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| Title: Treatment of acute lateral ankle ligament rupture in the athlete .
Conservative versus surgical treatment .
| | Author: Lynch SA Renstrm PA .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 27 ( 1 ) P : 61-71 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10028133 Accession (PMID): 10028133 | | Abstract: Acute lateral ankle ligament sprains are common in young athletes ( 15 to 35 years of age ) .
Diagnostic and treatment protocols vary .
Therapies range from cast immobilisation or acute surgical repair to functional rehabilitation .
The lateral ligament complex includes 3 capsular ligaments : the anterior tibiofibular ( ATFL ) , calcaneofibular ( CFL ) and posterior talofibular ( PTFL ) ligaments .
Injuries typically occur during plantar flexion and inversion ; the ATFL is most commonly torn .
The CFL and the PTFL can also be injured and , after severe inversion , subtalar joint ligaments are also affected .
Commonly , an athlete with a lateral ankle ligament sprain reports having rolled over the outside of their ankle .
The entire ankle and foot must be examined to ensure there are no other injuries .
Clinical stability tests for ligamentous disruption include the anterior drawer test of ATFL function and inversion tilt test of both ATFL and CFL function .
Radiographs may rule out treatable fractures in severe injuries or when pain or tenderness are not associated with lateral ligaments .
Stress radiographs do not affect treatment .
Ankle sprains are classified from grades I to III ( mild , moderate or severe ) .
Grade I and II injuries recover quickly with nonoperative management .
A non-operative functional treatment programme includes immediate use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression , elevation ) , a short period of immobilisation and protection with a tape or bandage , and early range of motion , weight-bearing and neuromuscular training exercises .
Proprioceptive training on a tilt board after 3 to 4 weeks helps improve balance and neuromuscular control of the ankle .
Treatment for grade III injuries is more controversial A comprehensive literature evaluation and meta-analysis showed that early functional treatment provided the fastest recovery of ankle mobility and earliest return to work and physical activity without affecting late mechanical stability .
Functional treatment was complication-free , whereas surgery had serious , though infrequent , complications .
Functional treatment produced no more sequelae than casting with or without surgical repair .
Secondary surgical repair , even years after an injury , has results comparable to those of primary repair , so even competitive athletes can receive initial conservative treatment .
Sequelae of lateral ligament injuries are common .
After conservative or surgical treatment , 10 to 30% of patients have chronic symptoms , including persistent synovitis or tendinitis , ankle stiffness , swelling , pain , muscle weakness and giving-way .
Well-designed physical therapy programmes usually reduce instability .
For individuals with chronic instability refractory to conservative measures , surgery may be needed .
Subtalar instability should be carefully evaluated when considering surgery .
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[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The lateral ligament complex includes 3 capsular ligaments : the anterior tibiofibular ( ATFL ) , calcaneofibular ( CFL ) and posterior talofibular ( PTFL ) ligaments .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Clinical stability tests for ligamentous disruption include the anterior drawer test of ATFL function and inversion tilt test of both ATFL and CFL function .
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| Title: Jamu Gendong , a kind of traditional medicine in Indonesia : the microbial contamination of its raw materials and endproduct .
| | Author: Limyati DA Juniar BL .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 63 ( 3 ) P : 201-8 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10030724 Accession (PMID): 10030724 | | Abstract: An examination on the microbiological quality of seven kinds of Jamu Gendong ( JG ) and their raw materials has been conducted according to the requirements of microbial contamination in traditional medicine , issued by the Department of Health of Indonesia in 1986 .
Samples of JG and their raw materials were taken from producers in three districts of Surabaya .
The samples were subject to the following examinations : total plate count ( TPC ) , MPN coliform , the enumeration of molds and yeasts , the presence or absence of Staphylococcus aureus , Salmonella and Vibrio .
Each time the JG samples were taken from different producers together with their raw materials .
The results of this investigation showed that most of the JG samples were heavily contaminated with bacteria , yeasts and molds .
For bacteria , taken from the TPC results , their numbers were ranging from 7 . 7 x 10 ( 2 ) microorganisms/ml to too many to count ( TMTC ) .
For yeasts and molds the numbers showed variations from 0 microorganisms/ml to TMTC .
Contamination with Coliform in 1 ml of JG were ranged from 0 to > 2 . 4 x 10 ( 6 ) microorganisms .
In most of the samples pathogenic Staphylococci , Salmonella sp . and Vibrio sp . were not detected , so that a conclusion can be drawn that most of the contamination in JG are saprophytic , only a few pathogenic .
The results also show that it is possible to have JG which fulfill the governments requirements .
Similar results were obtained with the plant material constituents of JG such as rhizomes , leaves , herbs and fruits of Piper nigrum and Piper retrofractum , with the exception of Piper betle leaves and P retrofractum fruits , both showing low contamination of Coliform bacteria .
However , the fruits of Citrus aurantifolia and Morinda citrifolia were less contaminated , just like seeds of Oryza sativa , Parkia roxburghii , bulbs of Allium sativum and the pulp of Tamarindus indica .
With these plant constituents of JG , it might be of interest to screen their antibacterial and antifungal activities . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 2.00 ]: With these plant constituents of JG , it might be of interest to screen their antibacterial and antifungal activities .
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| Title: A rice homolog of Cdk7/MO15 phosphorylates both cyclin-dependent protein kinases and the carboxy-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II .
| | Author: Yamaguchi M Umeda M Uchimiya H | | Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 16 ( 5 ) P : 613-9 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10036778 Accession (PMID): 10036778 | | Abstract: The activation of cyclin-dependent protein kinases ( CDKs ) requires phosphorylation of a threonine residue within the T-loop by a CDK-activating kinase ( CAK ) .
The R2 protein of rice is very similar to CAKs of animals and fission yeast at the amino acid level but phosphorylation by R2 has not yet been demonstrated .
When R2 was overexpressed in a CAK-deficient mutant of budding yeast , it suppressed the temperature sensitivity of the mutation .
Immunoprecipitates of rice proteins with the anti-R2 antibody phosphorylated human CDK2 , one of the rice CDKs ( Cdc2Os1 ) , and the carboxy-terminal domain ( CTD ) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II of Arabidopsis .
Mutational analysis indicated that R2 phosphorylated the threonine residue within the T-loop of CDK2 and Cdc2Os1 .
R2 was found mainly in two protein complexes which had molecular masses of 190 kDa and 70 kDa , respectively , whilst the CDK and CTD-kinase activities associated with R2 were identified in a complex of 105 kDa .
These results indicate that R2 is closely related to CAKs of animals and fission yeast in terms of its phosphorylation activity and , moreover , that this CAK of rice is distinct from a CAK of the dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: Immunoprecipitates of rice proteins with the anti-R2 antibody phosphorylated human CDK2 , one of the rice CDKs ( Cdc2Os1 ) , and the carboxy-terminal domain ( CTD ) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II of Arabidopsis .
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| Title: Seasonal fluctuation in energy balance among farmers in Northeast Thailand : the lack of response of energy intake to the change of energy expenditure .
| | Author: Murayama N Ohtsuka R | | Journal: Citation: V : 53 ( 1 ) P : 39-49 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10048798 Accession (PMID): 10048798 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : The study aimed to clarify the seasonal fluctuations in energy balance and their factors among rice-growing farmers in Northeast Thailand whose rice production was enough to their food energy demand .
DESIGN : Prospective and repeated measurements in the field .
SETTING : A rain-fed rice-farming village .
SUBJECTS : Eight pairs of husband and wife .
INTERVENTIONS : In each of four periods in a year , anthropometry , energy expenditure survey with heart-rate monitoring and minute-by-minute activity recording , and food consumption survey were conducted for each subject for 4 days .
RESULTS : The change of body weight was modest but differed significantly ( P < 0 . 001 ) between pre-harvest and post-harvest seasons : 1 . 3 kg ( 2 . 3% ) for males , 2 . 5 kg ( 4 . 3% ) for females .
Total energy expenditure ( TEE ) fluctuated markedly between the 4 seasons ( P < 0 . 001 for males and females ) , but total energy intake ( TEI ) fluctuated to lesser extents ( P < 0 . 05 for females only ) .
In relation to energy expenditure , physiological indicators ( except respiratory quotient ) did not fluctuate throughout the year but behavioral indicators did .
The changes in body weight were significantly correlated with the changes in TEE ( r = 0 . 60 , P < 0 . 05 for males ; r = 0 . 83 , P < 0 . 01 for females ) but not with the changes in TEI ; TEE and TEI were not correlated .
CONCLUSIONS : The modest seasonal changes in body weight among rain-fed rice farmers in Northeast Thailand were caused by the lack of response of TEI to the change of TEE . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: INTERVENTIONS : In each of four periods in a year , anthropometry , energy expenditure survey with heart-rate monitoring and minute-by-minute activity recording , and food consumption survey were conducted for each subject for 4 days .
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| Title: Water balance and fecal moisture content in suckling calves as influenced by free access to dry feed .
| | Author: Abe M Matsunaga M Iriki T Funaba M Honjo T Wada Y | | Journal: J Dairy Sci .
Citation: V : 82 ( 2 ) P : 320-32 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10068954 Accession (PMID): 10068954 | | Abstract: Holstein bull calves were used to examine the effect of dry feed on water balance and fecal moisture content during the suckling period .
In Experiment 1 ( n = 20 calves ) , free access to concentrate and timothy hay decreased urine volume and increased apparent water retention , fecal water excretion , and fecal moisture content by 2 wk , although daily amounts of milk replacer also affected water balance when DMI from dry feed was low .
In Experiment 2 ( n = 20 calves ) , free access to concentrate and hay from wk 1 increased reabsorption of water from renal tubules during wk 2 , resulting in reduced urine volume and increased plasma volume .
In Experiment 3 ( n = 10 calves ) , supplementation of 500 g/d of milk replacer plus free access to concentrate and hay from wk 1 increased plasma antidiuretic hormone by 2 wk compared with the concentration in calves receiving 200 g/d of milk replacer alone .
Plasma antidiuretic hormone concentrations were highly correlated with plasma concentrations of acetate and ketone bodies but not with glucose and urea .
In Experiment 4 ( n = 16 calves ) , apparent water retention and fecal moisture content during wk 2 were increased by free access to concentrate from wk 1 but were not affected by rice straw as an inert bulk source .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: In Experiment 3 ( n = 10 calves ) , supplementation of 500 g/d of milk replacer plus free access to concentrate and hay from wk 1 increased plasma antidiuretic hormone by 2 wk compared with the concentration in calves receiving 200 g/d of milk replacer alone .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Plasma antidiuretic hormone concentrations were highly correlated with plasma concentrations of acetate and ketone bodies but not with glucose and urea .
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| Title: Phosphorylation of proteins in the stem section of etiolated rice seedling irradiated with red light .
| | Author: Hamada T Hasunuma K Komatsu S | | Journal: Biol . Pharm . Bull . Citation: V : 22 ( 2 ) P : 122-6 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10077428 Accession (PMID): 10077428 | | Abstract: The molecular mechanism of light signal perception was analyzed using stem sections of etiolated rice ( Oryza sativa L ) seedlings irradiated with red light from a fluorescent lamp .
The membrane and cytosol fractions were labeled by 40 nM [ gamma-32P ] ATP for 10 s at 0 degrees C and proteins were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis .
Phosphorylation of three proteins with molecular weights of 16 , 17 and 18 kDa in the rice increased with the intensity of red light irradiation ( 50 micromol/m2/s ) for 16 min .
Most of the phosphorylation activity was present in the cytosol fraction .
The three proteins cross-reacted with the anti-nucleoside diphosphate ( NDP ) kinase antibody .
Phosphorylation of these proteins was correlated with changes in the activity of NDP kinase .
These proteins phosphorylated histone III-S , a substrate for measuring the protein kinase activity .
By phospho-amino acid analysis , phosphoserine was found present in the phosphorylated proteins .
These rapidly phosphorylated proteins would thus appear to have the features of NDP kinase . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: The three proteins cross-reacted with the anti-nucleoside diphosphate ( NDP ) kinase antibody .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Isolation and characterization of an anther-specific gene , RA8 , from rice ( Oryza sativa L ) .
| | Author: Jeon JS Chung YY Lee S Yi GH Oh BG An G | | Journal: Plant Mol . Biol . Citation: V : 39 ( 1 ) P : 35-44 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10080707 Accession (PMID): 10080707 | | Abstract: An anther-specific cDNA clone of rice , RA8 , was isolated from an anther cDNA library by differential screening .
RNA blot analysis indicated that the RA8 transcript is present specifically in anthers and the transcript level increased as flowers matured , reaching the highest level in mature flowers .
The RA8 clone contains an open reading frame of 264 amino acid residues with a hydrophobic N-terminal region .
The deduced amino acid sequences did not show significant homology to any known sequences .
Genomic DNA blot analysis showed that RA8 is a single-copy gene .
A genomic clone corresponding to the RA8 cDNA was isolated and its promoter region was fused to the beta-glucuronidase ( GUS ) gene .
Transgenic rice plants exhibited anther-specific expression of the GUS reporter gene .
Histochemical GUS analysis showed that the RA8 promoter was active in the tapetum , endothecium , and connective it issues of anthers .
Experiments showed that expression of the gene starts when microspores are released from tetrads , and it reaches to the maximum level at the late vacuolated-pollen stage .
The RA8 promoter may be useful for controlling gene expression in anthers of cereal plants and for generating male-sterile plants . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: An anther-specific cDNA clone of rice , RA8 , was isolated from an anther cDNA library by differential screening .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: RNA blot analysis indicated that the RA8 transcript is present specifically in anthers and the transcript level increased as flowers matured , reaching the highest level in mature flowers .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Transgenic rice plants exhibited anther-specific expression of the GUS reporter gene .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Histochemical GUS analysis showed that the RA8 promoter was active in the tapetum , endothecium , and connective it issues of anthers .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: The RA8 promoter may be useful for controlling gene expression in anthers of cereal plants and for generating male-sterile plants .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against fumitremorgin B | | Author: Liu J Meng ZH .
| | Journal: Biomed . Environ . Sci . Citation: V : 11 ( 4 ) P : 336-44 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10095931 Accession (PMID): 10095931 | | Abstract: This paper reports the preparation and identification of two monoclonal antibodies against FTB , and the establishment of an indirect competitive ELISA methods for FTB determination in buckwheat , rice , and corn .
Two of the hybridoma cell lines ( 1C9 and 2D10 ) , which could produce specific antibodies against fumitremorgin B ( FTB ) , were selected and developed .
The affinity Kaff constants of the monoclonal antibodies with the coating antigen , FTBS-IgG , were found to be 6 x 10 ( 8 ) M-1 and 9 . 8 x 10 M-1 , respectively .
The isotypes of the monoclonal antibodies are of two isotypes , IgG1 and IgM , respectively .
The antibody titers were found around 1 x 10 ( 6 ) and 1 . 5 x 10 ( 6 ) .
The standard curves showed that as little as 5 pg of FTB in 50 mL could be detected , and the linear range of standard curve was from 10 pg to 1000 pg of standard FTB .
There were no cross-reaction for McAbs in the assay system with some mycotoxins tested .
The mean recovery rate from buckwheat spiked with 10-60 ng/g of FTB was 78-88 . 7% . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: The affinity Kaff constants of the monoclonal antibodies with the coating antigen , FTBS-IgG , were found to be 6 x 10 ( 8 ) M-1 and 9 . 8 x 10 M-1 , respectively .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: This paper reports the preparation and identification of two monoclonal antibodies against FTB , and the establishment of an indirect competitive ELISA methods for FTB determination in buckwheat , rice , and corn .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Two of the hybridoma cell lines ( 1C9 and 2D10 ) , which could produce specific antibodies against fumitremorgin B ( FTB ) , were selected and developed .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The isotypes of the monoclonal antibodies are of two isotypes , IgG1 and IgM , respectively .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The antibody titers were found around 1 x 10 ( 6 ) and 1 . 5 x 10 ( 6 ) .
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Score: 4.00 |
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| Title: Silencing of an aleurone-specific gene in transgenic rice is caused by a rearranged transgene .
| | Author: Morino K Olsen OA Shimamoto K | | Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 17 ( 3 ) P : 275-85 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10097385 Accession (PMID): 10097385 | | Abstract: In rice , silencing of the aleurone-specific Ltp2-gus transgene , causing easily detectable staining patterns on the grain surface , offers a convenient tool to study quantitative aspects of gene silencing in monocots .
In this paper we analyzed phenotypes , occurrence , inheritance and environmental effects on the silencing .
We also report on the cloning of transgenes , determination of their structure and analysis of transcripts from the transgene loci .
The results show that various patterns of silencing appeared in the R2 generation at which most of the transgenes became homozygous and that they were inherited for five generations .
In addition , silencing independently occurred in three generations and reversion to full expression was also found .
Cloning of transgenes from a silenced L3 . 3 line demonstrated that this line carried two transgene loci : one carried an intact Ltp2-gus gene and the other carried a rearranged transgene in which part of the gus gene was in the antisense orientation .
Analysis of gus transcripts indicated that partial antisense RNA derived from the rearranged transgene was present in silenced lines and was polyadenylated but that it was absent in non-silenced lines .
RNA analyses suggested that the Ltp2-gus silencing in the aleurone layer was post-transcriptional and that it may be caused by interaction of partial antisense gus transcripts with normal sense transcripts .
Possible involvement of antisense transcripts in post-transcriptional silencing is discussed . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Cloning of transgenes from a silenced L3 . 3 line demonstrated that this line carried two transgene loci : one carried an intact Ltp2-gus gene and the other carried a rearranged transgene in which part of the gus gene was in the antisense orientation .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Analysis of gus transcripts indicated that partial antisense RNA derived from the rearranged transgene was present in silenced lines and was polyadenylated but that it was absent in non-silenced lines .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: RNA analyses suggested that the Ltp2-gus silencing in the aleurone layer was post-transcriptional and that it may be caused by interaction of partial antisense gus transcripts with normal sense transcripts .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Possible involvement of antisense transcripts in post-transcriptional silencing is discussed .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of gyrB of Bacillus cereus , B thuringiensis , B mycoides , and B anthracis and their application to the detection of B cereus in rice .
| | Author: Yamada S Ohashi E Agata N Venkateswaran K | | Journal: Appl . Environ . Microbiol . Citation: V : 65 ( 4 ) P : 1483-90 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10103241 Accession (PMID): 10103241 | | Abstract: As 16S rRNA sequence analysis has proven inadequate for the differentiation of Bacillus cereus from closely related species , we employed the gyrase B gene ( gyrB ) as a molecular diagnostic marker .
The gyrB genes of B cereus JCM 2152 ( T ) , Bacillus thuringiensis IAM 12077 ( T ) , Bacillus mycoides ATCC 6462 ( T ) , and Bacillus anthracis Pasteur 2H were cloned and sequenced .
Oligonucleotide PCR primer sets were designed from within gyrB sequences of the respective bacteria for the specific amplification and differentiation of B cereus , B thuringiensis , and B anthracis .
The results from the amplification of gyrB sequences correlated well with results obtained with the 16S rDNA-based hybridization study but not with the results of their phenotypic characterization .
Some of the reference strains of both B cereus ( three serovars ) and B thuringiensis ( two serovars ) were not positive in PCR amplification assays with gyrB primers .
However , complete sequencing of 1 . 2-kb gyrB fragments of these reference strains showed that these serovars had , in fact , lower homology than their originally designated species .
We developed and tested a procedure for the specific detection of the target organism in boiled rice that entailed 15 h of preenrichment followed by PCR amplification of the B cereus-specific fragment .
This method enabled us to detect an initial inoculum of 0 . 24 CFU of B cereus cells per g of boiled rice food homogenate without extracting DNA .
However , a simple two-step filtration step is required to remove PCR inhibitory substances . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The gyrB genes of B cereus JCM 2152 ( T ) , Bacillus thuringiensis IAM 12077 ( T ) , Bacillus mycoides ATCC 6462 ( T ) , and Bacillus anthracis Pasteur 2H were cloned and sequenced .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Oligonucleotide PCR primer sets were designed from within gyrB sequences of the respective bacteria for the specific amplification and differentiation of B cereus , B thuringiensis , and B anthracis .
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| Title: Zinc supplementation in malnourished children with persistent diarrhea in Pakistan .
| | Author: Bhutta ZA Nizami SQ Isani Z | | Journal: Pediatrics Citation: V : 103 ( 4 ) P : e42 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10103334 Accession (PMID): 10103334 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the potential benefit of dietary supplementation of a rice-lentil ( Khitchri ) and yogurt diet with 3 mg/kg/d of elemental zinc ( as zinc sulfate ) in hospitalized malnourished children ( age 6-36 months ) with persistent diarrhea for 14 days .
METHODOLOGY : Randomized , double-blind placebo-controlled trial SETTING : Nutrition Research Ward at the National Institute of Child Health , Karachi , Pakistan , where children were admitted for 14 days of inpatient supervised rehabilitation .
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Primary outcome : overall weight gain by day 14 .
Secondary outcomes : overall energy intake , stool output , time to diarrheal recovery and weight gain ( >/=3 days ) , plasma zinc , copper , prealbumin , and insulin-like growth factor-1 .
RESULTS : Of 87 children randomized for supplementation with either zinc or placebo , the two groups were comparable at admission in terms of severity and duration of diarrhea , as well as nutritional and anthropometric parameters .
The overall weight gain , stool volume , stool frequency , as well as the time taken for diarrheal recovery or steady weight gain , were comparable for both supplemented children and controls .
Supplemented children had a significant improvement in plasma zinc levels and serum alkaline phosphatase by day 14 of therapy in comparison with controls .
Plasma copper levels were low in both groups at admission and although an increase was seen in control children , levels decreased further after zinc supplementation .
There was no significant difference between the two groups for hemoglobin , serum albumin , prealbumin , and plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 increments during the course of therapy .
Evaluation of primary and secondary outcome criteria among the subset of children with plasma zinc levels <60 microg/d at admission did not reveal any significant differences .
CONCLUSIONS : Although there was satisfactory recovery in malnourished children with persistent diarrhea receiving the Khitchri-yogurt diet , there was no evidence of improved weight gain or acceleration of recovery from diarrhea with zinc supplementation .
In contrast , the reduction in plasma copper levels in zinc-supplemented malnourished children suggests that caution should be exercised in supplementing severely malnourished children with zinc alone . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : Of 87 children randomized for supplementation with either zinc or placebo , the two groups were comparable at admission in terms of severity and duration of diarrhea , as well as nutritional and anthropometric parameters .
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Score: 3.00 |
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| Title: Pharmacoeconomics of the therapy of diarrhoeal disease .
| | Author: Nathavitharana KA Booth IW .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 2 ( 4 ) P : 305-23 Year: 1992 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10150156 Accession (PMID): 10150156 | | Abstract: We review the pathophysiology of intestinal water and electrolyte transport leading to diarrhoea , the currently available pharmacological strategies for its treatment , and the economic implications of such treatments .
Diarrhoea occurs most frequently and is associated with highest mortality in children under 5 .
Oral rehydration therapy ( ORT ) is the cornerstone of its management .
The safety and efficacy of ORT in the prevention of death from dehydration , both in field and also in hospital settings , are now well established .
Because it is also inexpensive , ORT is widely applicable worldwide .
More recently , rice-based ORT has emerged , based on well known traditional remedies for diarrhoea in southeast Asia and the Far East Rice-based ORT has the advantage of being more culturally acceptable , readily available even in rural homes in developing countries , and is more effective in reducing stool output and the duration of diarrhoea , compared with conventional glucose-electrolyte solutions such as World Health Organization ORT .
For infants , the well known antidiarrhoeal properties of human milk needs emphasis for a variety of reasons including economic ones .
Data concerning the economic benefits to a nations health budget as a result of nationwide implementation of oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) use are limited .
Available data from individual centres in developing countries , if projected to national level , would incur considerable economic advantage .
Except for a few notable infections such as shigellosis , cholera , amoebiasis and giardiasis , the widespread use of antibiotics in acute diarrhoea , still a common practice in many developing countries , has no proven value and may be detrimental The economic implications of antibiotic abuse in the treatment of diarrhoea in developing countries is enormous .
Despite the availability of a wide spectrum of pharmacological agents for diarrhoea reviewed in this article , only a few such agents are of proven clinical efficacy : corticosteroids , aminosalicylates and immunosuppressants in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and opioid derivatives such as loperamide which may be useful in protracted diarrhoea in children and in disorders where rapid gastrointestinal transit is the main cause of diarrhoea .
Opioids are not recommended for acute infective diarrhoea in childhood .
Octreotide , a somatostatin analogue , is reported to be useful in the treatment of secretory diarrhoea due to noninfective causes and in the treatment of intractable diarrhoea associated with AIDS .
Its high cost and need for parenteral administration prevent its wider application . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS ) | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 2.00 ]: Except for a few notable infections such as shigellosis , cholera , amoebiasis and giardiasis , the widespread use of antibiotics in acute diarrhoea , still a common practice in many developing countries , has no proven value and may be detrimental The economic implications of antibiotic abuse in the treatment of diarrhoea in developing countries is enormous .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: For infants , the well known antidiarrhoeal properties of human milk needs emphasis for a variety of reasons including economic ones .
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Score: 5.00 |
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| Title: Measurement of gluten using a monoclonal antibody to a coeliac toxic peptide of A-gliadin .
| | Author: Ellis HJ Rosen-Bronson S OReilly N Ciclitira PJ .
| | Journal: Gut Citation: V : 43 ( 2 ) P : 190-5 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10189843 Accession (PMID): 10189843 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Future European Community regulations will require a sensitive and specific assay for measurement of coeliac toxic gluten proteins in foods marketed as gluten-free .
To avoid spurious cross reactions with non-toxic proteins , specific antibodies and target antigens are required .
A synthetic 19 amino acid peptide of A gliadin has been shown to cause deterioration in the morphology of small intestinal biopsy specimens of coeliac patients in remission .
AIMS : To develop an assay for detection of gluten in foods , based on measurement of a known toxic peptide .
METHODS : A monoclonal antibody raised against the toxic A gliadin peptide , with a polyclonal anti-unfractionated gliadin capture antibody , was used to develop a double sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) for the measurement of gluten in foods .
RESULTS : Standard curves for gliadin and for rye , barley , and oat prolamins were produced .
The sensitivity of the assay was 4 ng/ml of gliadin , 500 ng/ml for rye prolamins , and 1000 ng/ml for oat and barley prolamins .
The assay could detect gluten in cooked foods , although at reduced sensitivity .
Prolamins from coeliac non-toxic rice , maize , millet , and sorghum did not cross react in the assay .
A variety of commercially available gluten-free foods were analysed ; small quantities of gluten were detected in some products .
CONCLUSION : The assay may form the basis of a sensitive method for measurement of gluten in foods for consumption by patients with coeliac disease .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 3.00 ]: METHODS : A monoclonal antibody raised against the toxic A gliadin peptide , with a polyclonal anti-unfractionated gliadin capture antibody , was used to develop a double sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) for the measurement of gluten in foods .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: To avoid spurious cross reactions with non-toxic proteins , specific antibodies and target antigens are required .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Risk factors for IgA nephropathy : a case-control study in Japan .
| | Author: Wakai K Kawamura T Matsuo S Hotta N Ohno Y | | Journal: Am .
J Kidney Dis .
Citation: V : 33 ( 4 ) P : 738-45 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10196018 Accession (PMID): 10196018 | | Abstract: To disclose the risk factors for immunoglobulin A nephropathy ( IgAN ) , we conducted a case-control study in the Tokai area of central Japan .
The subjects were 94 patients , aged 20 years or older at diagnosis , who had histologically confirmed IgAN .
Two sex- , age- , and residence-matched controls were randomly selected for each case from the general population .
Information on medical history and lifestyle was collected using a self-administered questionnaire .
The strength of association between IgAN and a potential risk factor was assessed by calculating an odds ratio .
A family history of chronic nephritis , susceptibility to the common cold , preference for salty foods , frequent consumption of raw eggs , and a high intake of carbohydrates , including rice , were significantly associated with an increased risk for IgAN .
Alcohol consumption , use of antioxidant vitamin supplements , and a high intake of protein , fat , monounsaturated fatty acids , and all/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were somewhat protective against IgAN .
Episodes of tonsillitis and exposure to organic solvents were found not to be associated with the risk in the present study .
Our findings may provide some clues to the cause of IgAN .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Alcohol consumption , use of antioxidant vitamin supplements , and a high intake of protein , fat , monounsaturated fatty acids , and all/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were somewhat protective against IgAN .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Separation and characterization of proteins from green and etiolated shoots of rice ( Oryza sativa L ) : towards a rice proteome .
| | Author: Komatsu S Muhammad A Rakwal R | | Journal: Electrophoresis Citation: V : 20 ( 3 ) P : 630-6 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10217180 Accession (PMID): 10217180 | | Abstract: Proteins extracted from green and etiolated shoots of rice were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and relative molecular weights and isoelectric points were determined .
The separated proteins were electroblotted onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane and 85 proteins were analyzed by a gas-phase protein sequencer .
The N-terminal amino acid sequences of 21 out of 85 proteins were determined in this manner .
N-terminal regions of the remaining proteins could not be sequenced .
The internal amino acid sequences of proteins were determined by sequence analysis of peptides obtained by the Cleveland peptide mapping method and compared with those of known plant and animal protein sequences to understand the nature of the proteins .
Green shoots revealed the presence of photosynthetic proteins as expected ; however , as etiolated shoots were not photosynthetic , only precursors of the photosynthetic proteins were identified .
Interestingly , the presence of L-ascorbate peroxidase only in etiolated shoots suggests a cellular protectant function for this antioxidant enzyme in the etiolating shoots .
Using this experimental approach , we could identify the major proteins involved in growth regulation in photosynthetic green shoots as well as in etiolating rice seedlings . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Interestingly , the presence of L-ascorbate peroxidase only in etiolated shoots suggests a cellular protectant function for this antioxidant enzyme in the etiolating shoots .
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Score: 8.00 |
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| Title: Antimutagens in food plants eaten by Polynesians : micronutrients , phytochemicals and protection against bacterial mutagenicity of the heterocyclic amine 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [ 4 , 5-f ] quinoline .
| | Author: Botting KJ Young MM Pearson AE Harris PJ Ferguson LR .
| | Journal: Food Chem . Toxicol . Citation: V : 37 ( 2-3 ) P : 95-103 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10227732 Accession (PMID): 10227732 | | Abstract: We have previously suggested that differences in cancer incidence between Polynesians ( including Maoris and people from several Pacific islands ) and Europeans in New Zealand may at least partially relate to differences in the species of food plants ( fruits , vegetables and cereals ) preferentially eaten by these groups .
Twenty-five food plants that are typically eaten in different amounts by these two population groups were selected for detailed study .
Antimutagenic properties of three extracts from each of the selected plants were investigated using a preincubation mutagenicity assay with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1538 against the mutagenicity of the heterocyclic amine 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [ 4 , 5-f ] quinoline ( IQ ) .
The data revealed strong antimutagenic properties in several of the food plants commonly eaten by Polynesians , especially rice , watercress , pawpaw , taro leaves , green banana and mango .
Using the New Zealand food database , a number of nutrients and micronutrients with antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic potential were identified from the selected food plants .
Some of these were tested for antimutagenic potential in parallel experiments to those done with the food plant extracts .
Although some of these micronutrients are antimutagens against IQ , their concentrations in the food plants failed to explain the protection against mutagenicity found in the experiments with extracts of the food plants .
Thus , other types of chemical , not identified in the database , must be leading to antimutagenesis .
Possible active molecules include chlorophylls , carotenoids , flavonoids and coumarins , many of which are also known to be anticarcinogens .
If human cancer data are to be interpreted in terms of cancer protection , these components need urgently to be quantified in food plants in the New Zealand diet , especially in those food plants eaten in large amounts by Polynesians .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: Using the New Zealand food database , a number of nutrients and micronutrients with antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic potential were identified from the selected food plants .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Antimutagenic properties of three extracts from each of the selected plants were investigated using a preincubation mutagenicity assay with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1538 against the mutagenicity of the heterocyclic amine 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [ 4 , 5-f ] quinoline ( IQ ) .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The data revealed strong antimutagenic properties in several of the food plants commonly eaten by Polynesians , especially rice , watercress , pawpaw , taro leaves , green banana and mango .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Some of these were tested for antimutagenic potential in parallel experiments to those done with the food plant extracts .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although some of these micronutrients are antimutagens against IQ , their concentrations in the food plants failed to explain the protection against mutagenicity found in the experiments with extracts of the food plants .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Thus , other types of chemical , not identified in the database , must be leading to antimutagenesis .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Possible active molecules include chlorophylls , carotenoids , flavonoids and coumarins , many of which are also known to be anticarcinogens .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 5.00 |
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| Title: Relation between IgG antibodies to foods and IgE antibodies to milk , egg , cat , dog and/or mite in a cross-sectional study .
| | Author: Eysink PE De Jong MH Bindels PJ Scharp-Van Der Linden VT De Groot CJ Stapel SO Aalberse RC .
| | Journal: Clin . Exp . Allergy Citation: V : 29 ( 5 ) P : 604-10 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10231319 Accession (PMID): 10231319 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Because IgG antibodies to foods can be detected before IgE antibodies to inhalants , increased levels of IgG antibodies to foods might be used as a predictor of IgE-mediated allergy in initially nonatopic children .
OBJECTIVE : To examine the cross-sectional relation between IgG to foods ( ie mixture of wheat and rice , mixture of soybean and peanut , egg white , cows milk , meat , orange and potato ) and specific IgE to cat , dog , mite , milk and egg white in 1-year-old children .
METHODS : All atopic children ( n = 120 ; 58 with and 62 without eczema ) and a random sample of the nonatopic children ( n = 144 ) of the Bokaal study were tested on their IgG response to foods .
The IgG results of the food assays were dichotomized high or low using the 66th centile as a cut-off value .
RESULTS : Atopic children more often had high IgG levels to foods than nonatopic children .
IgG to egg white ( OR = 7 . 50 ) and mixture of wheat and rice ( OR = 4 . 79 ) were most strongly associated with positive specific IgE .
In a stepwise logistic regression analysis egg white , mixture of wheat and rice , and orange were selected ( OR = 3 . 76 , OR = 2 . 43 , and OR = 2 . 11 , respectively ) .
In children without eczema higher levels of IgG to foods were still significantly associated with atopy , which was most prominent for egg white , orange and cows milk .
CONCLUSION : An increased IgG antibody level to foods , especially to egg white , orange , and mixture of wheat and rice , indicates an increased risk of having IgE to cat , dog , mite , egg and/or milk allergens , even in the noneczematous group .
Therefore , in another prospective study we are currently investigating the usefulness of IgG in early identification , ie before IgE antibodies can be detected , of children with an increased risk of developing allergic diseases in the future .
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[ Sen. 1, subscore: 3.00 ]: BACKGROUND : Because IgG antibodies to foods can be detected before IgE antibodies to inhalants , increased levels of IgG antibodies to foods might be used as a predictor of IgE-mediated allergy in initially nonatopic children .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSION : An increased IgG antibody level to foods , especially to egg white , orange , and mixture of wheat and rice , indicates an increased risk of having IgE to cat , dog , mite , egg and/or milk allergens , even in the noneczematous group .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Therefore , in another prospective study we are currently investigating the usefulness of IgG in early identification , ie before IgE antibodies can be detected , of children with an increased risk of developing allergic diseases in the future .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Catalytic mechanism of scytalone dehydratase : site-directed mutagenisis , kinetic isotope effects , and alternate substrates .
| | Author: Basarab GS Steffens JJ Wawrzak Z Schwartz RS Lundqvist T Jordan DB .
| | Journal: Biochemistry Citation: V : 38 ( 19 ) P : 6012-24 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10320327 Accession (PMID): 10320327 | | Abstract: On the basis of the X-ray crystal structure of scytalone dehydratase complexed with an active center inhibitor [ Lundqvist , T , Rice , J , Hodge , C N , Basarab , G S , Pierce , J and Lindqvist , Y ( 1994 ) Structure ( London ) 2 , 937-944 ] , eight active-site residues were mutated to examine their roles in the catalytic mechanism .
All but one residue ( Lys73 , a potential base in an anti elimination mechanism ) were found to be important to catalysis or substrate binding .
Steady-state kinetic parameters for the mutants support the native roles for the residues ( Asn131 , Asp31 , His85 , His110 , Ser129 , Tyr30 , and Tyr50 ) within a syn elimination mechanism .
Relative substrate specificities for the two physiological substrates , scytalone and veremelone , versus a Ser129 mutant help assign the orientation of the substrates within the active site .
His85Asn was the most damaging mutation to catalysis consistent with its native roles as a general base and a general acid in a syn elimination .
The additive effect of Tyr30Phe and Tyr50Phe mutations in the double mutant is consistent with their roles in protonating the substrates carbonyl through a water molecule .
Studies on a synthetic substrate , which has an anomeric carbon atom which can better stabilize a carbocation than the physiological substrate ( vermelone ) , suggest that His110Asn prefers this substrate over vermelone in order to balance the mutation-imposed weakness in promoting the elimination of hydroxide from substrates .
All mutant enzymes bound a potent active-site inhibitor in near 1 : 1 stoichiometry , thereby supporting their active-site integrity .
An X-ray crystal structure of the Tyr50Phe mutant indicated that both active-site waters were retained , likely accounting for its residual catalytic activity .
Steady-state kinetic parameters with deuterated scytalone gave kinetic isotope effects of 2 . 7 on kcat and 4 . 2 on kcat/Km , suggesting that steps after dehydration partially limit kcat .
Pre-steady-state measurements of a single-enzyme turnover with scytalone gave a rate that was 6-fold larger than kcat . kcat/Km with scytalone has a pKa of 7 . 9 similar to the pKa value for the ionization of the substrates C6 phenolic hydroxyl , whereas kcat was unaffected by pH , indicating that the anionic form of scytalone does not bind well to enzyme .
With an alternate substrate having a pKa above 11 , kcat/Km had a pKa of 9 . 3 likely due to the ionization of Tyr50 .
The non-enzyme-catalyzed rate of dehydration of scytalone was nearly a billion-fold slower than the enzyme-catalyzed rate at pH 7 . 0 and 25 degrees C The non-enzyme-catalyzed rate of dehydration of scytalone had a deuterium kinetic isotope effect of 1 . 2 at pH 7 . 0 and 25 degrees C , and scytalone incorporated deuterium from D2O in the C2 position about 70-fold more rapidly than the dehydration rate .
Thus , scytalone dehydrates through an E1cb mechanism off the enzyme .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: All but one residue ( Lys73 , a potential base in an anti elimination mechanism ) were found to be important to catalysis or substrate binding .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: [ Food additives and genetically modified food--a risk for allergic patients? ] | | Author: WEhrich B | | Journal: Schweiz . Rundsch . Med . Prax . Citation: V : 88 ( 14 ) P : 609-14 , 616-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10321121 Accession (PMID): 10321121 | | Abstract: Adverse reactions to food and food additives must be classified according to pathogenic criteria .
It is necessary to strictly differentiate between an allergy , triggered by a substance-specific immunological mechanism , and an intolerance , in which no specific immune reaction can be established .
In contrast to views expressed in the media , by laymen and patients , adverse reactions to additives are less frequent than is believed .
Due to frequently "alternative" methods of examination , an allergy to food additives is often wrongly blamed as the cause of a wide variety of symptoms and illness .
Diagnosing an allergy or intolerance to additives normally involves carrying out double-blind , placebo-controlled oral provocation tests with food additives .
Allergic reactions to food additives occur particularly against additives which are organic in origin .
In principle , it is possible that during the manufacture of genetically modified plants and food , proteins are transferred which potentially create allergies .
However , legislation exists both in the USA ( Federal Drug Administration , FDA ) and in Switzerland ( Ordinance on the approval process for GM food , GM food additives and GM accessory agents for processing ) which require a careful analysis before a genetically modified product is launched , particularly where foreign genes are introduced .
Products containing genetically modified organisms ( GMO ) as additives must be declared .
In addition , the source of the foreign protein must be identified .
The "Round-up ready" ( RR ) soya flour introduced in Switzerland is no different from natural soya flour in terms of its allergenic potential Genetically modified food can be a blessing for allergic individuals if gene technology were to succeed in removing the allergen ( eg such possibilities exist for rice ) .
The same caution shown towards genetically modified food might also be advisable for foreign food in our diet .
Luckily , the immune system of the digestive tract in healthy people tolerates foreign antigens .
Food allergies in adults occur mainly among those allergic to pollen .
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[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Luckily , the immune system of the digestive tract in healthy people tolerates foreign antigens .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Human leptospirosis in the Mekong delta , Viet Nam .
| | Author: Van CT Thuy NT San NH Hien TT Baranton G Perolat P | | Journal: Trans .
R Soc . Trop . Med . Hyg . Citation: V : 92 ( 6 ) P : 625-8 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10326104 Accession (PMID): 10326104 | | Abstract: To estimate the seroprevalence of human leptospirosis in the Mekong delta in Viet Nam , an epidemiological survey was conducted in the province of Tien Giang , which is representative of the socioeconomic activities of the region ( rice growing and cattle breeding ) .
A cross-sectional study included 35 clusters representing 1400 people randomly selected and aged 15-60 years .
Sex , age , occupation , contact with animals , type of water supply , and individual habits were recorded .
Leptospiral agglutinins were detected by the microagglutination test , with a battery of 22 live antigens representing the main pathogenic serogroups of Leptospira species and additional local strains .
263 sera ( 18 . 8% ) gave positive results and 41 ( 2 . 9% ) had a titre of agglutinins > or = 400 , suggesting recent infection .
No significant difference was found between females and males .
The distribution of seroprevalence was homogeneous throughout the population studied , with the exception of the 15-25 years age group , in which leptospiral antibodies were less frequent .
Fifteen serogroups were found , the most prevalent being Bataviae ( 21 . 7% ) , Panama ( 15 . 2% ) , Icterohaemorrhagiae ( 13 . 7% ) and Australis ( 8 . 7% ) .
No significant link between leptospiral seropositivity and professional activities or contacts with animals was found , indicating that leptospirosis in the Mekong delta may be considered as an environmentally linked disease .
Leptospirosis is known to be endemic in south-east Asia , and these data demonstrated the high level of circulation of leptospires and the potential importance of leptospiral infections among the rural population in this area .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Leptospiral agglutinins were detected by the microagglutination test , with a battery of 22 live antigens representing the main pathogenic serogroups of Leptospira species and additional local strains .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The distribution of seroprevalence was homogeneous throughout the population studied , with the exception of the 15-25 years age group , in which leptospiral antibodies were less frequent .
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