developing seeds and weak activity in root tips . Similar it issue-specific expression was also detected by in situ hybridization . These results suggest that AlaAT is involved in nitrogen metabolism during the maturation of rice seed .
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| Title: Modified starch enhances absorption and accelerates recovery in experimental diarrhea in rats .
| | Author: Wingertzahn MA Teichberg S Wapnir RA .
| | Journal: Pediatr . Res . Citation: V : 45 ( 3 ) P : 397-402 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10088661 Accession (PMID): 10088661 | | Abstract: Rice gruels have been used as home remedies to treat dehydration associated with diarrheal illness in developing countries .
These preparations have produced conflicting results , most likely due to the heterogeneity of starch used .
We investigated whether the modified tapioca starch , Textra ( TX ) , at 5 . 0 or 10 . 0 g/L added to a 90 mmol/L Na+-111 mmol glucose oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) enhanced water and electrolyte absorption in two models of diarrhea .
To induce a secretory state ( model A ) , the jejunum of juvenile rats was perfused with 10 mmol/L theophylline ( THEO ) under anesthesia and then perfused with the solutions indicated above .
To produce chronic osmotic-secretory diarrhea ( model B ) , rats had a magnesium citrate-phenolphthalein solution as the sole fluid source for 1 wk , and then were perfused as the THEO-treated rats .
Water , electrolyte , and glucose absorption were measured during both perfusions .
As an extension of the perfusion studies , we compared how fast rats recovered from chronic osmotic diarrhea by offering them either water , ORS , or ORS containing 5 . 0 g/L TX along with solid food .
Recovery rate markers were measured after 24 h and included weight gain , food and fluid intake , and stool output .
In model A , addition of 5 . 0 g/L TX to ORS reversed Na+ secretion and improved net water as well as K+ and glucose absorption , compared with THEO-treated rats perfused with ORS without TX .
In model B , addition of TX to ORS increased water , Na+ , K+ , and glucose absorption , compared with rats perfused without TX .
Increasing TX from 5 . 0 to 10 . 0 g/L had no additional benefit .
In recovery experiments , animals with free access to ORS with TX had significantly greater weight gain and decreased stool output compared with animals recovering with water or ORS without TX .
Our experiments suggest that TX may be a useful additive to standard ORS to promote fluid and electrolyte absorption and may provide additional energy without increasing ORS osmotic load .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: To induce a secretory state ( model A ) , the jejunum of juvenile rats was perfused with 10 mmol/L theophylline ( THEO ) under anesthesia and then perfused with the solutions indicated above . To produce chronic osmotic-secretory diarrhea ( model B ) , rats had a magnesium citrate-phenolphthalein solution as the sole fluid source for 1 wk , and then were perfused as the THEO-treated rats . Water , electrolyte , and glucose absorption were measured during both perfusions . As an extension of the perfusion studies , we compared how fast rats recovered from chronic osmotic diarrhea by offering them either water , ORS , or ORS containing 5 . 0 g/L TX along with solid food . Recovery rate markers were measured after 24 h and included weight gain , food and fluid intake , and stool output . In model A , addition of 5 . 0 g/L TX to ORS reversed Na+ secretion and improved net water as well as K+ and glucose absorption , compared with THEO-treated rats perfused with ORS without TX . In model B , addition of TX to ORS increased water , Na+ , K+ , and glucose absorption , compared with rats perfused without TX . Increasing TX from 5 . 0 to 10 . 0 g/L had no additional benefit . In recovery experiments , animals with free access to ORS with TX had significantly greater weight gain and decreased stool output compared with animals recovering with water or ORS without TX . Our experiments suggest that TX may be a useful additive to standard ORS to promote fluid and electrolyte absorption and may provide additional energy without increasing ORS osmotic load .
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| Title: New lead compounds for brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitors .
| | Author: Min YK Asami T Fujioka S Murofushi N Yamaguchi I Yoshida S | | Journal: Bioorg . Med . Chem . Lett . Citation: V : 9 ( 3 ) P : 425-30 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10091696 Accession (PMID): 10091696 | | Abstract: The first brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor is reported .
Among newly synthesized triazole derivatives , 4- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -2-phenyl-3- ( 1 , 2 , 4-triazoyl ) butan-2-ol ( 6 ) was found to inhibit the growth of cress seedlings , and this inhibition was recovered by the treatment of brassinolide , suggesting that compound 6 primarily inhibits brassinosteroid biosynthesis . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The first brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor is reported . Among newly synthesized triazole derivatives , 4- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -2-phenyl-3- ( 1 , 2 , 4-triazoyl ) butan-2-ol ( 6 ) was found to inhibit the growth of cress seedlings , and this inhibition was recovered by the treatment of brassinolide , suggesting that compound 6 primarily inhibits brassinosteroid biosynthesis .
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| Title: Solution structure of a lipid transfer protein extracted from rice seeds .
Comparison with homologous proteins .
| | Author: Poznanski J Sodano P Suh SW Lee JY Ptak M Vovelle F | | Journal: Eur .
J Biochem .
Citation: V : 259 ( 3 ) P : 692-708 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10092854 Accession (PMID): 10092854 | | Abstract: Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy was used to determine the three dimensional structure of rice nonspecific lipid transfer protein ( ns-LTP ) , a 91 amino acid residue protein belonging to the broad family of plant ns-LTP .
Sequence specific assignment was obtained for all but three HN backbone 1H resonances and for more than 95% of the 1H side-chain resonances using a combination of 1H 2D NOESY ; TOCSY and COSY experiments at 293 K The structure was calculated on the basis of four disulfide bridge restraints , 1259 distance constraints derived from 1H-1H Overhauser effects , 72 phi angle restraints and 32 hydrogen-bond restraints .
The final solution structure involves four helices ( H1 : Cys3-Arg18 , H2 : Ala25-Ala37 , H3 : Thr41-Ala54 and H4 : Ala66-Cys73 ) followed by a long C-terminal tail ( T ) with no observable regular structure .
N-capping residues ( Thr2 , Ser24 , Thr40 ) , whose side-chain oxygen atoms are involved in hydrogen bonds with i + 3 amide proton additionally stabilize the N termini of the first three helices .
The fourth helix involving Pro residues display a mixture of alpha and 3 ( 10 ) conformation .
The rms deviation of 14 final structures with respect to the average structure is 1 . 14 +/- 0 . 16 A for all heavy atoms ( C , N , O and S ) and 0 . 72 +/- 0 . 01 A for the backbone atoms .
The global fold of rice ns-LTP is close to the previously published structures of wheat , barley and maize ns-LTPs exhibiting nearly identical pattern of the numerous sequence specific interactions .
As reported previously for different four-helix topology proteins , hydrophobic , hydrogen bonding and electrostatic mechanisms of fold stabilization were found for the rice ns-LTP .
The sequential alignment of 36 ns-LTP primary structures strongly suggests that there is a uniform pattern of specific long-range interactions ( in terms of sequence ) , which stabilize the fold of all plant ns-LTPs . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy was used to determine the three dimensional structure of rice nonspecific lipid transfer protein ( ns-LTP ) , a 91 amino acid residue protein belonging to the broad family of plant ns-LTP . Sequence specific assignment was obtained for all but three HN backbone 1H resonances and for more than 95% of the 1H side-chain resonances using a combination of 1H 2D NOESY ; TOCSY and COSY experiments at 293 K The structure was calculated on the basis of four disulfide bridge restraints , 1259 distance constraints derived from 1H-1H Overhauser effects , 72 phi angle restraints and 32 hydrogen-bond restraints . The final solution structure involves four helices ( H1 : Cys3-Arg18 , H2 : Ala25-Ala37 , H3 : Thr41-Ala54 and H4 : Ala66-Cys73 ) followed by a long C-terminal tail ( T ) with no observable regular structure . N-capping residues ( Thr2 , Ser24 , Thr40 ) , whose side-chain oxygen atoms are involved in hydrogen bonds with i + 3 amide proton additionally stabilize the N termini of the first three helices . The fourth helix involving Pro residues display a mixture of alpha and 3 ( 10 ) conformation . The rms deviation of 14 final structures with respect to the average structure is 1 . 14 +/- 0 . 16 A for all heavy atoms ( C , N , O and S ) and 0 . 72 +/- 0 . 01 A for the backbone atoms . The global fold of rice ns-LTP is close to the previously published structures of wheat , barley and maize ns-LTPs exhibiting nearly identical pattern of the numerous sequence specific interactions . As reported previously for different four-helix topology proteins , hydrophobic , hydrogen bonding and electrostatic mechanisms of fold stabilization were found for the rice ns-LTP . The sequential alignment of 36 ns-LTP primary structures strongly suggests that there is a uniform pattern of specific long-range interactions ( in terms of sequence ) , which stabilize the fold of all plant ns-LTPs .
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| Title: Four rice genes encoding cysteine synthase : isolation and differential responses to sulfur , nitrogen and light .
| | Author: Nakamura T Yamaguchi Y Sano H | | Journal: Gene Citation: V : 229 ( 1-2 ) P : 155-61 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10095115 Accession (PMID): 10095115 | | Abstract: Four cDNA clones , rcs1 , rcs2 , rcs3 and rcs4 , encoding cysteine synthase [ O-acetylserine ( thiol ) lyase ] were isolated from rice .
The predicted amino acid sequences contain the conserved PXXSVKDR region characteristic of cysteine synthase , which includes the lysine residue that binds the cofactor , pyridoxal 5-phosphate .
Molecular phylogenic analysis suggests that , whereas rcs1 and rcs3 belong to the cytosolic isoform family , rcs2 and rcs4 form a new family of cysteine synthase .
Transcript accumulation of each gene was examined for organ specificity , and also for response to sulfur , nitrogen and light .
The rcs1 transcript accumulated in all organs examined , and was induced in shoots and roots upon sulfur starvation under non-limiting nitrogen conditions .
The rcs2 transcript accumulated in shoots grown in the light , but disappeared almost completely by dark treatment .
The rcs3 transcript was found more abundantly in roots than in shoots , and was reduced in the dark , as well as under sulfur and nitrogen deprivation .
The rcs4 transcript was scarce in all organs examined .
These observations indicate that cysteine synthase genes encode functionally distinct cysteine synthase isoforms , and that they are coordinately regulated by the availability of sulfur , nitrogen , and light . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Four cDNA clones , rcs1 , rcs2 , rcs3 and rcs4 , encoding cysteine synthase [ O-acetylserine ( thiol ) lyase ] were isolated from rice . The predicted amino acid sequences contain the conserved PXXSVKDR region characteristic of cysteine synthase , which includes the lysine residue that binds the cofactor , pyridoxal 5-phosphate . Molecular phylogenic analysis suggests that , whereas rcs1 and rcs3 belong to the cytosolic isoform family , rcs2 and rcs4 form a new family of cysteine synthase . Transcript accumulation of each gene was examined for organ specificity , and also for response to sulfur , nitrogen and light . The rcs1 transcript accumulated in all organs examined , and was induced in shoots and roots upon sulfur starvation under non-limiting nitrogen conditions . The rcs2 transcript accumulated in shoots grown in the light , but disappeared almost completely by dark treatment . The rcs3 transcript was found more abundantly in roots than in shoots , and was reduced in the dark , as well as under sulfur and nitrogen deprivation . The rcs4 transcript was scarce in all organs examined . These observations indicate that cysteine synthase genes encode functionally distinct cysteine synthase isoforms , and that they are coordinately regulated by the availability of sulfur , nitrogen , and light .
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| Title: Silencing of an aleurone-specific gene in transgenic rice is caused by a rearranged transgene .
| | Author: Morino K Olsen OA Shimamoto K | | Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 17 ( 3 ) P : 275-85 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10097385 Accession (PMID): 10097385 | | Abstract: In rice , silencing of the aleurone-specific Ltp2-gus transgene , causing easily detectable staining patterns on the grain surface , offers a convenient tool to study quantitative aspects of gene silencing in monocots .
In this paper we analyzed phenotypes , occurrence , inheritance and environmental effects on the silencing .
We also report on the cloning of transgenes , determination of their structure and analysis of transcripts from the transgene loci .
The results show that various patterns of silencing appeared in the R2 generation at which most of the transgenes became homozygous and that they were inherited for five generations .
In addition , silencing independently occurred in three generations and reversion to full expression was also found .
Cloning of transgenes from a silenced L3 . 3 line demonstrated that this line carried two transgene loci : one carried an intact Ltp2-gus gene and the other carried a rearranged transgene in which part of the gus gene was in the antisense orientation .
Analysis of gus transcripts indicated that partial antisense RNA derived from the rearranged transgene was present in silenced lines and was polyadenylated but that it was absent in non-silenced lines .
RNA analyses suggested that the Ltp2-gus silencing in the aleurone layer was post-transcriptional and that it may be caused by interaction of partial antisense gus transcripts with normal sense transcripts .
Possible involvement of antisense transcripts in post-transcriptional silencing is discussed . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: In rice , silencing of the aleurone-specific Ltp2-gus transgene , causing easily detectable staining patterns on the grain surface , offers a convenient tool to study quantitative aspects of gene silencing in monocots . In this paper we analyzed phenotypes , occurrence , inheritance and environmental effects on the silencing . We also report on the cloning of transgenes , determination of their structure and analysis of transcripts from the transgene loci . The results show that various patterns of silencing appeared in the R2 generation at which most of the transgenes became homozygous and that they were inherited for five generations . In addition , silencing independently occurred in three generations and reversion to full expression was also found . Cloning of transgenes from a silenced L3 . 3 line demonstrated that this line carried two transgene loci : one carried an intact Ltp2-gus gene and the other carried a rearranged transgene in which part of the gus gene was in the antisense orientation . Analysis of gus transcripts indicated that partial antisense RNA derived from the rearranged transgene was present in silenced lines and was polyadenylated but that it was absent in non-silenced lines . RNA analyses suggested that the Ltp2-gus silencing in the aleurone layer was post-transcriptional and that it may be caused by interaction of partial antisense gus transcripts with normal sense transcripts . Possible involvement of antisense transcripts in post-transcriptional silencing is discussed .
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| Title: Zinc supplementation in malnourished children with persistent diarrhea in Pakistan .
| | Author: Bhutta ZA Nizami SQ Isani Z | | Journal: Pediatrics Citation: V : 103 ( 4 ) P : e42 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10103334 Accession (PMID): 10103334 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the potential benefit of dietary supplementation of a rice-lentil ( Khitchri ) and yogurt diet with 3 mg/kg/d of elemental zinc ( as zinc sulfate ) in hospitalized malnourished children ( age 6-36 months ) with persistent diarrhea for 14 days .
METHODOLOGY : Randomized , double-blind placebo-controlled trial SETTING : Nutrition Research Ward at the National Institute of Child Health , Karachi , Pakistan , where children were admitted for 14 days of inpatient supervised rehabilitation .
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Primary outcome : overall weight gain by day 14 .
Secondary outcomes : overall energy intake , stool output , time to diarrheal recovery and weight gain ( >/=3 days ) , plasma zinc , copper , prealbumin , and insulin-like growth factor-1 .
RESULTS : Of 87 children randomized for supplementation with either zinc or placebo , the two groups were comparable at admission in terms of severity and duration of diarrhea , as well as nutritional and anthropometric parameters .
The overall weight gain , stool volume , stool frequency , as well as the time taken for diarrheal recovery or steady weight gain , were comparable for both supplemented children and controls .
Supplemented children had a significant improvement in plasma zinc levels and serum alkaline phosphatase by day 14 of therapy in comparison with controls .
Plasma copper levels were low in both groups at admission and although an increase was seen in control children , levels decreased further after zinc supplementation .
There was no significant difference between the two groups for hemoglobin , serum albumin , prealbumin , and plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 increments during the course of therapy .
Evaluation of primary and secondary outcome criteria among the subset of children with plasma zinc levels <60 microg/d at admission did not reveal any significant differences .
CONCLUSIONS : Although there was satisfactory recovery in malnourished children with persistent diarrhea receiving the Khitchri-yogurt diet , there was no evidence of improved weight gain or acceleration of recovery from diarrhea with zinc supplementation .
In contrast , the reduction in plasma copper levels in zinc-supplemented malnourished children suggests that caution should be exercised in supplementing severely malnourished children with zinc alone . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Primary outcome : overall weight gain by day 14 . Secondary outcomes : overall energy intake , stool output , time to diarrheal recovery and weight gain ( >/=3 days ) , plasma zinc , copper , prealbumin , and insulin-like growth factor-1 . RESULTS : Of 87 children randomized for supplementation with either zinc or placebo , the two groups were comparable at admission in terms of severity and duration of diarrhea , as well as nutritional and anthropometric parameters . The overall weight gain , stool volume , stool frequency , as well as the time taken for diarrheal recovery or steady weight gain , were comparable for both supplemented children and controls . Supplemented children had a significant improvement in plasma zinc levels and serum alkaline phosphatase by day 14 of therapy in comparison with controls . Plasma copper levels were low in both groups at admission and although an increase was seen in control children , levels decreased further after zinc supplementation . There was no significant difference between the two groups for hemoglobin , serum albumin , prealbumin , and plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 increments during the course of therapy . Evaluation of primary and secondary outcome criteria among the subset of children with plasma zinc levels <60 microg/d at admission did not reveal any significant differences . CONCLUSIONS : Although there was satisfactory recovery in malnourished children with persistent diarrhea receiving the Khitchri-yogurt diet , there was no evidence of improved weight gain or acceleration of recovery from diarrhea with zinc supplementation . In contrast , the reduction in plasma copper levels in zinc-supplemented malnourished children suggests that caution should be exercised in supplementing severely malnourished children with zinc alone .
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| Title: The status of ORT ( oral rehydration therapy ) in Bangladesh : how widely is it used?
| | Author: Chowdhury AM Karim F Sarkar SK Cash RA Bhuiya A | | Journal: Citation: V : 12 ( 1 ) P : 58-66 Year: 1997 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10166103 Accession (PMID): 10166103 | | Abstract: During 1980-1990 BRAC , a Bangladeshi non-governmental organization , taught over 12 million mothers how to prepare oral rehydration therapy ( ORT ) at home with lobon ( common salt ) and gur ( unrefined brown sugar ) .
This was followed by a strong promotion and distribution of prepackaged ORS by various agencies including the government .
In 1993 we assessed knowledge of ORT preparation , its local availability and its use for the management of diarrhoea .
Over 9000 households in 90 villages were revisited ; 306 government outreach health workers , 296 drug sellers , and 237 village doctors were interviewed ; 152 government facilities and 495 pharmacies/shops were visited .
ORT prepared by mothers in a sub-sample of the households was analyzed for chloride content and interviewers collected information on use of ORT for diarrhoeal episodes occurring in the preceding two weeks .
The data quality was assessed through a resurvey of sample respondents within two weeks of the first interview .
Over 70% of the mothers could prepare a chemically safe and effective ORS .
A significant proportion of these mothers were very young at the time of the mass campaigns using house to house teaching , implying an intergenerational transfer of the knowledge on ORT .
ORT was found to be used in 60% of all diarrhoeal episodes , but the rate varied with the type of diarrhoea , being highest for daeria ( severe watery diarrhoea ) and lowest for amasha ( dysentery ) .
Drug sellers and village doctors now recommend ORT much more frequently than before .
Members of the medical profession ( qualified and unqualified ) still lag behind in prescribing the use of ORT .
The availability of pre-packaged ORS in rural pharmacies has improved enormously .
There is convincing evidence that the widescale promotion in the past of ORS for dehydration in diarrhoea has led to this marked improvement today .
Nevertheless the use of rice-based ORS , culturally appropriate messages and the promotion of ORS with food offer opportunities to further improve the utilization of ORT .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: During 1980-1990 BRAC , a Bangladeshi non-governmental organization , taught over 12 million mothers how to prepare oral rehydration therapy ( ORT ) at home with lobon ( common salt ) and gur ( unrefined brown sugar ) . This was followed by a strong promotion and distribution of prepackaged ORS by various agencies including the government . In 1993 we assessed knowledge of ORT preparation , its local availability and its use for the management of diarrhoea . Over 9000 households in 90 villages were revisited ; 306 government outreach health workers , 296 drug sellers , and 237 village doctors were interviewed ; 152 government facilities and 495 pharmacies/shops were visited . ORT prepared by mothers in a sub-sample of the households was analyzed for chloride content and interviewers collected information on use of ORT for diarrhoeal episodes occurring in the preceding two weeks . The data quality was assessed through a resurvey of sample respondents within two weeks of the first interview . Over 70% of the mothers could prepare a chemically safe and effective ORS . A significant proportion of these mothers were very young at the time of the mass campaigns using house to house teaching , implying an intergenerational transfer of the knowledge on ORT . ORT was found to be used in 60% of all diarrhoeal episodes , but the rate varied with the type of diarrhoea , being highest for daeria ( severe watery diarrhoea ) and lowest for amasha ( dysentery ) . Drug sellers and village doctors now recommend ORT much more frequently than before .
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| Title: Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA for an iron-superoxide dismutase in rice ( Oryza sativa L ) .
| | Author: Kaminaka H Morita S Tokumoto M Yokoyama H Masumura T Tanaka K | | Journal: Biosci . Biotechnol . Biochem . Citation: V : 63 ( 2 ) P : 302-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10192910 Accession (PMID): 10192910 | | Abstract: We have isolated a cDNA encoding Fe-SOD from rice ( Oryza sativa L ) .
The deduced amino acid sequence consists of a polypeptide with 255 amino acids , including a putative transit peptide ( 40 a . a . ) in amino-terminal residues .
This sequence is similar to the known plant Fe-SODs but not classified in the group of known Fe-SODs .
The metal analysis and SOD assays of the partial purified recombinant protein expressed in E coli showed that this cDNA encodes an iron-containing SOD .
However this SOD activity was not inhibited by the treatment with hydrogen peroxide , which was expected to inhibit known Fe-SOD activity . mRNA of rice Fe-SOD was detected in all vegetative it issues examined , being especially abundant in calli , and strongly increased by light induction .
These results suggested that this cDNA encodes rice Fe-SOD , which is apparently distinct from known plant Fe-SODs . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: We have isolated a cDNA encoding Fe-SOD from rice ( Oryza sativa L ) . The deduced amino acid sequence consists of a polypeptide with 255 amino acids , including a putative transit peptide ( 40 a . a . ) in amino-terminal residues . This sequence is similar to the known plant Fe-SODs but not classified in the group of known Fe-SODs . The metal analysis and SOD assays of the partial purified recombinant protein expressed in E coli showed that this cDNA encodes an iron-containing SOD . However this SOD activity was not inhibited by the treatment with hydrogen peroxide , which was expected to inhibit known Fe-SOD activity . mRNA of rice Fe-SOD was detected in all vegetative it issues examined , being especially abundant in calli , and strongly increased by light induction . These results suggested that this cDNA encodes rice Fe-SOD , which is apparently distinct from known plant Fe-SODs .
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| Title: Purification , characterization , and application of an acid urease from Arthrobacter mobilis .
| | Author: Miyagawa K Sumida M Nakao M Harada M Yamamoto H Kusumi T Yoshizawa K Amachi T Nakayama T | | Journal: J Biotechnol .
Citation: V : 68 ( 2-3 ) P : 227-36 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10194859 Accession (PMID): 10194859 | | Abstract: It has been shown that urea in fermented beverages and foods can serve as a precursor of ethylcarbamate , a potential carcinogen , and acid urease is an effective agent for removing urea in such products .
We describe herein the purification and characterization of a novel acid urease from Arthrobacter mobilis SAM 0752 and show its unique application for the removal of urea from fermented beverages using the Japanese rice wine , sake , as an example .
The purified acid urease showed an optimum pH for activity at pH 4 . 2 .
The enzyme exhibited an apparent K ( m ) for urea of 3 . 0 mM and a Vmax of 2370 mumol of urea per mg and min at 37 degrees C and pH 4 . 2 .
Gel permeation chromatographic and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretic analyses showed that the enzyme has an apparent native molecular weight ( M ( r ) ) of 290 , 000 and consisted of three types of subunit proteins ( M ( r ) , 67 , 000 , 16 , 600 , 14 , 100 ) denoted by alpha , beta , and gamma .
The most probable stoichiometry of the subunits was estimated to be alpha : beta : gamma = 1 : 1 : 1 , suggesting the enzyme subunit structure of ( alpha beta gamma ) 3 .
The enzyme also existed as an aggregated form with an M ( r ) of 580 , 000 .
The purified enzyme contained 2 g-atom of nickel per alpha beta gamma unit of the enzyme .
Enzyme activity was inhibited by acetohydroxamic acid , HgCl2 , and CuCl2 .
The isoelectric point of the native enzyme was estimated by gel electrofocusing to be 6 . 8 .
Urea ( 50 ppm ) , which was exogenously added to sake ( pH 4 . 4 , 17 +/- 1% ( v/v ) ethanol ) , was completely decomposed by incubation with the enzyme ( 0 . 09 U ml-1 ) at 15 degrees C for 13 days .
The enzyme was unstable at temperatures higher than 65 degrees C and pHs lower than 4 , and was completely inactivated under the conditions of a pasteurization step involved in the traditional sake-making processes .
These results indicate that the enzyme is applicable to the elimination of urea in fermented beverages with minimal modification to the conventional process . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: It has been shown that urea in fermented beverages and foods can serve as a precursor of ethylcarbamate , a potential carcinogen , and acid urease is an effective agent for removing urea in such products . We describe herein the purification and characterization of a novel acid urease from Arthrobacter mobilis SAM 0752 and show its unique application for the removal of urea from fermented beverages using the Japanese rice wine , sake , as an example . The purified acid urease showed an optimum pH for activity at pH 4 . 2 . The enzyme exhibited an apparent K ( m ) for urea of 3 . 0 mM and a Vmax of 2370 mumol of urea per mg and min at 37 degrees C and pH 4 . 2 . Gel permeation chromatographic and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretic analyses showed that the enzyme has an apparent native molecular weight ( M ( r ) ) of 290 , 000 and consisted of three types of subunit proteins ( M ( r ) , 67 , 000 , 16 , 600 , 14 , 100 ) denoted by alpha , beta , and gamma . The most probable stoichiometry of the subunits was estimated to be alpha : beta : gamma = 1 : 1 : 1 , suggesting the enzyme subunit structure of ( alpha beta gamma ) 3 . The enzyme also existed as an aggregated form with an M ( r ) of 580 , 000 . The purified enzyme contained 2 g-atom of nickel per alpha beta gamma unit of the enzyme . Enzyme activity was inhibited by acetohydroxamic acid , HgCl2 , and CuCl2 . The isoelectric point of the native enzyme was estimated by gel electrofocusing to be 6 . 8 . Urea ( 50 ppm ) , which was exogenously added to sake ( pH 4 . 4 , 17 +/- 1% ( v/v ) ethanol ) , was completely decomposed by incubation with the enzyme ( 0 . 09 U ml-1 ) at 15 degrees C for 13 days . The enzyme was unstable at temperatures higher than 65 degrees C and pHs lower than 4 , and was completely inactivated under the conditions of a pasteurization step involved in the traditional sake-making processes . These results indicate that the enzyme is applicable to the elimination of urea in fermented beverages with minimal modification to the conventional process .
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| Title: Selection of RNA replicons capable of persistent noncytopathic replication in mammalian cells .
| | Author: Frolov I Agapov E Hoffman TA Prgai BM Lippa M Schlesinger S Rice CM .
| | Journal: J Virol .
Citation: V : 73 ( 5 ) P : 3854-65 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10196280 Accession (PMID): 10196280 | | Abstract: The natural life cycle of alphaviruses , a group of plus-strand RNA viruses , involves transmission to vertebrate hosts via mosquitoes .
Chronic infections are established in mosquitoes ( and usually in mosquito cell cultures ) , but infection of susceptible vertebrate cells typically results in rapid shutoff of host mRNA translation and cell death .
Using engineered Sindbis virus RNA replicons expressing puromycin acetyltransferase as a dominant selectable marker , we identified mutations allowing persistent , noncytopathic replication in BHK-21 cells .
Two of these adaptive mutations involved single-amino-acid substitutions in the C-terminal portion of nsP2 , the viral helicase-protease .
At one of these loci , nsP2 position 726 , numerous substitution mutations were created and characterized in the context of RNA replicons and infectious virus .
Our results suggest a direct correlation between the level of viral RNA replication and cytopathogenicity .
This work also provides a series of alphavirus replicons for noncytopathic gene expression studies ( E V Agapov , I Frolov , B D Lindenbach , B M Prgai , S Schlesinger , and C M Rice , Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA 95 : 12989-12994 , 1998 ) and a general strategy for selecting RNA viral mutants adapted to different cellular environments .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The natural life cycle of alphaviruses , a group of plus-strand RNA viruses , involves transmission to vertebrate hosts via mosquitoes . Chronic infections are established in mosquitoes ( and usually in mosquito cell cultures ) , but infection of susceptible vertebrate cells typically results in rapid shutoff of host mRNA translation and cell death . Using engineered Sindbis virus RNA replicons expressing puromycin acetyltransferase as a dominant selectable marker , we identified mutations allowing persistent , noncytopathic replication in BHK-21 cells . Two of these adaptive mutations involved single-amino-acid substitutions in the C-terminal portion of nsP2 , the viral helicase-protease . At one of these loci , nsP2 position 726 , numerous substitution mutations were created and characterized in the context of RNA replicons and infectious virus . Our results suggest a direct correlation between the level of viral RNA replication and cytopathogenicity . This work also provides a series of alphavirus replicons for noncytopathic gene expression studies ( E V Agapov , I Frolov , B D Lindenbach , B M Prgai , S Schlesinger , and C M Rice , Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA 95 : 12989-12994 , 1998 ) and a general strategy for selecting RNA viral mutants adapted to different cellular environments .
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Score: 4.00 |
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| Title: Genetic effects on weight change and food intake in Swedish adult twins .
| | Author: Heitmann BL Harris JR Lissner L Pedersen NL .
| | Journal: Am .
J Clin . Nutr . Citation: V : 69 ( 4 ) P : 597-602 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10197559 Accession (PMID): 10197559 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Obesity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors .
Additionally , synergistic effects of genes and environments may be important in the development of obesity .
OBJECTIVE : The aim of this study was to test for genetic effects on food consumption frequency , food preferences , and their interaction with subsequent weight gain .
DESIGN : Complete data on the frequencies of consumption of 11 foods typical of the Swedish diet were available for 98 monozygotic and 176 dizygotic twin pairs aged 25-59 y who are part of the Swedish Twin Registry .
The data were collected in 1973 as part of a questionnaire study .
Body mass index was measured in 1973 and again in 1984 .
RESULTS : There was some evidence that genetic effects influenced the frequency of intake of some foods .
Similarity among monozygotic twins exceeded that among dizygotic twins for intake of flour and grain products and fruit in men and women , intake of milk in men , and intake of vegetables and rice in women , suggesting that genes influence preferences for these foods .
Analyses conducted for twins reared together and apart also suggested greater monozygotic than dizygotic correlations , but cross-twin , cross-trait correlations were all insignificant , suggesting that the genes that affect consumption frequencies are not responsible for mediating the relation between the frequency of intake and weight change .
CONCLUSIONS : Genetic effects and the frequency of intake are independently related to change in body mass index However , there was no suggestion of differential genetic effects on weight gain that were dependent on the consumption frequency of the foods studied .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 2.00 ]: BACKGROUND : Obesity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors . Additionally , synergistic effects of genes and environments may be important in the development of obesity . OBJECTIVE : The aim of this study was to test for genetic effects on food consumption frequency , food preferences , and their interaction with subsequent weight gain . DESIGN : Complete data on the frequencies of consumption of 11 foods typical of the Swedish diet were available for 98 monozygotic and 176 dizygotic twin pairs aged 25-59 y who are part of the Swedish Twin Registry . The data were collected in 1973 as part of a questionnaire study . Body mass index was measured in 1973 and again in 1984 . RESULTS : There was some evidence that genetic effects influenced the frequency of intake of some foods . Similarity among monozygotic twins exceeded that among dizygotic twins for intake of flour and grain products and fruit in men and women , intake of milk in men , and intake of vegetables and rice in women , suggesting that genes influence preferences for these foods . Analyses conducted for twins reared together and apart also suggested greater monozygotic than dizygotic correlations , but cross-twin , cross-trait correlations were all insignificant , suggesting that the genes that affect consumption frequencies are not responsible for mediating the relation between the frequency of intake and weight change . CONCLUSIONS : Genetic effects and the frequency of intake are independently related to change in body mass index However , there was no suggestion of differential genetic effects on weight gain that were dependent on the consumption frequency of the foods studied .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: BACKGROUND : Obesity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors . Additionally , synergistic effects of genes and environments may be important in the development of obesity . OBJECTIVE : The aim of this study was to test for genetic effects on food consumption frequency , food preferences , and their interaction with subsequent weight gain . DESIGN : Complete data on the frequencies of consumption of 11 foods typical of the Swedish diet were available for 98 monozygotic and 176 dizygotic twin pairs aged 25-59 y who are part of the Swedish Twin Registry . The data were collected in 1973 as part of a questionnaire study . Body mass index was measured in 1973 and again in 1984 . RESULTS : There was some evidence that genetic effects influenced the frequency of intake of some foods . Similarity among monozygotic twins exceeded that among dizygotic twins for intake of flour and grain products and fruit in men and women , intake of milk in men , and intake of vegetables and rice in women , suggesting that genes influence preferences for these foods . Analyses conducted for twins reared together and apart also suggested greater monozygotic than dizygotic correlations , but cross-twin , cross-trait correlations were all insignificant , suggesting that the genes that affect consumption frequencies are not responsible for mediating the relation between the frequency of intake and weight change . CONCLUSIONS : Genetic effects and the frequency of intake are independently related to change in body mass index However , there was no suggestion of differential genetic effects on weight gain that were dependent on the consumption frequency of the foods studied .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: BACKGROUND : Obesity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors . Additionally , synergistic effects of genes and environments may be important in the development of obesity . OBJECTIVE : The aim of this study was to test for genetic effects on food consumption frequency , food preferences , and their interaction with subsequent weight gain . DESIGN : Complete data on the frequencies of consumption of 11 foods typical of the Swedish diet were available for 98 monozygotic and 176 dizygotic twin pairs aged 25-59 y who are part of the Swedish Twin Registry . The data were collected in 1973 as part of a questionnaire study . Body mass index was measured in 1973 and again in 1984 . RESULTS : There was some evidence that genetic effects influenced the frequency of intake of some foods . Similarity among monozygotic twins exceeded that among dizygotic twins for intake of flour and grain products and fruit in men and women , intake of milk in men , and intake of vegetables and rice in women , suggesting that genes influence preferences for these foods . Analyses conducted for twins reared together and apart also suggested greater monozygotic than dizygotic correlations , but cross-twin , cross-trait correlations were all insignificant , suggesting that the genes that affect consumption frequencies are not responsible for mediating the relation between the frequency of intake and weight change . CONCLUSIONS : Genetic effects and the frequency of intake are independently related to change in body mass index However , there was no suggestion of differential genetic effects on weight gain that were dependent on the consumption frequency of the foods studied .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Long-day up-regulation of a GAMYB gene during Lolium temulentum inflorescence formation .
| | Author: Gocal GF Poole AT Gubler F Watts RJ Blundell C King RW .
| | Journal: Plant Physiol .
Citation: V : 119 ( 4 ) P : 1271-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10198085 Accession (PMID): 10198085 | | Abstract: Long-day exposure of the grass Lolium temulentum may regulate flowering via changes in gibberellin ( GA ) levels .
Therefore , we have examined both GA levels and expression of a MYB transcription factor that is specific to the GA signal transduction pathway in monocots .
This MYB gene from L temulentum shows over 90% nucleotide identity with the barley and rice GAMYB genes , and , like them , gibberellic acid ( GA3 ) up-regulates its expression in the seed .
Furthermore , cDNAs of both the barley and L temulentum GAMYB show the same simple patterns of hybridization with digests of L temulentum genomic DNA .
Compared with vegetative shoot apices of L temulentum , the in situ mRNA expression of LtGAMYB does not change during the earliest steps of "floral" initiation at the apex However , by 100 h ( the double-ridge stage of flowering ) its expression increased substantially and was highest in the terminal and lateral spikelet sites .
Thereafter , expression declined overall but then increased within stamen primordia .
Prior to increased LtGAMYB expression , long-day exposure sufficient to induce flowering led to increased ( 5 to 20-fold ) levels of GA1 and GA4 in the leaf .
Thus , increases first in GA level in the leaf followed by increased expression of LtGAMYB in the apex suggest important signaling and/or response roles in flowering .
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[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Long-day exposure of the grass Lolium temulentum may regulate flowering via changes in gibberellin ( GA ) levels . Therefore , we have examined both GA levels and expression of a MYB transcription factor that is specific to the GA signal transduction pathway in monocots . This MYB gene from L temulentum shows over 90% nucleotide identity with the barley and rice GAMYB genes , and , like them , gibberellic acid ( GA3 ) up-regulates its expression in the seed . Furthermore , cDNAs of both the barley and L temulentum GAMYB show the same simple patterns of hybridization with digests of L temulentum genomic DNA . Compared with vegetative shoot apices of L temulentum , the in situ mRNA expression of LtGAMYB does not change during the earliest steps of "floral" initiation at the apex However , by 100 h ( the double-ridge stage of flowering ) its expression increased substantially and was highest in the terminal and lateral spikelet sites . Thereafter , expression declined overall but then increased within stamen primordia . Prior to increased LtGAMYB expression , long-day exposure sufficient to induce flowering led to increased ( 5 to 20-fold ) levels of GA1 and GA4 in the leaf . Thus , increases first in GA level in the leaf followed by increased expression of LtGAMYB in the apex suggest important signaling and/or response roles in flowering .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
