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| Title: [ Marking-release-recapture methods for determining the size of the natural population of Anopheles albitarsis l . s ( Diptera : Culicidae ) ] | | Author: Santos RL Forattini OP .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 33 ( 3 ) P : 309-13 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10457005 Accession (PMID): 10457005 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : In order to evaluate the size of the Anopheles albitarsis s . l . population in the Ribeira Valley region of the south-eastern S Paulo State , Brazil , marking-release-recapture experiments were carried out on the Experimental Farm in Pariquera-Au county where an artificial irrigation system for the cultivation of rice has been installed .
The experiments aimed at determining the vectorial capacity of this species .
METHODS : During the summer ( January , February and March ) , three marking-release-recapture experiments with field and laboratory reared populations were conducted to evaluate the population size .
Simultaneous human bait collections were also carried out to estimate the human biting rate .
RESULTS : The population sizes of the three experiments were estimated to be 64 , 560 , 50 , 503 and 22 , 684 mosquitoes .
The bite/man/night rate varied from 41 . 5 to 524 , 5 .
DISCUSSION : The results indicated high mosquito density in the summer which allow one to infer that , even though the survival rate is low , the number of remaining females is large enough to outlive the parasites extrinsic developmental period .
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[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : In order to evaluate the size of the Anopheles albitarsis s . l . population in the Ribeira Valley region of the south-eastern S Paulo State , Brazil , marking-release-recapture experiments were carried out on the Experimental Farm in Pariquera-Au county where an artificial irrigation system for the cultivation of rice has been installed .
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| Title: [ Mite contamination in polished rice and beans sold at markets ] | | Author: Franzolin MR Baggio D | | Journal: Citation: V : 34 ( 1 ) P : 77-83 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10769365 Accession (PMID): 10769365 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To evaluate mite contamination rate in grains commercialized in nine municipal markets of the city of So Paulo , in the period from November 1989 to November 1990 .
METHODS : 23 samples of polished rice and 53 samples of beans were microscopically examined after sieving , once a week and during 42 days at air temperature .
Other sample fractions were kept in an incubator at 25 degrees C and 75% Relative Humidity ( RH ) during 28 days .
RESULTS : Samples were negative for mites in the first day of analysis and were detected after incubation .
Samples incubated revealed a higher percentage of positive examinations for mites ( incidence ) : 31 . 7% ( and 1 , 845 mites ) ; while samples kept at air temperature showed only 6 . 9% ( and 45 mites ) .
Samples of polished rice were more contaminated in comparison to the ones of beans .
There was a larger amount of mites when the mean monthly temperature of the laboratory was between 21 . 5 degrees C to 22 . 5 degrees C ( 37 .
8% ) and humidity between 73 . 5% to 74 . 5% ( 31 . 1% ) .
CONCLUSIONS : The predominant species was Tyrophagus putrescentiae and other identified species were Blomia tropicalis , Cheyletus spp . , Blattisocius tarsalis , and others .
Mite population had a higher proliferation rate during spring , summer and in the beginning of autumn , due to highest temperature and humidity .
These results confirm the importance of improving grains storage , to avoid mites proliferation . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : To evaluate mite contamination rate in grains commercialized in nine municipal markets of the city of So Paulo , in the period from November 1989 to November 1990 .
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| Title: Design strategy for assessing multi-pathway exposure for children : the Minnesota Childrens Pesticide Exposure Study ( MNCPES ) .
| | Author: Quackenboss JJ Pellizzari ED Shubat P Whitmore RW Adgate JL Thomas KW Freeman NC Stroebel C Lioy PJ Clayton AC Sexton K | | Journal: Citation: V : 10 ( 2 ) P : 145-58 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10791596 Accession (PMID): 10791596 | | Abstract: Although children are exposed to a variety of environmental hazards , including pesticides , there is a scarcity of information available to estimate exposures realistically .
This article reports on one of the first attempts to measure multi-pathway pesticide exposures in a population-based sample of urban and non-urban children .
A design strategy was developed to assess multi-pathway pesticide exposures in children using personal exposure measurements in combination with complimentary measurements of biological markers of exposure , concentrations in relevant environmental media , and time spent in important microenvironments and participating in exposure-related activities .
Sample collection and analysis emphasized measurement of three insecticides ( ie , chlorpyrifos , diazinon , and malathion ) and one herbicide ( ie , atrazine ) .
These compounds were selected because of their frequent use , presence in multiple environmental media , expected population exposures , and related hazard/toxicity .
The study was conducted during the summer of 1997 in Minnesota and involved a stratified sample of households with children ages 3-12 years .
Participants resided in either ( a ) the cities of Minneapolis and St Paul ( urban households ) , or ( b ) Rice and Goodhue Counties just south of the metropolitan area ( non-urban households ) .
Results from a residential inventory documenting storage and use of products containing the target pesticides were used to preferentially select households where children were likely to have higher exposures .
The study successfully obtained pesticide exposure data for 102 children , including measurements of personal exposures ( air , hand rinse , duplicate diet ) , environmental concentrations ( residential indoor/outdoor air , drinking water , residential surfaces , soil ) , activity patterns ( obtained by questionnaire , diary , videotaping ) , and internal dose ( metabolites in urine ) .
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[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Participants resided in either ( a ) the cities of Minneapolis and St Paul ( urban households ) , or ( b ) Rice and Goodhue Counties just south of the metropolitan area ( non-urban households ) .
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| Title: Preferential occurrence of diazotrophic endophytes , Azoarcus spp . , in wild rice species and land races of Oryza sativa in comparison with modern races .
| | Author: Engelhard M Hurek T Reinhold-Hurek B | | Journal: Environ . Microbiol . Citation: V : 2 ( 2 ) P : 131-41 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11220300 Accession (PMID): 11220300 | | Abstract: Several diazotrophic species of Azoarcus spp . occur as endophytes in the pioneer plant Kallar grass .
The purpose of this study was to screen Asian wild rice and cultivated Oryza sativa varieties for natural association with these endophytes .
Populations of culturable diazotrophs in surface-sterilized roots were characterized by 16S rDNA sequence analysis , and Azoarcus species were identified by genomic fingerprints .
A indigens and Azoarcus sp . group C were detected only rarely , whereas Azoarcus sp . group D occurred frequently in samples of flooded plants : in 75% of wild rice , 80% of land races of O sativa from Nepal and 33% of modern cultivars from Nepal and Italy .
The putatively endophytic populations of diazotrophs differed with the rice genotype .
The diversity of cultured diazotrophs was significantly lower in wild rice species than in modern cultivars .
In Oryza officinalis ( from Nepal ) and O minuta ( from the Philippines ) , Azoarcus sp . group D were the predominant diazotrophic putative endophytes in roots .
In contrast , their number was significantly lower in modern cultivars of O sativa , whereas numbers and diversity of other diazotrophs , such as Azospirillum spp . , Klebsiella sp . , Sphingomonas paucimobilis , Burkholderia sp . and Azorhizobium caulinodans , were increased .
In land races of O sativa , the diazotrophic diversity was equally high ; however , Azoarcus sp . was found in high apparent numbers .
Similar differences in populations were also observed in a culture-independent approach comparing a wild rice ( O officinalis ) and a modern-type O sativa plant : in clone libraries of root-associated nitrogenase ( nifH ) gene fragments , the diazotrophic diversity was lower in the wild rice species .
New lineages of nifH genes were detected , eg one deeply branching cluster within the anf ( iron ) nitrogenases .
Our studies demonstrate that the natural host range of Azoarcus spp . extends to rice , wild rice species and old varieties being preferred over modern cultivars . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: In contrast , their number was significantly lower in modern cultivars of O sativa , whereas numbers and diversity of other diazotrophs , such as Azospirillum spp . , Klebsiella sp . , Sphingomonas paucimobilis , Burkholderia sp . and Azorhizobium caulinodans , were increased .
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| Title: Comparison of selenium status between Japanese living in Tokyo and Japanese brazilians in So Paulo , Brazil .
| | Author: Karita K Hamada GS Tsugane S | | Journal: Citation: V : 10 ( 3 ) P : 197-9 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11708308 Accession (PMID): 11708308 | | Abstract: Selenium ( Se ) concentrations were determined in human serum , rice and wheat flour sampled in the city of So Paulo , Brazil , and compared with those sampled in Tokyo . Japan . Serum levels of Se were significantly lower in Japanese Brazilians than Japanese living in Tokyo .
The samples of rice consumed by Japanese Brazilians in So Paulo contained 22 . 7 ng Se/g on average , which was about half the selenium level in rice consumed in Tokyo .
Rice commonly consumed in So Paulo might be one of the factors to lower the serum level of Se . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Selenium ( Se ) concentrations were determined in human serum , rice and wheat flour sampled in the city of So Paulo , Brazil , and compared with those sampled in Tokyo . Japan . Serum levels of Se were significantly lower in Japanese Brazilians than Japanese living in Tokyo .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The samples of rice consumed by Japanese Brazilians in So Paulo contained 22 . 7 ng Se/g on average , which was about half the selenium level in rice consumed in Tokyo .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Rice commonly consumed in So Paulo might be one of the factors to lower the serum level of Se .
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| Title: Diet of eared doves ( Zenaida auriculata , Aves , Columbidae ) in a sugar-cane colony in South-eastern Brazil .
| | Author: Ranvaud R de Freitas KC Bucher EH Dias HS Avanzo VC Alberts CC .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 61 ( 4 ) P : 651-60 Year: 2001 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12071322 Accession (PMID): 12071322 | | Abstract: Farmers in the Paranapanema Valley ( So Paulo , Brazil ) have reported problems with flocks of Eared Doves ( Zenaida auriculata ) eating sprouting soybeans .
In this region these birds breed colonially in sugar-cane , and eat four crop seeds , using 70% of the dry weight , in the following order of importance : maize , wheat , rice , and soybeans .
Three weeds ( Euphorbia heterophylla , Brachiaria plantaginea , and Commelina benghalensis ) were important .
This information suggests that the doves adapted particularly well to the landscape created by the agricultural practices in the region , exploiting many available foods .
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[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Farmers in the Paranapanema Valley ( So Paulo , Brazil ) have reported problems with flocks of Eared Doves ( Zenaida auriculata ) eating sprouting soybeans .
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| Title: Relationship between lifestyle factors and defecation in a Japanese population .
| | Author: Nakaji S Tokunaga S Sakamoto J Todate M Shimoyama T Umeda T Sugawara K | | Journal: Citation: V : 41 ( 6 ) P : 244-8 Year: 2002 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12474067 Accession (PMID): 12474067 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : There is a paucity of accurate data regarding any association in the general population between defecation and lifestyle factors such as diet , exercise , physique , and childbirth .
AIMS OF THE STUDY : To evaluate the effects of such lifestyle factors on defecation among regional residents of Japan .
METHODS : Residents ( n = 1 , 699 ) of northern Japan , aged over 40 years , were surveyed in 1995 using a questionnaire to assess their lifestyle factors ( diet , beverage consumption , exercise , physique , and childbirth ) , and examining their defecation status .
We evaluated the relationship between these lifestyle factors and defecation using logistic regression analysis .
The authors used four measures ( defecation frequency , subjective defecation state , subjective fecal properties , and fecal consistency ) and assigned the subjects to a group defined by their defecatory status : constipation , diarrhea , or normal , depending on the responses of the subjects to all four criteria .
RESULTS : The tendency for constipation correlated positively with age in males ( p = 0 . 130 ) , although this trend was not observed in females ( p = 0 . 641 ) .
Of the dietary factors examined , only rice , which accounts for the largest proportion of daily dietary fiber intake in Japan , demonstrated a preventive effect on constipation in both sexes ( p = 0 . 050 in males and 0 . 003 in females ) .
Walking was a preventive factor for constipation among males ( p = 0 . 049 ) , and alcohol also inhibited constipation among males ( p = 0 . 007 ) .
CONCLUSIONS : These results suggest that exercise , such as walking , and a high intake of dietary fiber , such as rice , were useful in the maintenance of defecation .
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[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: BACKGROUND : There is a paucity of accurate data regarding any association in the general population between defecation and lifestyle factors such as diet , exercise , physique , and childbirth .
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| Title: Predicting childrens short-term exposure to pesticides : results of a questionnaire screening approach .
| | Author: Sexton K Adgate JL Eberly LE Clayton CA Whitmore RW Pellizzari ED Lioy PJ Quackenboss JJ .
| | Journal: Environ .
Health Perspect .
Citation: V : 111 ( 1 ) P : 123-8 Year: 2003 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12515690 Accession (PMID): 12515690 | | Abstract: The ability of questionnaires to predict childrens exposure to pesticides was examined as part of the Minnesota Childrens Pesticide Exposure Study ( MNCPES ) .
The MNCPES focused on a probability sample of 102 children between the ages of 3 and 13 years living in either urban ( Minneapolis and St Paul , MN ) or nonurban ( Rice and Goodhue Counties in Minnesota ) households .
Samples were collected in a variety of relevant media ( air , food , beverages , tap water , house dust , soil , urine ) , and chemical analyses emphasized three organophosphate insecticides ( chlorpyrifos , diazinon , malathion ) and a herbicide ( atrazine ) .
Results indicate that the residential pesticide-use questions and overall screening approach used in the MNCPES were ineffective for identifying and oversampling children/households with higher levels of individual target pesticides .
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[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The MNCPES focused on a probability sample of 102 children between the ages of 3 and 13 years living in either urban ( Minneapolis and St Paul , MN ) or nonurban ( Rice and Goodhue Counties in Minnesota ) households .
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| Title: Distributions , associations , and partial aggregate exposure of pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Minnesota Childrens Pesticide Exposure Study ( MNCPES ) .
| | Author: Andrew Clayton C Pellizzari ED Whitmore RW Quackenboss JJ Adgate J Sefton K | | Journal: Citation: V : 13 ( 2 ) P : 100-11 Year: 2003 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12679790 Accession (PMID): 12679790 | | Abstract: The Minnesota Childrens Pesticide Exposure Study ( MNCPES ) provides exposure , environmental , and biologic data relating to multipathway exposures of children for four primary pesticides ( chlorpyrifos , malathion , diazinon , and atrazine ) , 14 secondary pesticides , and 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) .
Monitoring was performed on a probability-based sample of 102 children aged 3-12 in Minneapolis/St Paul and in a nearby rural area ( Goodhue and Rice counties ) .
This paper provides estimated distributions of this populations exposures and exposure-related measurements and examines associations among the various measures via rank ( Spearman ) correlations .
In addition , it provides some aggregate and cumulative exposure estimates for pesticides , and compares the relative intakes from inhalation and dietary ingestion .
Intakes for the four primary pesticides appeared to come principally from the ingestion rather than the inhalation route ; this was clearly true for chlorpyrifos but was less certain for the other three primary pesticides because of their higher degree of nondetects .
Solid food rather than beverages was clearly the main contributor to the ingestion intake .
Despite the dominance of the ingestion route , the urinary metabolite of chlorpyrifos exhibited a stronger association with the air measurements than with the dietary measures .
Personal-air samples exhibited strong rank correlations with indoor air samples for chlorpyrifos , malathion , and diazinon ( 0 . 81 , 0 . 51 , and 0 . 62 , respectively ) , while personal-air atrazine levels correlated well with outdoor levels ( 0 . 69 ) ; personal-air diazinon levels also correlated well with outdoor levels ( 0 . 67 ) .
For the PAHs , many significant associations were evident among the various air samples and for the air samples with the dust samples , especially for those compounds with consistently high percent measurable values ( particularly fluoranthene , phenanthrene , and pyrene ) .
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[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Monitoring was performed on a probability-based sample of 102 children aged 3-12 in Minneapolis/St Paul and in a nearby rural area ( Goodhue and Rice counties ) .
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| Title: Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and proteoglycan synthesis rates in young rats : a comparative study between the regional diet of So Paulo state and casein diets .
| | Author: Cardoso MA Tirapegui JO .
| | Journal: Braz .
J Med . Biol . Res . Citation: V : 25 ( 10 ) P : 1009-13 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1342821 Accession (PMID): 1342821 | | Abstract: Insulin-like growth factor-I ( IGF-I ) , also known as somatomedin-C , is an important mediator of growth regulation .
Serum concentrations of IGF-I and proteoglycan synthesis rates in the tibial epiphysis , an estimate of the biological response to IGF-I in a target it issue , were compared in weanling Wistar rats fed ad libitum ( group 1 ) and with 50% restriction ( group 2 ) with the regional diet of So Paulo State ( RDSPS--a mean diet consumed by low-income families with rice , beans , sugar , meat , milk , fruits and other vegetables ) and in pair-fed animals fed with casein diets ( groups 3 and 4 ) .
Data are reported as mean +/- SD for 8 rats in each group .
Proteoglycan synthesis rates ( cpm/mg ) were significantly higher in rats fed with the RDSPS-based diet ( groups 1 and 2 : 210 . 8 +/- 58 . 8 , 136 . 6 +/- 17 . 6 ) than in pair-fed animals fed with an 11% casein diet ( groups 3 and 4 : 62 . 9 +/- 11 . 6 , 37 . 7 +/- 13 . 7 ) and in control animals fed ad libitum with a 20% casein diet ( group 5 : 58 . 1 +/- 22 . 7 ) .
Furthermore , these rates were higher in animals fed ad libitum than in those fed with the same diets but with 50% restriction .
However , similar differences between groups 1 to 4 were not observed in serum concentrations ( ng/100 microliters ) of IGF-I ( group 1 : 44 . 1 +/- 7 . 1 ; group 2 : 40 . 8 +/- 3 . 8 ; group 3 : 46 . 0 +/- 3 . 6 ; group 4 : 41 . 6 +/- 3 . 4 , and group 5 : 63 . 2 +/- 7 . 8 ) .
These results suggest that serum IGF-I levels are not reliable indicators of IGF-I status in this experimental model .
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[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Serum concentrations of IGF-I and proteoglycan synthesis rates in the tibial epiphysis , an estimate of the biological response to IGF-I in a target it issue , were compared in weanling Wistar rats fed ad libitum ( group 1 ) and with 50% restriction ( group 2 ) with the regional diet of So Paulo State ( RDSPS--a mean diet consumed by low-income families with rice , beans , sugar , meat , milk , fruits and other vegetables ) and in pair-fed animals fed with casein diets ( groups 3 and 4 ) .
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| Title: Lifestyle factors associated with atrophic gastritis among Helicobacter pylori-seropositive Japanese-Brazilians in So Paulo .
| | Author: Ito LS Oba-Shinjo SM Marie SK Uno M Shinjo SK Hamajima N Tajima K Tominaga S | | Journal: Int .
J Clin . Oncol . Citation: V : 8 ( 6 ) P : 362-8 Year: 2003 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14663638 Accession (PMID): 14663638 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Studies of lifestyle factors related to gastric atrophy development in Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals are limited .
The present cross-sectional study aimed to examine the associations between lifestyle factors and serum pepsinogens ( PGs ) among anti H pylori antibody-seropositive Japanese in Brazil , where gastric cancer mortality was reported to be as high as in Japanese in Japan , and seropositive individuals were still frequently detected .
METHODS : The subjects were 291 seropositive individuals ( 129 males and 162 females ; age , 30 to 69 years ) out of 656 Japanese-Brazilian volunteers in So Paulo city .
Information on lifestyle factors was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire .
Atrophic gastritis was defined as a PG1 serum level less than 70 ng/ml and PG1/PG2 ratio less than 3 .
RESULTS : The prevalence of atrophic gastritis was 31 . 9% ( 95% confidence intervals , 26 . 6%-37 . 6% ) .
The proportion of subjects with atrophic gastritis increased with age , but there were no significantly marked differences in the proportions of subjects with atrophic gastritis among the three generations studied ( first generation [ Issei ] , second generation [ Nisei ] , and third generation [ Sansei ] ) for any 10-year age group .
The associations with smoking and alcohol drinking were not significant .
Length of education was inversely associated with gastric atrophy , while infrequent rice intake was preventive ; the odds ratio relative to everyday rice intake was 0 . 13 ( 95% confidence intervals , 0 . 39-0 . 46 ) on multivariate analysis .
CONCLUSIONS : The present study demonstrated that frequent rice intake was a risk factor for atrophic gastritis among the H pylori-infected Japanese-Brazilians , suggesting that diet including rice plays a role in the step from H pylori infection to gastric atrophy . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: METHODS : The subjects were 291 seropositive individuals ( 129 males and 162 females ; age , 30 to 69 years ) out of 656 Japanese-Brazilian volunteers in So Paulo city .
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| Title: Pathogen-specific risk factors and protective factors for acute diarrheal illness in children aged 12-59 months in So Paulo , Brazil .
| | Author: Sobel J Gomes TA Ramos RT Hoekstra M Rodrigue D Rassi V Griffin PM .
| | Journal: Clin . Infect . Dis . Citation: V : 38 ( 11 ) P : 1545-51 Year: 2004 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15156440 Accession (PMID): 15156440 | | Abstract: Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Latin America .
Most studies have focused on infants but not on older children .
We enrolled 505 children ( age , 12-59 months ) with diarrhea and age-matched controls in a case-control study in Sao Paulo , Brazil .
Independent risk factors for diarrhea included another household member with diarrhea ( matched odds ratio [ mOR ] , 8 . 1 ; attributable fraction [ AF ] , 0 . 17 ; P< . 001 ) and consumption of homemade juice ( mOR , 1 . 8 ; AF , 0 . 10 ; P= . 01 ) ; protective factors included boiling of the baby bottle or nipple ( mOR , 0 . 60 ; AF , 0 . 19 ; P= . 026 ) , childcare at home ( mOR , 0 . 58 ; AF , 0 . 12 ; P= . 004 ) , and piped sewage ( mOR , 0 . 58 ; AF , 0 . 05 ; P= . 047 ) .
Hand washing by the caretaker after helping the child defecate protected against Shigella infection ( mOR , 0 . 35 ; P< . 05 ) .
Preparation of rice , beans , or soup in the morning and serving it to children after noon were associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection ( mOR , 8 . 0 ; P< . 05 ) .
In these poor households , 28% of cases of diarrhea in 1-4-year-old children was attributable to easily modifiable exposures .
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[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: We enrolled 505 children ( age , 12-59 months ) with diarrhea and age-matched controls in a case-control study in Sao Paulo , Brazil .
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| Title: Gene duplication in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway preceded evolution of the grasses .
| | Author: Gallagher CE Matthews PD Li F Wurtzel ET .
| | Journal: Plant Physiol .
Citation: V : 135 ( 3 ) P : 1776-83 Year: 2004 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15247400 Accession (PMID): 15247400 | | Abstract: Despite ongoing research on carotenoid biosynthesis in model organisms , there is a paucity of information on pathway regulation operating in the grasses ( Poaceae ) , which include plants of world-wide agronomic importance .
As a result , efforts to either breed for or metabolically engineer improvements in carotenoid content or composition in cereal crops have led to unexpected results .
In comparison to maize ( Zea mays ) , rice ( Oryza sativa ) accumulates no endosperm carotenoids , despite having a functional pathway in chloroplasts .
To better understand why these two related grasses differ in endosperm carotenoid content , we began to characterize genes encoding phytoene synthase ( PSY ) , since this nuclear-encoded enzyme appeared to catalyze a rate-controlling step in the plastid-localized biosynthetic pathway .
The enzyme had been previously associated with the maize Y1 locus thought to be the only functional gene controlling PSY accumulation , though function of the Y1 gene product had never been demonstrated .
We show that both maize and rice possess and express products from duplicate PSY genes , PSY1 ( Y1 ) and PSY2 ; PSY1 transcript accumulation correlates with carotenoid-containing endosperm .
Using a heterologous bacterial system , we demonstrate enzyme function of PSY1 and PSY2 that are largely conserved in sequence except for N and C-terminal domains .
By database mining and use of ortholog-specific universal PCR primers , we found that the PSY duplication is prevalent in at least eight subfamilies of the Poaceae , suggesting that this duplication event preceded evolution of the Poaceae .
These findings will impact study of grass phylogeny and breeding of enhanced carotenoid content in an entire taxonomic group of plant crops critical for global food security . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Despite ongoing research on carotenoid biosynthesis in model organisms , there is a paucity of information on pathway regulation operating in the grasses ( Poaceae ) , which include plants of world-wide agronomic importance .
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| Title: Bi-phasic growth patterns in rice .
| | Author: Sheehy JE Mitchell PL Ferrer AB .
| | Journal: Ann . Bot . Citation: V : 94 ( 6 ) P : 811-7 Year: 2004 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15466875 Accession (PMID): 15466875 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS : When examining the growth patterns of rice crops for a 5-year period , it was found that the time course of accumulation of above-ground dry matter did not follow a simple sigmoid curve as expected for a monocarpic plant .
Instead , there was a decrease in growth around flowering , followed by an increase and then a final decrease of growth at crop maturity .
There are two nearly equal phases of growth in rice , with about half of the first phase of vegetative growth preceding reproductive growth .
METHODS : Logistic curves were fitted separately to the vegetative parts of the crop and to the reproductive parts ( the panicle ) .
When the curves were summed , the combined curve gave a good description of the time course of above-ground dry matter , capturing the pause in growth and its resumption .
The overall pattern of growth can be seen to be the result of this bi-phasic nature of the crop .
KEY RESULTS : Variations in the panicle phase of growth were shown to be largely a consequence of year-to-year variations in the weather , whereas the vegetative phase seemed largely independent of those variations .
CONCLUSIONS : Analysing rice growth as two components , each with a logistic curve , provides insight into the growth processes of the plant and the pattern of yield formation . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: When the curves were summed , the combined curve gave a good description of the time course of above-ground dry matter , capturing the pause in growth and its resumption .
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| Title: Genetic and genotype x environment interaction effects for the content of seven essential amino acids in indica rice .
| | Author: Wu JG Shi CH Zhang XM Katsura T | | Journal: J Genet .
Citation: V : 83 ( 2 ) P : 171-8 Year: 2004 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15536256 Accession (PMID): 15536256 | | Abstract: It is necessary for rice breeders to understand the genetic basis of nutrient quality traits of rice .
Essential amino acids are most important in determining the nutrient quality of rice grain and can affect the health of people who depend on rice as a staple food .
In view of the paucity of genetic information available on essential amino acids in indica rice , we estimated the genetic main effects and genotype x environment ( G x E ) interaction effects on the content of essential amino acids .
Nine cytoplasmic male sterile lines as females and five restorer lines as males were introduced in a North Carolina II design across environments .
Estimates of the content of the essential amino acids valine , methionine , leucine and phenylalanine showed that they were mainly controlled by genetic main effects , while the contents of threonine , cysteine and isoleucine were mainly affected by G x E effects .
In the case of genetic main effects , both cytoplasmic and maternal genetic effects were predominant for all essential amino acids , indicating that selection for improving essential amino acid content based on maternal performance would be more effective than that based on seeds .
The total narrow-sense heritabilities were high and ranged from 0 . 72 to 0 . 83 .
Since general heritabilities for these essential amino acids ( except for cysteine ) were found to be much larger than G x E interaction heritability , the improvement of content of most essential amino acids under selection would be expected under various environments .
Rice varieties such as Zhenan 3 , Yinchao 1 , T49 , 26715 , 102 and 1391 should be selected as optimal parents for increasing the content of most essential amino acids , while the total genetic effects from Zhexie 2 , Xieqingzao , Gangchao 1 , V20 , Zuo 5 and Zhenshan 97 were mainly negative and these parents could decrease the contents of most essential amino acids . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: In view of the paucity of genetic information available on essential amino acids in indica rice , we estimated the genetic main effects and genotype x environment ( G x E ) interaction effects on the content of essential amino acids .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Soilborne filamentous fungi in Brazil .
| | Author: Tauk-Tornisielo SM Garlipp A Ruegger M Attili DS Malagutti E | | Journal: J Basic Microbiol .
Citation: V : 45 ( 1 ) P : 72-82 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15678565 Accession (PMID): 15678565 | | Abstract: The Atlantic Rainforest is a Brazilian ecosystem that is being rapidly being destroyed , along with the abiotic and biotic factors present in it .
Among the biotic factors , the fungi are found in the soil which , besides being of major importance in terms of ecological niches , also have broad and significant applications in biotechnology .
In order to assess the biodiversity of these microorganisms in this type of ecosystem , the Banhado Grande region was chosen at the Jureia-Itatins Ecology Station , in the state of Sao Paulo , Brazil .
Within this region , two areas were delimited for study , one covered with natural ( primary ) vegetation and the other containing vegetation that regenerated following the planting of rice crops , referred to here as secondary .
Collection of compound soil samples were taken ( depth 0-15 cm ) over a period of two and a half years , with the litter first being removed , during dry/cold and humid/hot periods .
After sifting the samples , they were appropriately processed using the serial dilution technique to isolate the fungi from the soil .
Six different culture media were used , having pHs of 4 . 5 , 7 . 0 and 9 . 0 .
Altogether , 1 , 211 strains were isolated , divided into the following groups : Hyphomycetes , the most abundant followed by Ascomycetes , Zygomycetes , Coelomycetes , and Oomycetes .
From these , 112 species were identified , 8 down to the genus level , and those that did not produce conidia were grouped as Mycelia sterilia .
Among the strains , 67 were cellulolytic , 32 originated solely in soil under natural vegetation , and 26 originated solely in soil under secondary vegetation .
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[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: In order to assess the biodiversity of these microorganisms in this type of ecosystem , the Banhado Grande region was chosen at the Jureia-Itatins Ecology Station , in the state of Sao Paulo , Brazil .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Identification of dietary patterns using factor analysis in an epidemiological study in So Paulo .
| | Author: Marchioni DM Latorre Mdo R Eluf-Neto J WEsch-Filho V Fisberg RM .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 123 ( 3 ) P : 124-7 Year: 2005 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16021275 Accession (PMID): 16021275 | | Abstract: CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE : Diet and nutrition are environmental factors in health/disease relationships .
From the epidemiological viewpoint , diet represents a complex set of highly correlated exposures .
Our objective was to identify patterns of food intake in a group of individuals living in So Paulo , and to develop objective dietary measurements for epidemiological purposes .
DESIGN AND LOCAL : Exploratory factor analysis of data in a case-control study in seven teaching hospitals in So Paulo .
METHODS : The participants were 517 patients ( 260 oral cancer cases and 257 controls ) admitted to the study hospitals between November 1998 and March 2001 .
The weekly intake frequencies for dairy products , cereals , meat , processed meat , vegetables , pulses , fruits and sweets were assessed by means of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire .
Dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis , based on the intake of the eight food groups , using principal component analysis as an extraction method followed by varimax rotation .
RESULTS : Factor analysis identified three patterns that accounted for 55% of the total variability within the sample .
The first pattern ( "prudent" ) was characterized by vegetable , fruit and meat intake ; the second ( "traditional" ) by cereals ( mainly rice ) and pulses ( mainly beans ) ; and the third ( "snacks" ) by dairy products and processed meat .
CONCLUSION : This study identified food intake patterns through an a posteriori approach .
Such analysis may be useful for nutritional intervention programs and , after computing scores for each individual according to the patterns identified , for establishing a relationship between diet and other epidemiological measurements of interest | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Our objective was to identify patterns of food intake in a group of individuals living in So Paulo , and to develop objective dietary measurements for epidemiological purposes .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: DESIGN AND LOCAL : Exploratory factor analysis of data in a case-control study in seven teaching hospitals in So Paulo .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: [ Application of biosurfactant in composting of agricultural waste ] | | Author: Dai F Zeng GM Yuan XZ Wu XH Shi JG .
| | Journal: Huan Jing Ke Xue Citation: V : 26 ( 4 ) P : 181-5 Year: 2005 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16212193 Accession (PMID): 16212193 | | Abstract: The biosurfactant of rhamonolipid ( Rh ) obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used in co-composting of rice straw and wheat bran , the efficiency of the promoter was studied under temperature control during the first stage of composting .
Composting was done in an aerobic static bed of composting during which moisture content of mixture materials was controlled between 60% 70% , and the control of aeration adopted the timer by turns of 0 . 18m3/h for 20 minutes and pause for 40 minutes .
Changes were studied including pH , organic matter , dissolved organic carbon ( DOC ) , the biomass of microorganism , hemicellulase activity , carboxymethyl cellulose enzyme ( CMCase ) activity , hemi-cellulose and cellulose contents .
The experimental results show that the degradation rate of organic matter is 13 . 4% higher than that of the control , and the average of DOC is improved by 2 . 2g/kg .
The degradation contents of hemi-cellulose and cellulose are increased by 5 . 7% , 10 . 7% compared with the control .
This indicate that the addition of Rh can improve microenvironment , strengthen polymers hydration , accelerate the co-composting process and improve the quality of composting production .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Composting was done in an aerobic static bed of composting during which moisture content of mixture materials was controlled between 60% 70% , and the control of aeration adopted the timer by turns of 0 . 18m3/h for 20 minutes and pause for 40 minutes .
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| Title: Confirmation of potential herbicidal agents in hulls of rice , Oryza sativa .
| | Author: Chung IM Hahn SJ Ahmad A | | Journal: J Chem . Ecol . Citation: V : 31 ( 6 ) P : 1339-52 Year: 2005 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16222775 Accession (PMID): 16222775 | | Abstract: An ethyl acetate extract of Oryza sativa ( rice ) hulls yielded seven compounds : hentriacontane , 1-tetratriacontanol , beta-sitosterol , momilactone A , momilactone B , tricin ( a flavonoid ) , and beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside .
The structures of these compounds were elucidated with 500 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) , using 1D and 2D spectral methods , aided by electron ionization mass spectrometry ( EI-MS ) , fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry ( FAB-MS ) , infrared ( IR ) , and ultraviolet ( UV ) spectrophotometry .
The complete 1H NMR assignments for momilactone A and B and 13C NMR assignments for tricin are discussed .
To the best of our knowledge , hentriacontane , 1-tetratriacontanol , and beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside were identified for the first time in rice hulls .
In biological activity tests using these identified compounds , momilactone A and B showed potent inhibitory activity against duckweed ( Lemna paucicostata ) .
1-Tetratriacontanol and beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside also showed about 13-20% inhibitory activity based on chlorophyll reduction .
Hentriacontane and beta-sitosterol did not show any herbicidal activity .
In a germination assay of three weed species ( Leptochloa chinenesis L , Amaranthus retroflexus L , and Cyperus difformis L ) in culture tubes both momilactones A and B had high inhibitory effects .
Momilactone B completely inhibited germination of all three weed species at 20 ppm .
Germination of L chinensis L was completely inhibited by a 4 ppm solution of momilactone B | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In biological activity tests using these identified compounds , momilactone A and B showed potent inhibitory activity against duckweed ( Lemna paucicostata ) .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: DA-9201 shows anti-asthmatic effects by suppressing NF-kappaB expression in an ovalbumin-induced mouse model of asthma .
| | Author: Lee SH Seo MJ Choi SM Sohn YS Kang KK Ahn BO Kwon JW Yoo M | | Journal: Arch . Pharm . Res . Citation: V : 28 ( 12 ) P : 1350-7 Year: 2005 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16392668 Accession (PMID): 16392668 | | Abstract: Nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-kappaB ) regulates the expression of multiple cytokines , chemokines , and cell adhesion molecules that are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma .
We investigated the anti-asthmatic effects and the mechanism of action of DA-9201 , an extract of the black rice , in a mouse model of asthma .
Mice immunized with ovalbumin ( OVA ) were administered with DA-9201 ( 30 , 100 or 300 mg/kg ) or dexamethasone ( DEXA , 3 mg/kg ) for 2 weeks and challenged with aerosolized OVA during the last 3 days .
Anti-asthmatic effects were assessed by means of enhanced pauses , level of total IgE and Th2 cytokines in plasma or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF ) , the percentage of eosinophils in BALF , and histopathological examination .
The expression of NF-kappaB in nuclear and cytoplasmic fraction and its DNA-binding activity in lung it issues were analyzed by means of Western blotting and electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay ( EMSA ) , respectively .
DA-9201 significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness ( AHR ) , total IgE level in plasma and BALF , IL-4 , IL-5 , and IL-13 levels in BALF , and the percentage of eosinophils in BALF .
Tissue inflammation was significantly improved by DA-9201 treatment .
In addition , DA-9201 dramatically suppressed the expression of NF-kappaB and its DNA-binding activity .
These results suggest that DA-9201 may be useful for the treatment of asthma and its efficacy is related to suppression of NF-kappaB pathway . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Anti-asthmatic effects were assessed by means of enhanced pauses , level of total IgE and Th2 cytokines in plasma or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF ) , the percentage of eosinophils in BALF , and histopathological examination .
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