| 1944 matches found in 1096 documents. Search time: 0.044 seconds. |
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| Title: The status of ORT ( oral rehydration therapy ) in Bangladesh : how widely is it used?
| | Author: Chowdhury AM Karim F Sarkar SK Cash RA Bhuiya A | | Journal: Citation: V : 12 ( 1 ) P : 58-66 Year: 1997 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10166103 Accession (PMID): 10166103 | | Abstract: During 1980-1990 BRAC , a Bangladeshi non-governmental organization , taught over 12 million mothers how to prepare oral rehydration therapy ( ORT ) at home with lobon ( common salt ) and gur ( unrefined brown sugar ) .
This was followed by a strong promotion and distribution of prepackaged ORS by various agencies including the government .
In 1993 we assessed knowledge of ORT preparation , its local availability and its use for the management of diarrhoea .
Over 9000 households in 90 villages were revisited ; 306 government outreach health workers , 296 drug sellers , and 237 village doctors were interviewed ; 152 government facilities and 495 pharmacies/shops were visited .
ORT prepared by mothers in a sub-sample of the households was analyzed for chloride content and interviewers collected information on use of ORT for diarrhoeal episodes occurring in the preceding two weeks .
The data quality was assessed through a resurvey of sample respondents within two weeks of the first interview .
Over 70% of the mothers could prepare a chemically safe and effective ORS .
A significant proportion of these mothers were very young at the time of the mass campaigns using house to house teaching , implying an intergenerational transfer of the knowledge on ORT .
ORT was found to be used in 60% of all diarrhoeal episodes , but the rate varied with the type of diarrhoea , being highest for daeria ( severe watery diarrhoea ) and lowest for amasha ( dysentery ) .
Drug sellers and village doctors now recommend ORT much more frequently than before .
Members of the medical profession ( qualified and unqualified ) still lag behind in prescribing the use of ORT .
The availability of pre-packaged ORS in rural pharmacies has improved enormously .
There is convincing evidence that the widescale promotion in the past of ORS for dehydration in diarrhoea has led to this marked improvement today .
Nevertheless the use of rice-based ORS , culturally appropriate messages and the promotion of ORS with food offer opportunities to further improve the utilization of ORT .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: During 1980-1990 BRAC , a Bangladeshi non-governmental organization , taught over 12 million mothers how to prepare oral rehydration therapy ( ORT ) at home with lobon ( common salt ) and gur ( unrefined brown sugar ) .
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| Title: Risk factors for IgA nephropathy : a case-control study in Japan .
| | Author: Wakai K Kawamura T Matsuo S Hotta N Ohno Y | | Journal: Am .
J Kidney Dis .
Citation: V : 33 ( 4 ) P : 738-45 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10196018 Accession (PMID): 10196018 | | Abstract: To disclose the risk factors for immunoglobulin A nephropathy ( IgAN ) , we conducted a case-control study in the Tokai area of central Japan .
The subjects were 94 patients , aged 20 years or older at diagnosis , who had histologically confirmed IgAN .
Two sex- , age- , and residence-matched controls were randomly selected for each case from the general population .
Information on medical history and lifestyle was collected using a self-administered questionnaire .
The strength of association between IgAN and a potential risk factor was assessed by calculating an odds ratio .
A family history of chronic nephritis , susceptibility to the common cold , preference for salty foods , frequent consumption of raw eggs , and a high intake of carbohydrates , including rice , were significantly associated with an increased risk for IgAN .
Alcohol consumption , use of antioxidant vitamin supplements , and a high intake of protein , fat , monounsaturated fatty acids , and all/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were somewhat protective against IgAN .
Episodes of tonsillitis and exposure to organic solvents were found not to be associated with the risk in the present study .
Our findings may provide some clues to the cause of IgAN .
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[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: A family history of chronic nephritis , susceptibility to the common cold , preference for salty foods , frequent consumption of raw eggs , and a high intake of carbohydrates , including rice , were significantly associated with an increased risk for IgAN .
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| Title: Influence of microbial phytase on apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of feedstuffs for broilers .
| | Author: Ravindran V Cabahug S Ravindran G Bryden WL .
| | Journal: Poult . Sci . Citation: V : 78 ( 5 ) P : 699-706 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10228966 Accession (PMID): 10228966 | | Abstract: The influence of microbial phytase on the ileal amino acid digestibilities in three cereals ( corn , sorghum , and wheat ) , four oilseed meals ( soybean meal , canola meal , cottonseed meal , and sunflower meal ) and two cereal by-products ( wheat middlings and rice polishings ) was determined using 5-wk-old broilers .
Supplementation of microbial phytase ( 1 , 200 FTU/kg ) improved ( P < 0 . 001 to 0 . 10 ) the digestibilities of protein and amino acids in all feedstuffs , but the magnitude of response varied depending on the feedstuff and the amino acid considered .
Mean digestibility of the 15 amino acids in the feedstuffs without and with phytase were : corn , 78 . 0 and 80 . 4% ; sorghum , 74 . 7 and 79 . 4% ; wheat , 77 . 7 and 84 . 6% ; soybean meal , 82 . 2 and 85 . 5% ; canola meal , 78 . 7 and 80 . 7% ; cottonseed meal , 70 . 8 and 74 . 2% ; sunflower meal , 76 . 7 and 80 . 2% ; wheat middlings , 70 . 8 and 73 . 4% ; and rice polishings 62 . 1 and 66 . 9% , respectively .
When individual amino acids were considered , the increments in digestibility were relatively higher for threonine and valine .
This effect was consistent across all feedstuffs .
The observed variations in response among feedstuffs were influenced by the inherent protein digestibility , but not by dietary phytic acid concentration .
No correlations were determined between the dietary concentrations of phytic acid and phytase responses in terms of protein digestibility ( r = 0 . 20 ; P > 0 . 31 ) and mean amino acid digestibility ( r = 0 . 12 ; P > 0 . 51 ) ; however a significant negative correlation was observed between inherent protein digestibility and phytase responses in protein digestibility ( r = -0 . 42 ; P < 0 . 03 ) .
It appears that solubilities of phytate salts and protein , and their influence on the degree of phytate-protein complexing in different feedstuffs , may be more relevant than total phytic acid concentrations .
Interestingly , dietary phytic acid concentrations were negatively correlated with inherent protein ( r = -0 . 81 ; P < 0 . 001 ) and mean amino acid ( r = -0 . 85 ; P < 0 . 001 ) digestibilities of the feedstuffs evaluated in this study .
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[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: It appears that solubilities of phytate salts and protein , and their influence on the degree of phytate-protein complexing in different feedstuffs , may be more relevant than total phytic acid concentrations .
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| Title: Molecular cloning and expression of the Na+/H+ exchanger gene in Oryza sativa .
| | Author: Fukuda A Nakamura A Tanaka Y | | Journal: Biochim . Biophys . Acta Citation: V : 1446 ( 1-2 ) P : 149-55 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10395929 Accession (PMID): 10395929 | | Abstract: Na+/H+ exchanger catalyzes the countertransport of Na+ and H+ across membranes .
We isolated a rice cDNA clone the deduced amino acid sequence of which had homology with a putative Na+/H+ exchanger in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , NHX1 .
The sequence contains 2330 bp with an open reading frame of 1608 bp .
The deduced amino acid sequence is similar to that of NHX1 and NHE isoforms in mammals , and shares high similarity with the sequences within predicted transmembrane segments and an amiloride-binding domain .
The expression of the gene was increased by salt stress .
These results suggest that the product of the novel gene , OsNHX1 , functions as a Na+/H+ exchanger , and plays important roles in salt tolerance of rice . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The expression of the gene was increased by salt stress .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results suggest that the product of the novel gene , OsNHX1 , functions as a Na+/H+ exchanger , and plays important roles in salt tolerance of rice .
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| Title: Comparative study of rice-based oral rehydration salt solution versus glucose-based oral rehydration salt solution ( WHO ) in children with acute dehydrating diarrhoea .
| | Author: Sharma A Pradhan RK .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 96 ( 12 ) P : 367-8 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10489752 Accession (PMID): 10489752 | | Abstract: One hundred children with acute dehydrating diarrhoea were studied .
They were divided into two groups : Group A ( n = 50 ) were given rice-based oral rehydration salt ( ORS ) solution and group B ( n = 50 ) were given glucose-based ORS solution ( WHO ) .
There was no significant decrease in mean stool output and percentage weight gain with rice-based ORS .
Both the groups were comparable for volume of ORS solution consumed , time taken for initial rehydration , mean stool output and for correcting biochemical abnormalities . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: They were divided into two groups : Group A ( n = 50 ) were given rice-based oral rehydration salt ( ORS ) solution and group B ( n = 50 ) were given glucose-based ORS solution ( WHO ) .
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| Title: A market basket survey of inorganic arsenic in food .
| | Author: Schoof RA Yost LJ Eickhoff J Crecelius EA Cragin DW Meacher DM Menzel DB .
| | Journal: Food Chem . Toxicol . Citation: V : 37 ( 8 ) P : 839-46 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10506007 Accession (PMID): 10506007 | | Abstract: Dietary arsenic intake estimates based on surveys of total arsenic concentrations appear to be dominated by intake of the relatively non-toxic , organic arsenic forms found in seafood .
Concentrations of inorganic arsenic in food have not been not well characterized .
Accurate dietary intake estimates for inorganic arsenic are needed to support studies of arsenics status as an essential nutrient , and to establish background levels of exposure to inorganic arsenic .
In the market basket survey reported here , 40 commodities anticipated to provide at least 90% of dietary inorganic arsenic intake were identified .
Four samples of each commodity were collected .
Total arsenic was analysed using an NaOH digestion and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry .
Separate aliquots were analysed for arsenic species using an HCl digestion and hydride atomic absorption spectroscopy .
Consistent with earlier studies , total arsenic concentrations ( all concentrations reported as elemental arsenic per it issue wet weight ) were highest in the seafoods sampled ( ranging from 160 ng/g in freshwater fish to 2360 ng/g in saltwater fish ) .
In contrast , average inorganic arsenic in seafood ranged from less than 1 ng/g to 2 ng/g .
The highest inorganic arsenic values were found in raw rice ( 74 ng/g ) , followed by flour ( 11 ng/g ) , grape juice ( 9 ng/g ) and cooked spinach ( 6 ng/g ) .
Thus , grains and produce are expected to be significant contributors to dietary inorganic arsenic intake . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Consistent with earlier studies , total arsenic concentrations ( all concentrations reported as elemental arsenic per it issue wet weight ) were highest in the seafoods sampled ( ranging from 160 ng/g in freshwater fish to 2360 ng/g in saltwater fish ) .
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| Title: Factor analysis of digestive cancer mortality and food consumption in 65 Chinese counties .
| | Author: Zhuo XG Watanabe S | | Journal: Citation: V : 9 ( 4 ) P : 275-84 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10510586 Accession (PMID): 10510586 | | Abstract: Dietary factors were analyzed for the regional difference of GI tract cancer mortality rates in China .
Sixty-five rural counties were selected among a total of 2 , 392 counties to represent a range of rates for seven most prevalent cancers .
The dietary data in the selected 65 counties were obtained by three-day dietary record of households in 1983 .
The four digestive cancer mortality rates ( annual cases per 100 , 000 standardized truncated rates for ages 35-64 ) and per capita food consumption were analyzed by the principal components factor analysis .
Esophageal cancer associated with poor area , dietary pattern rich in starchy tubers , and salt , lack of consumption of meat , eggs , vegetables and rice .
Stomach cancer seemed to be less associated with diet in this study because of its small model Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin ( KMO ) measure of sampling adequacy , suggesting some other carcinogenic factors would play more important role in the development of this cancer in China .
The colon and rectal cancer showed close relation to diet ; rich in sea vegetables , eggs , soy sauce , meat and fish , while lack in consumption of milk and dairy products .
Rapeseed oil was more important risk factor for colon cancer than that of rectum .
Rice , processed starch and sugar were closely associated with colon cancer , supporting the insulin/colon cancer hypothesis . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Esophageal cancer associated with poor area , dietary pattern rich in starchy tubers , and salt , lack of consumption of meat , eggs , vegetables and rice .
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| Title: Land Evaluation in a Salt-Affected Irrigated District Using an Index of Productive Potential | | Author: Nogus J Herrero J Rodruez-Ochoa R Boixadera J | | Journal: Citation: V : 25 ( 2 ) P : 143-152 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10594188 Accession (PMID): 10594188 | | Abstract: / The indiscriminate allocation of funds supporting agricultural policies can lead to land misuse , with undesirable effects either on the shorter to mid-term productivity or on the environment .
This article proposes a methodology , based on land rating , that can be useful to land-use planning or to decide about environmental protection measures .
The methodology is applied to the land evaluation of a 260-km ( 2 ) semiarid irrigated area with salt-affected soils .
The available soil map is at 1 : 100 , 000 scale and its mapping units are used for the land evaluation with the FAO framework .
These data are then elaborated using the index value method .
This procedure gives a map of land evaluation units and a table that rates the productive potential of these units for six crops : alfalfa , barley , maize , rice , sunflower , and wheat .
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[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The methodology is applied to the land evaluation of a 260-km ( 2 ) semiarid irrigated area with salt-affected soils .
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| Title: Separation of proteins from stressed rice ( Oryza sativa L ) leaf it issues by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis : induction of pathogenesis-related and cellular protectant proteins by jasmonic acid , UV irradiation and copper chloride .
| | Author: Rakwal R Agrawal GK Yonekura M | | Journal: Electrophoresis Citation: V : 20 ( 17 ) P : 3472-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10608717 Accession (PMID): 10608717 | | Abstract: We have used three kinds of stresses , including the signaling compound jasmonic acid , an environmental stressor , UV irradiation , and a heavy metal salt copper chloride , to study changes in the protein patterns in rice ( Oryza sativa L ) leaf it issues using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis .
However , instead of using lysis buffer containing urea ( OFarrell , J Biol . Chem . 1975 , 250 , 4007-4021 ) for extraction of proteins from rice seedling it issues , we used Tris-HCl buffer ( commonly used for extraction of proteins for separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ) for extraction of proteins and resolved these extracted proteins by the usual method of OFarrell .
Furthermore , the induction of a large number of proteins was clearly observed over controls .
No spots corresponding to these induced proteins were found in the control experiment , indicating qualitative changes in protein patterns after various stress treatments .
A total of 12 out of 13 proteins could be N-terminally sequenced from jasmonic acid-treated rice leaf it issues , and one protein was sequenced from UV-irradiated leaf it issues .
These proteins showed high homology to pathogenesis-related ( thaumatin-like protein , a PR5 class protein ; a beta-1 , 3-glucanase precursor ; an intracellular PR protein encoded by PBZ1 gene , and an antifungal protein ) and cellular protectant ( glutathione transferase , EC 2 . 5 . 1 . 18 ; and ascorbate peroxidase ) proteins , from plants , including rice .
Results presented here suggest a role for jasmonic acid in the self-defense mechanisms of rice plants . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: We have used three kinds of stresses , including the signaling compound jasmonic acid , an environmental stressor , UV irradiation , and a heavy metal salt copper chloride , to study changes in the protein patterns in rice ( Oryza sativa L ) leaf it issues using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis .
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| Title: Dietary practices and beliefs of patients with chronic liver disease .
| | Author: Badruddin SH Jafri SM Ahmed A Abid S | | Journal: Citation: V : 49 ( 9 ) P : 216-20 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10646323 Accession (PMID): 10646323 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To study of the dietary practices and beliefs of patients suffering from chronic liver disease .
SETTING : Two private tertcary care hospitals .
METHOD : Fifty patients presenting to the Gastroenterology Clinics at the Aga Khan University Hospital and Baqai Hospital , with compensated liver disease and no other co-morbid condition which required dietary modifications , were enrolled in the study .
Patients were interviewed regarding their current dietary practices using an open-ended questionnaire .
RESULTS : The mean age of the patients was 48 years and the majority were in relatively poor nutritional status .
Four had BMIs < 18 ; 58% had Hb < 12 g/dl and 36% had albumin levels < 3 gm/dl .
The percentage of patients avoiding various foods is as follows : meats 72% , fats and oils 64% , salt 42% , spices 34% , milk and milk products 28% , rice 20% .
CONCLUSION : The most commonly cited reason for avoiding a given food was the advice of the family doctor , followed by advice by gastroenterologists , family and friends .
Concepts from alternative medicine and continuation of dietary restrictions imposed during a decompensated phase also influenced intake .
Compromised nutritional status is a poor predictor of clinical outcome in liver disease therefore it is important that gastroenterologists be proactive regarding nutritional counseling and both patients and their primary care physicians understand the importance of not imposing unnecessary restrictions on dietary intake .
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[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The percentage of patients avoiding various foods is as follows : meats 72% , fats and oils 64% , salt 42% , spices 34% , milk and milk products 28% , rice 20% .
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Score: 6.00 |
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| Title: Prospects of breeding for salt tolerance in rice .
| | Author: Akbar M Shakoor A Sajjad MS .
| | Journal: Basic Life Sci .
Citation: V : 8 ( ) P : 291-9 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1073210 Accession (PMID): 1073210 | | Abstract: Variations with regard to salt tolerance were observed in rice varieties , Blue bonnet , IR-8 , Jhona-349 , and Magnolia .
Crosses ( F1 ) between relatively salt-resistant ( Jhona-349 ) and salt-sensitive ( Magnolia ) varieties were highly resistant to salinity .
The F2 population resulted in some salt-resistant combinations .
In the F3 and F4 populations , some desirable salt-resistant progenies were selected .
Results obtained suggest that selection for salt tolerance may be possible within hybrid populations . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: Crosses ( F1 ) between relatively salt-resistant ( Jhona-349 ) and salt-sensitive ( Magnolia ) varieties were highly resistant to salinity .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Variations with regard to salt tolerance were observed in rice varieties , Blue bonnet , IR-8 , Jhona-349 , and Magnolia .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The F2 population resulted in some salt-resistant combinations .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the F3 and F4 populations , some desirable salt-resistant progenies were selected .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Results obtained suggest that selection for salt tolerance may be possible within hybrid populations .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Glutamate and the flavor of foods .
| | Author: Halpern BP .
| | Journal: J Nutr .
Citation: V : 130 ( 4S Suppl ) P : 910S-4S Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10736351 Accession (PMID): 10736351 | | Abstract: Investigations of the effects of glutamic acid or its salts on the flavor , hedonic characteristics or acceptance of foods have emphasized a sodium salt of L-glutamic acid , monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) .
Food palatability increased with appropriate concentrations of MSG , and could be represented f ( MSG and NaCl ) as points on the surface of an elliptic paraboloid .
Hedonic effects differed between foods , were a function of concentrations of MSG and other ingredients and did not necessarily become positive when only MSG was added .
For example , with boiled or fried rice , ratings were neutral or negative with MSG alone , positive for fried rice with MSG and NaCl , but positive for boiled rice only if soy sauce was also added .
A one-dish meal , Chinese noodle , became positive with an appropriate concentration of NaCl plus a MSG-5ribonucleotide mixture , but not with NaCl alone .
Flavor of meat , fish or vegetable stocks containing natural glutamates differed from that of quinine , sucrose , NaCl or acid solutions .
Glutamates and free amino acids plus nucleotides were necessary for full boiled potato flavor .
Overall , the effects of MSG on foods were different from those of NaCl but often interacted with NaCl , and positive effects were facilitated by low concentrations of 5-ribonucleotides .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Investigations of the effects of glutamic acid or its salts on the flavor , hedonic characteristics or acceptance of foods have emphasized a sodium salt of L-glutamic acid , monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) .
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| Title: Diet in residents of East and West Germany in 1991-1992 as ascertained by a retrospective food frequency questionnaire .
| | Author: Hellenbrand W Bauer G Boeing H Seidler A Robra BP .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 45 ( 1 ) P : 13-24 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10743026 Accession (PMID): 10743026 | | Abstract: In this study , we compared dietary habits of residents in East ( N = 76 ) and West Germany ( N = 266 ) using results obtained in 1992-1993 from a retrospective semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire referring to 1991-1992 .
Nutrient intakes were calculated based on the German Federal Food Code .
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine whether dietary intakes varied according to residence in East and West Germany .
At the food level , East German subjects reported a higher consumption of bread , spreadable fat , and sausage , whereas West German participants reported a higher intake of fruit , vegetables , and pasta and rice .
At the macronutrient level , energy intake did not differ significantly between groups , nor did the percent contribution of protein , carbohydrate , fat , and alcohol to total energy intake .
East German participants had a lower total water and fibre intake , the latter significant only after adjustment for confounders .
At the micro-nutrient level , East German participants had a higher intake of cobalamin , retinol and retinol-equivalents ( but not of beta-carotene ) .
There were no differences in the intake of vitamins C , D , and E between groups .
Less salt and more potassium , calcium , magnesium and zinc were consumed by West than by East German subjects .
Overall , both groups showed disadvantageous dietary patterns .
The results are discussed in the context of an overview of other dietary surveys performed in the two parts of Germany before and after reunification .
In general our results are consistent with other observations showing that dietary habits in East Germany rapidly approached those in West Germany after reunification , although some residual differences seemed to persist | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Less salt and more potassium , calcium , magnesium and zinc were consumed by West than by East German subjects .
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Score: 5.00 |
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| Title: Rice-based oral rehydration solution for treating diarrhoea .
| | Author: Fontaine O Gore SM Pierce NF .
| | Journal: Citation: V : ( 2 ) P : CD001264 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10796624 Accession (PMID): 10796624 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Oral rehydration therapy is used to treat dehydration caused by diarrhoea .
However the rehydration solution does not reduce stool loss or length of illness .
A solution able to do this may lessen the use of ineffective diarrhoea treatments as well as improve morbidity and mortality related to diarrhoea .
OBJECTIVES : The objective of this review was to assess the effects of rice-based oral rehydration salts solution compared with glucose-based oral rehydration salts solution on reduction of stool output and duration of diarrhoea in patients with acute watery diarrhoea .
SEARCH STRATEGY : We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group trials register , the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register , Medline , Embase , Lilacs and the reference lists of relevant articles .
We also contacted researchers in the field .
SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomized trials comparing standard World Health Organization oral rehydration solution with an experimental oral rehydration salts solution in which glucose ( 20 grams per litre ) was replaced by 50-80 grams per litre of rice powder , with the electrolytes remaining unchanged .
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Data were extracted independently by a statistician and a clinician .
MAIN RESULTS : Twenty-two trials were included .
Concealment of allocation was adequate in 15 of these trials .
Irrespective of age , people with cholera who were given rice oral rehydration salts solution had substantially lower rates of stool loss than those given oral rehydration salts solution in the first 24 hours .
Mean stool outputs in the first 24 hours were lower by 67 millilitres/kg of body weight ( weighted mean difference -67 . 4 , 95% confidence interval -94 . 3 to -41 . 0 ) in children , and by 51 millilitres/kg of body weight ( weighted mean difference -51 . 1 , 95% confidence interval -65 . 9 to -36 . 3 ) in adults .
The rate of stool loss in infants and children with acute non-cholera diarrhoea was reduced by only four millilitres/kg of body weight ( weighted mean difference -4 . 3 , 95% confidence interval -9 . 3 to 0 . 8 ) .
REVIEWERS CONCLUSIONS : Rice-based oral rehydration appears to be effective in reducing stool output in people with cholera .
This effect was not apparent in infants and children with non-cholera diarrhoea . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: OBJECTIVES : The objective of this review was to assess the effects of rice-based oral rehydration salts solution compared with glucose-based oral rehydration salts solution on reduction of stool output and duration of diarrhoea in patients with acute watery diarrhoea .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 2.00 ]: Irrespective of age , people with cholera who were given rice oral rehydration salts solution had substantially lower rates of stool loss than those given oral rehydration salts solution in the first 24 hours .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomized trials comparing standard World Health Organization oral rehydration solution with an experimental oral rehydration salts solution in which glucose ( 20 grams per litre ) was replaced by 50-80 grams per litre of rice powder , with the electrolytes remaining unchanged .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Novel mannose-binding rice lectin composed of some isolectins and its relation to a stress-inducible salT gene .
| | Author: Hirano K Teraoka T Yamanaka H Harashima A Kunisaki A Takahashi H Hosokawa D | | Journal: Plant Cell Physiol .
Citation: V : 41 ( 3 ) P : 258-67 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10805588 Accession (PMID): 10805588 | | Abstract: The novel mannose-binding rice lectin ( MRL ) purified by Sephadex G-50 or maltamyl Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography was not homogeneous , but the components were separated clearly by two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( 1st ; isoelectric focusing with Immobiline , 2nd ; SDS-PAGE ) .
The major spots were located at pI 4 . 85 and 4 . 74 , and minor spots at pI 4 . 66 , 4 . 56 , and 4 . 44 ; all spots were distributed at about MW 45 , 000 .
Other faint spots were sometimes detected just below the major spots .
In the western blot analysis , all the spots reacted with the monoclonal antibodies specific to MRL , which bound to MRL and inhibited the lectin activity to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes .
The proteins of the spots at pI 4 . 85 , 4 . 77 , 4 . 66 , and 4 . 56 had lectin activity .
The major proteins at pI 4 . 85 and 4 . 77 also had the common amino acid sequence at N-terminus , TLVKIGPWGGNGGSAQDISV , which is almost identical to salt and drought stress-inducible salT gene products in rice plants .
High homology was also conserved in both the cDNA and the genomic clones encoding the MRL component at pI 4 . 85 , which were selected with MRL-specific antibodies and an oligonucleotide designed from the partial amino acid sequence .
All results suggest that MRL is composed of several isolectins , if not , related proteins having a common epitope and may belong to a family of stress-inducible proteins . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: The major proteins at pI 4 . 85 and 4 . 77 also had the common amino acid sequence at N-terminus , TLVKIGPWGGNGGSAQDISV , which is almost identical to salt and drought stress-inducible salT gene products in rice plants .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Isolation and characterization of a jacalin-related mannose-binding lectin from salt-stressed rice ( Oryza sativa ) plants .
| | Author: Zhang W Peumans WJ Barre A Astoul CH Rovira P Roug P Proost P Truffa-Bachi P Jalali AA Van Damme EJ .
| | Journal: Planta Citation: V : 210 ( 6 ) P : 970-8 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10872230 Accession (PMID): 10872230 | | Abstract: A novel plant lectin was isolated from salt-stressed rice ( Oryza sativa L ) plants and partially characterized .
The lectin occurs as a natural mixture of two closely related isoforms consisting of two identical non-covalently linked subunits of 15 kDa .
Both isoforms are best inhibited by mannose and exhibit potent mitogenic activity towards T-lymphocytes .
Biochemical analyses and sequence comparisons further revealed that the rice lectins belong to the subgroup of mannose-binding jacalin-related lectins .
In addition , it could be demonstrated that the lectins described here correspond to the protein products of previously described salt-stress-induced genes .
Our results not only identify the rice lectin as a stress protein but also highlight the possible importance of protein-carbohydrate interactions in stress responses in plants . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: A novel plant lectin was isolated from salt-stressed rice ( Oryza sativa L ) plants and partially characterized .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In addition , it could be demonstrated that the lectins described here correspond to the protein products of previously described salt-stress-induced genes .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Effect of food intake pattern on all-cause mortality in the community elderly : a 7-year longitudinal study .
| | Author: Kumagai S Shibata H Watanabe S Suzuki T Haga H | | Journal: Citation: V : 3 ( 1 ) P : 29-33 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10888481 Accession (PMID): 10888481 | | Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of a food frequency pattern and survivorship in a cohort of community elderly residents ( 259 men , 445 women ) , aged 65 years old and over , based on a 7-year follow up study .
Baseline survey was undertaken in July 1988 by door-to-door method .
The cohort was followed up until August 1995 , during which time survivorship of subjects was investigated periodically each year .
Eighty-one men ( 31 . 3% ) and 71 women ( 19 . 1% ) died during the follow-up period .
The food frequency pattern was examined by factor analysis based on a food frequency questionnaire for 15 food-groups at the baseline survey .
Results obtained were as follows : 1 ) The first factor was expressive of frequent intake pattern of plant foods , the second factor was frequent intake pattern of meat , fat , and oil , the third factor was frequent intake pattern of bread and rice ( negative ) , and the fourth factor was frequent intake pattern of salty pickled vegetables , fish , and shellfish .
2 ) The first factor as represented by frequent intake pattern of plant foods had significant negative effect on all-cause mortality for both the whole 7 years and the last 4 years surveys , adjusted for age , sex , education level , drinking habit , smoking habit , exercise habit , history of hypertension , and instrumental activities of daily living .
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[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Results obtained were as follows : 1 ) The first factor was expressive of frequent intake pattern of plant foods , the second factor was frequent intake pattern of meat , fat , and oil , the third factor was frequent intake pattern of bread and rice ( negative ) , and the fourth factor was frequent intake pattern of salty pickled vegetables , fish , and shellfish .
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Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Salinity induced behavioural changes in malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities in rice seedlings of differing salt tolerance .
| | Author: Kumar RG Shah K Dubey RS .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 156 ( 1 ) P : 23-34 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10908802 Accession (PMID): 10908802 | | Abstract: The activities of malate dehydrogenase in whole it issue extract ( NAD ( + ) -MDH ) as well as in mitochondrial ( NAD ( + ) -MDH ) and chloroplastic ( NADP ( + ) -MDH ) preparations of aminating ( NADH-GDH ) and deaminating ( NAD ( + ) -GDH ) glutamate dehydrogenases were studied in two sets of rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance grown under moderate ( 7 dS m ( -1 ) ) and high ( 14 dS m ( -1 ) ) NaCl salinity levels .
A contrasting response to salinity on enzyme activities was found between the sensitive and tolerant cultivars during a 5-20-day growth period of study .
NaCl salinity in situ caused increase in all three MDH activities in salt tolerant cvs CSR-1 and CSR-3 whereas in salt sensitive cvs Ratna and Jaya 16-100% inhibition in activities was noted .
Chloroplastic MDH was extremely sensitive to NaCl .
In seedlings of salt tolerant cultivars concomitant increase in both aminating and deaminating GDH activities was observed with increase in salinity level , whereas in sensitive cultivars under higher salinity level decrease in GDH activity was noted .
Under in vitro conditions NaCl concentration in the range 1-1000 mM caused gradual inhibition in MDH activity .
With 400 mM NaCl in vitro , complete loss of mitochondrial and chloroplastic MDH activities was observed .
GDH activity increased with increasing concentration of NaCl up to 200 mM NaCl and other salts in vitro and was inhibited thereafter .
However 800 mM NaCl caused complete loss of deaminating GDH activity from sensitive cultivar but not from tolerant cultivar .
Results suggest varying behaviour of MDH and GDH in two sets of rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance and that inhibition in the activities of dehydrogenases in salt sensitive rice cultivars due to salinity may be one of the possible reasons for decreased growth of rice plants under saline conditions .
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[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: NaCl salinity in situ caused increase in all three MDH activities in salt tolerant cvs CSR-1 and CSR-3 whereas in salt sensitive cvs Ratna and Jaya 16-100% inhibition in activities was noted .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 2.00 ]: Results suggest varying behaviour of MDH and GDH in two sets of rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance and that inhibition in the activities of dehydrogenases in salt sensitive rice cultivars due to salinity may be one of the possible reasons for decreased growth of rice plants under saline conditions .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The activities of malate dehydrogenase in whole it issue extract ( NAD ( + ) -MDH ) as well as in mitochondrial ( NAD ( + ) -MDH ) and chloroplastic ( NADP ( + ) -MDH ) preparations of aminating ( NADH-GDH ) and deaminating ( NAD ( + ) -GDH ) glutamate dehydrogenases were studied in two sets of rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance grown under moderate ( 7 dS m ( -1 ) ) and high ( 14 dS m ( -1 ) ) NaCl salinity levels .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In seedlings of salt tolerant cultivars concomitant increase in both aminating and deaminating GDH activities was observed with increase in salinity level , whereas in sensitive cultivars under higher salinity level decrease in GDH activity was noted .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: GDH activity increased with increasing concentration of NaCl up to 200 mM NaCl and other salts in vitro and was inhibited thereafter .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Over-expression of a single Ca2+-dependent protein kinase confers both cold and salt/drought tolerance on rice plants .
| | Author: Saijo Y Hata S Kyozuka J Shimamoto K Izui K | | Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 23 ( 3 ) P : 319-27 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10929125 Accession (PMID): 10929125 | | Abstract: A rice gene encoding a calcium-dependent protein kinase ( CDPK ) , OsCDPK7 , was induced by cold and salt stresses .
To elucidate the physiological function of OsCDPK7 , we generated transgenic rice plants with altered levels of the protein .
The extent of tolerance to cold and salt/drought stresses of these plants correlated well with the level of OsCDPK7 expression .
Therefore , OsCDPK7 was shown to be a positive regulator commonly involved in the tolerance to both stresses in rice .
Over-expression of OsCDPK7 enhanced induction of some stress-responsive genes in response to salinity/drought , but not to cold .
Thus , it was suggested that the downstream pathways leading to the cold and salt/drought tolerance are different from each other .
It seems likely that at least two distinct pathways commonly use a single CDPK , maintaining the signalling specificity through unknown post-translational regulation mechanisms .
These results demonstrate that simple manipulation of CDPK activity has great potential with regard to plant improvement . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: A rice gene encoding a calcium-dependent protein kinase ( CDPK ) , OsCDPK7 , was induced by cold and salt stresses .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: QTL : their place in engineering tolerance of rice to salinity .
| | Author: Flowers TJ Koyama ML Flowers SA Sudhakar C Singh KP Yeo AR .
| | Journal: J Exp . Bot . Citation: V : 51 ( 342 ) P : 99-106 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10938800 Accession (PMID): 10938800 | | Abstract: Secondary salinization and its relationship to irrigation are strong incentives to improve the tolerance of crops to salinity and to drought .
Achieving this through the pyramiding of physiological traits ( phenotypic selection without knowledge of genotype ) is feasible .
However , wide application of this approach is limited by the practicalities of assessing not only the parents , but also large numbers of individuals and families in segregating generations .
Genotypic information is required in the form of markers for any quantitative trait loci involved ( marker-assisted selection ) or of direct knowledge of the genes .
In the absence of adequate candidate genes for salt tolerance , a quantitative trait locus/marker-assisted selection approach has been used here .
Putative markers for ion transport and selectivity , identified from analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism , had been discovered within a custom-made mapping population of rice .
Here it is reported that none of these markers showed any association with similar traits in a closely related population of recombinant inbred lines or in selections of a cultivar .
Whilst markers will be of value in using lite lines from the mapping population in backcrossing , this has to be considered alongside the effort required to develop and map any given population .
This result cautions against any expectation of a general applicability of markers for physiological traits .
It is concluded that direct knowledge of the genes involved is needed .
This can not be achieved at present by positional cloning .
The elucidation of candidate genes is required .
Here the problem lies not in the analysis of gene expression but in devising protocols in which only those genes of interest are differentially affected by the experimental treatments . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the absence of adequate candidate genes for salt tolerance , a quantitative trait locus/marker-assisted selection approach has been used here .
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