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| | Journal: J Anim . Sci . Citation: V : 77 ( 1 ) P : 244-9 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10064051 Accession (PMID): 10064051 | | Abstract: The Cu status of mature , crossbred ewes fed two sources ( CuSO4 vs Cu proteinate ) and three levels ( 10 , 20 , or 30 mg/kg ) of dietary Cu was determined in a 73-d feeding trial Ewes ( n = 30 ) were fed a basal diet containing rice meal feed , cottonseed hulls , cottonseed meal , meat and bone meal , cracked corn , and vitamin-mineral supplements at 2 . 5% of BW to meet NRC requirements for protein , energy , macrominerals , and microminerals , excluding Cu .
The basal diet contained 5 mg/kg Cu , 113 mg/kg Fe , . 1 mg/kg Mo , and . 17% S Copper sulfate or Cu proteinate was added to the basal diet to supply 10 , 20 , or 30 mg/kg of dietary copper in a 2x3 factorial arrangement of treatments .
Ewes were housed in 3 . 7 x 9 . 1-m pens in an open-sided barn .
Blood samples were collected on d 28 and 73 .
Ewes were slaughtered on d 74 , and liver and other it issues were collected to determine Cu concentrations .
An interaction ( P = . 08 ) occurred between source and level for liver Cu .
The interaction existed due to an increase in liver Cu concentrations when ewes were fed increasing dietary Cu from CuSO4 but not when fed Cu proteinate diets .
There was no source x level interaction ( P> . 10 ) for the blood constituents measured .
On d 73 , plasma ceruloplasmin activity was greater ( P< . 05 ) in ewes fed Cu proteinate than in those fed CuSO4 ( 33 . 1 vs 26 . 8 microM x min ( -1 ) x L ( -1 ) ) .
Increasing the concentration of dietary Cu did not affect ( P> . 10 ) plasma ceruloplasmin .
Packed cell volume ( PCV ) , red blood cell count ( RBC ) , white blood cell count , whole blood hemoglobin ( wHb ) , plasma hemoglobin , and plasma Cu were similar between sources of Cu .
Ewes fed 20 mg/kg Cu had lower ( P< . 05 ) PCV , RBC , and wHb than those fed 10 or 30 mg/kg Cu diets .
Feeding up to 30 mg/kg Cu from these sources did not cause an observable Cu toxicity during the 73-d period .
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| | Journal: Prev . Vet . Med . Citation: V : 38 ( 2-3 ) P : 187-93 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10081798 Accession (PMID): 10081798 | | Abstract: After conducting a preliminary survey , a feeding trial was carried out to determine the effect of urea-molasses-multinutrient block ( UMMB ) and urea-treated rice straw ( UTRS ) as a feed supplement on the productivity of dairy cows .
Sixty Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows on 11 smallholder farms were divided equally into control , UMMB and UTRS supplementation groups .
Milk yield and feed intake were recorded daily .
Milk fat content , body weight and body condition score ( BSC ) of each cow were determined at two week intervals .
Milk samples for progesterone analysis were collected once a week commencing one month after parturition .
Data were recorded for date of onset of ovarian activity , estrus , insemination , and conception rate .
Milk production increased by 10 . 3-11 . 9% and milk fat content increased by 3-5% , therefore , profit for farmers increased by US $0 . 55-0 . 73 per cow per day ( exchange rate US $1 = VN $11 , 000 ) .
The intervals from calving to onset of ovarian activity ( 91-94 days ) , to estrus ( 110-114 days ) , to conception ( 121-122 days ) and the calving interval ( 13 . 4-13 . 6 months ) in the trial groups were significantly shorter than those in the control group ( 112 , 135 , 152 days and 14 . 4 months , respectively . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: Acta Crystallogr .
D Biol . Crystallogr . Citation: V : 55 ( Pt 1 ) P : 77-84 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10089397 Accession (PMID): 10089397 | | Abstract: Rice dwarf virus crystals belong to space group I222 with cell parameters a = 770 ( 2 ) , b = 795 ( 5 ) , c = 814 ( 5 ) A and alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees .
The unit cell of the crystal contains two viruses at the origin and body-centred positions .
Using data synthesized from a rice dwarf virus model crystal in the space group I222 , the possibility of ab initio phasing was thoroughly examined .
The centric nature of the initial phases was unexpectedly broken by extensive iteration of the non-crystallographic symmetry averaging .
The structure of rice dwarf virus was then solved with ab initio phasing up to 20 A resolution .
The triangulation number determined by the present study is T = 13 , which is different from the triangulation number , T = 9 , previously determined by electron microscopy [ Uyeda & Shikata ( 1982 ) .
Ann . Phytopathol . Soc . Jpn , 48 , 295-300 ] .
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| | Journal: Bioorg . Med . Chem . Lett . Citation: V : 9 ( 3 ) P : 425-30 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10091696 Accession (PMID): 10091696 | | Abstract: The first brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor is reported .
Among newly synthesized triazole derivatives , 4- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -2-phenyl-3- ( 1 , 2 , 4-triazoyl ) butan-2-ol ( 6 ) was found to inhibit the growth of cress seedlings , and this inhibition was recovered by the treatment of brassinolide , suggesting that compound 6 primarily inhibits brassinosteroid biosynthesis . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: Citation: V : 27 ( 2 ) P : 163-9 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10092937 Accession (PMID): 10092937 | | Abstract: Supplementation of semi-solid R2 culture medium with a commercial bovine haemoglobin ( Hb ) solution ( Erythrogen ) at 1 : 50-1 : 500 ( v : v ) , had beneficial effects on the growth , following cryopreservation , of cells of the Indica rice , Oryza sativa cv .
Pusa Basmati 1 .
The mean absorbance , as assessed by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction , of rice cells at 8 d post-thawing , was increased by up to 60% ( P < 0 . 05 ) , compared to cells recovered in the absence of Hb .
Erythrogen ( 1 : 50-1 : 500 v : v ) promoted an increase in biomass , of up to 25% over control ( P < 0 . 05 ) , at 24 d post-thawing .
Cell suspensions , re-established by transfer to liquid medium of cells initially thawed and cultured with Erythrogen for 24 d , exhibited increased ( up to 2-fold ) growth rates over a subsequent 20-d period , compared to cells recovered without Hb . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: J Biochem . Biophys . Methods Citation: V : 38 ( 3 ) P : 171-80 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10100948 Accession (PMID): 10100948 | | Abstract: The thermogenesis curves of the germination of different rice and tree seeds were determined and studied by using a newly constructed microcalorimeter .
The thermogenesis curves of the germination of the seeds demonstrate the existence of physiological triphasic patterns , which include imbibition , activation and growth stages in the germination process .
The thermodynamics and thermokinetics of the main growth phase of the growth stage in the germination process have been studied .
The growth heat effect ( deltaH ) , the growth rate constant ( k ) , the growth inhibitory factor ( s ) and deceleration rate constant ( beta ) have been determined and calculated , In addition , the experimental thermokinetic equations of the growth stage in the seed germination process have been established . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: Pediatrics Citation: V : 103 ( 4 ) P : e42 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10103334 Accession (PMID): 10103334 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the potential benefit of dietary supplementation of a rice-lentil ( Khitchri ) and yogurt diet with 3 mg/kg/d of elemental zinc ( as zinc sulfate ) in hospitalized malnourished children ( age 6-36 months ) with persistent diarrhea for 14 days .
METHODOLOGY : Randomized , double-blind placebo-controlled trial SETTING : Nutrition Research Ward at the National Institute of Child Health , Karachi , Pakistan , where children were admitted for 14 days of inpatient supervised rehabilitation .
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Primary outcome : overall weight gain by day 14 .
Secondary outcomes : overall energy intake , stool output , time to diarrheal recovery and weight gain ( >/=3 days ) , plasma zinc , copper , prealbumin , and insulin-like growth factor-1 .
RESULTS : Of 87 children randomized for supplementation with either zinc or placebo , the two groups were comparable at admission in terms of severity and duration of diarrhea , as well as nutritional and anthropometric parameters .
The overall weight gain , stool volume , stool frequency , as well as the time taken for diarrheal recovery or steady weight gain , were comparable for both supplemented children and controls .
Supplemented children had a significant improvement in plasma zinc levels and serum alkaline phosphatase by day 14 of therapy in comparison with controls .
Plasma copper levels were low in both groups at admission and although an increase was seen in control children , levels decreased further after zinc supplementation .
There was no significant difference between the two groups for hemoglobin , serum albumin , prealbumin , and plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 increments during the course of therapy .
Evaluation of primary and secondary outcome criteria among the subset of children with plasma zinc levels <60 microg/d at admission did not reveal any significant differences .
CONCLUSIONS : Although there was satisfactory recovery in malnourished children with persistent diarrhea receiving the Khitchri-yogurt diet , there was no evidence of improved weight gain or acceleration of recovery from diarrhea with zinc supplementation .
In contrast , the reduction in plasma copper levels in zinc-supplemented malnourished children suggests that caution should be exercised in supplementing severely malnourished children with zinc alone . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: Southeast Asian J Trop . Med . Public Health Citation: V : -1 P : 61-71 Year: 1976 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1027111 Accession (PMID): 1027111 | | Abstract: Annual population curves for C tritaeniorhynchus are presented for representative localities distributed from Pakistan , east through Southeast Asia and the Philippines and north to Japan and Korea .
In the dry temperature ( Pakistan ) and colder maritime climates ( Japan and Korea ) .
C tritaeniorhynchus populations apparently overwintered as hibernating adults , while in the warmer maritime climates ( Okinawa and Taiwan ) , gonotrophic activity and larval development continued throughout the winter months .
In these climatic types , the population curves closely paralleled the annual temperature curves .
In the tropical climates , however , temporal population patterns were closely related to available moisture either in the form of annual precipitation and/or rice irrigation .
The extremely variable environmental conditions tolerated C tritaeniorhynchus throughout its distribution attests to the physiological and ecological plasticity of this species and suggests that further ecological and genetic studies may reveal marked clinical variances among selected biological parameters .
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| | Journal: Citation: V : 35 ( 1 ) P : 22-30 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10319558 Accession (PMID): 10319558 | | Abstract: Rice agro-ecosystem of Kheda district in Central Gujarat was inhabited by 14 species of anophelines and 15 species of culicines .
Anopheles subpictus and Culex vishnui gr dominated the respective groups .
Species diversity in rice fields as well as in associated habitats remained high during non-monsoon ( rabi ) period .
There existed several positive and negative interspecific associations .
Malaria vector An . culicifacies showed positive association with An . subpictus , An . annularis , An . pallidus and Cx . quinquefasciatus but was found negatively associated with An . nigerrimus , Cx . vishnui and Cx . tritaeniorhynchus . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: Basic Life Sci .
Citation: V : 8 ( ) P : 269-80 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1032105 Accession (PMID): 1032105 | | Abstract: Quantitative expressions of character difference between reciprocal crosses have been studied by different researchers in a number of plant species , such as Epilobium , Zea mays , Oryza sativa , Hordeum sativum , Triticum aestivum , Trifolium hybridum , Linum usitatissimum , Nicotiana rustica , and others .
In all cases it was found that the nonequivalence of reciprocal crosses manifested itself beginning with the F1 generation , with the exception of some flax crosses in which reciprocals differed beginning with the F2 generation .
The nonequivalence of reciprocal crosses usually manifested itself in the inequality of their F1 and/or F2 or backcross means ; however , there were instances in which their means were the same but the variances were different .
Both matroclinous and patroclinous inheritances were reported in plants .
Because of the casual complexity of reciprocal differences the experimental results often lack a simple explanation . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: Schweiz . Rundsch . Med . Prax . Citation: V : 88 ( 14 ) P : 609-14 , 616-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10321121 Accession (PMID): 10321121 | | Abstract: Adverse reactions to food and food additives must be classified according to pathogenic criteria .
It is necessary to strictly differentiate between an allergy , triggered by a substance-specific immunological mechanism , and an intolerance , in which no specific immune reaction can be established .
In contrast to views expressed in the media , by laymen and patients , adverse reactions to additives are less frequent than is believed .
Due to frequently "alternative" methods of examination , an allergy to food additives is often wrongly blamed as the cause of a wide variety of symptoms and illness .
Diagnosing an allergy or intolerance to additives normally involves carrying out double-blind , placebo-controlled oral provocation tests with food additives .
Allergic reactions to food additives occur particularly against additives which are organic in origin .
In principle , it is possible that during the manufacture of genetically modified plants and food , proteins are transferred which potentially create allergies .
However , legislation exists both in the USA ( Federal Drug Administration , FDA ) and in Switzerland ( Ordinance on the approval process for GM food , GM food additives and GM accessory agents for processing ) which require a careful analysis before a genetically modified product is launched , particularly where foreign genes are introduced .
Products containing genetically modified organisms ( GMO ) as additives must be declared .
In addition , the source of the foreign protein must be identified .
The "Round-up ready" ( RR ) soya flour introduced in Switzerland is no different from natural soya flour in terms of its allergenic potential Genetically modified food can be a blessing for allergic individuals if gene technology were to succeed in removing the allergen ( eg such possibilities exist for rice ) .
The same caution shown towards genetically modified food might also be advisable for foreign food in our diet .
Luckily , the immune system of the digestive tract in healthy people tolerates foreign antigens .
Food allergies in adults occur mainly among those allergic to pollen .
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| | Journal: Mol . Gen . Genet . Citation: V : 261 ( 3 ) P : 487-94 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10323229 Accession (PMID): 10323229 | | Abstract: The segregation pattern and chromosomal location of a slender glume mutation , induced by gamma-ray irradiation , was investigated .
The mutation is genetically unstable : in the selfed progenies of slender glumed plants , not only plants with normal glumes but also plants that are chimeric for glume shape almost always appear at low frequency .
The results showed that the mutation is controlled by a single recessive , mutable mutant gene slg .
The frequency of reversion of slg to its wild-type state was little affected by crossing , back-crossing , genetic background or cytoplasmic factors .
Conventional trisomic and linkage analyses revealed that the slg locus was located close to the rfs ( rolled fine stripe leaf ) locus on chromosome 7 .
In a subsequent RFLP analysis , slg was found to be located between the two RFLP loci XNpb20 and XNpb33 , with recombination values of 3 . 0 and 3 . 2% , respectively .
Southern analysis indicated that the mutability of slg is caused by none of the known transposable elements in rice .
From these results , we infer that slg has a novel transposable DNA insert in its vicinity , which was possibly activated by gamma-ray irradiation . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: Arerugi Citation: V : 48 ( 1 ) P : 40-9 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10331306 Accession (PMID): 10331306 | | Abstract: An involvement of rice allergy in development and exacerbation of recalcitrant atopic dermatitis ( AD ) has been suggested in some cases , and it has been also known that elimination diet of rice results in improvement of AD and reduction of the doses of steroid ointment and anti-allergic drugs used for the treatment .
We prepared the hypoallergenic rice grain , AFT-R 1 ( Allergen-free Technology Lab . Inc . -Rice 1 ) , with alkali treatment from the rice material , Koshihikari , which is popular in Japan .
Its usefulness was evaluated clinically and serologically .
The serological study with IgE-ELISA showed that the major allergic protein were remarkably reduced to less than 1/6400 of them in the AFT-R 1 .
Then it was applied to the clinical trial , and evaluated as useful by the clinical effect in 14 ( 93% ) out of 15 patients , who were diagnosed to have rice allergy by the elimination ( in 15 case ) and ingestion ( in 12 cases ) of the regular rice .
The serum taken from the patient , whom the AFT-R 1 was evaluated as unuseful in the clinical trial , was shown to have IgE antibodies reactive to the remaining protein in AFT-R 1 by IgE-ELISA , and the 60 kd protein band was detected as an IgE-binding component of AFT-R 1 by IgE-immunoblotting with the same serum .
This 60 kd rice protein was identified as ADP ( UDP ) -glucose-starch glycosyl transferase ( EC : 2 . 4 . 1 . 21 ) by N-terminal amino acid analysis .
These results indicated that AFT-R 1 is very useful as a substitute of rice in many AD patients with rice allergy , although IgE-binding component such as the 60 kd protein is remaining in one . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA Citation: V : 96 ( 11 ) P : 5952-9 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10339523 Accession (PMID): 10339523 | | Abstract: Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L ) , rice ( Oryza sativa L ) , and maize ( Zea mays L ) provide about two-thirds of all energy in human diets , and four major cropping systems in which these cereals are grown represent the foundation of human food supply .
Yield per unit time and land has increased markedly during the past 30 years in these systems , a result of intensified crop management involving improved germplasm , greater inputs of fertilizer , production of two or more crops per year on the same piece of land , and irrigation .
Meeting future food demand while minimizing expansion of cultivated area primarily will depend on continued intensification of these same four systems .
The manner in which further intensification is achieved , however , will differ markedly from the past because the exploitable gap between average farm yields and genetic yield potential is closing .
At present , the rate of increase in yield potential is much less than the expected increase in demand .
Hence , average farm yields must reach 70-80% of the yield potential ceiling within 30 years in each of these major cereal systems .
Achieving consistent production at these high levels without causing environmental damage requires improvements in soil quality and precise management of all production factors in time and space .
The scope of the scientific challenge related to these objectives is discussed .
It is concluded that major scientific breakthroughs must occur in basic plant physiology , ecophysiology , agroecology , and soil science to achieve the ecological intensification that is needed to meet the expected increase in food demand . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: FEMS Microbiol . Lett . Citation: V : 174 ( 2 ) P : 371-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10339830 Accession (PMID): 10339830 | | Abstract: Two variants have been isolated from the wild-type Azospirillum lipoferum strain 4B .
The first variant , 4V ( I ) , spontaneously emerged from the wild-type at frequencies in the order of 10 ( -4 ) to 10 ( -3 ) per cell generation .
Compared to the wild-type , the 4V ( I ) variant gained ( production of a carotenoid-like pigment , assimilation of certain carbohydrates ) and lost ( swimming motility , reduction of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride , acid production from certain sugars ) apparently unrelated phenotypic characteristics .
Only from the 4V ( I ) variant , a second atypical stable form , variant 4V ( II ) , which acquired laccase activity and ability to produce melanin , appeared under very specific conditions , namely growth at extremely low oxygen concentrations .
Neither of the variants was able to revert to the parental phenotype .
The results suggest that atypical non-motile laccase-positive isolates of A lipoferum that are found in the rice rhizosphere originate from wild-type ( motile , laccase-negative ) cells via a two-step phenotypic switching event , a non-motile laccase-negative variant being an intermediate phase .
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| | Journal: Braz .
J Med . Biol . Res . Citation: V : 32 ( 4 ) P : 483-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10347814 Accession (PMID): 10347814 | | Abstract: Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase ( GGT-EC 2 . 3 . 2 . 2 ) activity and glutathione ( GSH ) content were measured in livers of female weanling Wistar rats ( N = 5-18 ) , submitted to rice-and-bean diets ( 13 and 6% w/w protein ) , both supplemented or not with DL-methionine ( 0 . 5 and 0 . 23 g/100 g dry diet , respectively ) .
After 28 days , the rats on the rice-and-bean diets showed significantly higher levels ( four times higher ) of liver GGT activity and a concomitant 50% lower concentration of liver GSH in comparison with control groups feeding on casein .
The addition of DL-methionine to rice-and-bean diets significantly increased the liver GSH content , which reached levels 50% higher than those found in animals on casein diets .
The increase in GSH was accompanied by a decrease in liver GGT activity , which did not reach levels as low as those observed in the control groups .
No significant correlation could be established between GGT and GSH changes under the present experimental conditions .
Linear correlation analysis only revealed that in animals submitted to unsupplemented rice-and-bean diets GSH concentration was positively associated ( P < 0 . 05 ) with weight gain , food intake and food efficiency .
GGT , however , was negatively correlated ( P < 0 . 05 ) with food intake only , and exclusively for supplemented rice-and-bean diets .
The high levels of GGT activity observed in the present study for rats receiving a rice-and-bean mixture could be a result of the poor quality of these diets associated with their deficiency in sulfur amino acids .
The results also suggest that diet supplementation with methionine could be important in the reduction of the deleterious effects of GSH depletion by restoring the intracellular concentration of this tripeptide . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 18 ( 2 ) P : 173-83 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10363369 Accession (PMID): 10363369 | | Abstract: The DNA-binding proteins PF1 and GT-2 are factors that bind to different functionally defined , positively acting cis-elements in the PHYA genes of oat and rice , respectively .
PF1 is an HMG-I/Y protein , with its cognate cis-element being an AT-rich sequence , designated PE1 , whereas GT-2 is a transcriptional activator with twin DNA binding domains that recognize a triplet of GT-boxes in a complex motif designated GTE .
To further define the DNA-binding activity of PF1 and to explore potential inter-relationships between the two factors , we have performed a series of in vitro DNA-binding experiments with both PE1 and GTE target sites .
The data show that , consistent with its membership of the HMG-I/Y protein family , PF1 can bend DNA when bound to PE1 .
In addition , PF1 can bind promiscuously , with varying affinity , to other AT-containing motifs , including GTE .
When co-incubated with GT-2 , PF1 enhances the specific DNA-binding activity of GT-2 toward GTE , the first report of such activity for a plant HMG-I/Y protein .
This enhancement takes place without demonstrable physical contact between the two proteins , suggesting the possibility of a novel , indirect mechanism of recruitment involving DNA target-site pre-conditioning .
The evidence indicates therefore that PF1 and GT-2 do not perform functionally equivalent roles in positively regulating oat and rice PHYA gene expression .
However , the data suggest the possibility that PF1 may act as an architectural factor , promiscuously recognizing a spectrum of AT-containing elements in plant promoters , with the general function of catalyzing enhanced binding of conventional cognate transcriptional regulators to these elements via DNA bending . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: Virology Citation: V : 259 ( 1 ) P : 176-89 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10364502 Accession (PMID): 10364502 | | Abstract: We have expressed the recombinant reverse transcriptase ( RT ) of bovine leukemia virus ( BLV ) in bacteria .
The gene encoding the RT was designed to start at its 5 end next to the last codon of the mature viral protease , namely the amino terminus of the RT matches the last 26 codons of the pro gene and is coded for by the pro reading frame .
The RT sequence extends into the pol gene , utilizing the pol reading frame after overcoming the stop codon by adding an extra nucleotide ( thus imitating the naturally occurring frameshift event ) .
Hence we have generated a transframe polypeptide that is a 584-residues-long protein ( see Rice , Stephens , Burny , and Gilden ( 1985 ) Virology 142 , 357-377 ) .
This protein was partially purified after adding a six-histidine tag and studied biochemically testing a variety of parameters .
The enzyme exhibits all activities typical of RTs , ie , both RNA and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase as well as a ribonuclease H ( RNase H ) activity .
Unlike most RTs , the BLV RT is enzymatically active as a monomer even after binding a DNA substrate .
The enzyme shows a preference for Mg2+ over Mn2+ in both its DNA polymerase and RNase H activities .
BLV RT is relatively resistant to nucleoside triphosphate analogues , which are known to be potent inhibitors of other RTs such as that of HIV .
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| | Journal: Plant Mol . Biol . Citation: V : 39 ( 6 ) P : 1101-12 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10380798 Accession (PMID): 10380798 | | Abstract: A genomic DNA fragment containing the 5-upstream sequence and part of the open reading frame corresponding to Triticum aestivum puroindoline-b cDNA , was isolated by inverse PCR .
Promoter fragments extending to -1068 , -388 , -210 or -124 upstream of the translation initiation ATG codon and the sequence coding for the first 13 amino acids of the puroindoline-b , were translationally fused to the uidA reporter gene encoding beta-glucuronidase and transferred to rice calli via particle bombardment-mediated transformation .
The 1068 bp and 124 bp promoters were also transcriptionally fused to the uidA reporter gene .
Out of the 196 plants regenerated from transformed rice calli , 118 plants set seeds .
No GUS activity was detectable in the stems , roots , leaves or pollen of the transgenic rice which had integrated the puroindoline-b promoter or its deletions ; GUS activity was detected only in seeds , except in those having integrated the 124 bp promoter .
Within seeds , histological localisation showed GUS activity as being restricted to the endosperm , aleurone cells and pericarp cell layers ; no GUS activity was detected in the embryonic axis .
Analysis of 5 promoter deletions identified the region between -388 and -210 as essential for endosperm expression , and the region between -210 and -124 as essential for expression in the epithelium of the scutellum .
No difference of expression was observed between the translational and transcriptional fusion genes . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| | Journal: Bioorg . Med . Chem . Lett . Citation: V : 9 ( 11 ) P : 1607-12 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10386945 Accession (PMID): 10386945 | | Abstract: Insights gained from a crystal structure of scytalone dehydratase led to the design of carboxamide inhibitors with a phenoxypropyl group substituted on the nitrogen atom Potent enzyme inhibitors were synthesized around this motif , the best of which provided excellent control of rice blast disease in greenhouse assays and outdoor field trials .
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| | Journal: Genetics Citation: V : 152 ( 3 ) P : 1137-72 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10388831 Accession (PMID): 10388831 | | Abstract: We have constructed a 1736-locus maize genome map containing1156 loci probed by cDNAs , 545 probed by random genomic clones , 16 by simple sequence repeats ( SSRs ) , 14 by isozymes , and 5 by anonymous clones .
Sequence information is available for 56% of the loci with 66% of the sequenced loci assigned functions .
A total of 596 new ESTs were mapped from a B73 library of 5-wk-old shoots .
The map contains 237 loci probed by barley , oat , wheat , rice , or tripsacum clones , which serve as grass genome reference points in comparisons between maize and other grass maps .
Ninety core markers selected for low copy number , high polymorphism , and even spacing along the chromosome delineate the 100 bins on the map .
The average bin size is 17 cM .
Use of bin assignments enables comparison among different maize mapping populations and experiments including those involving cytogenetic stocks , mutants , or quantitative trait loci .
Integration of nonmaize markers in the map extends the resources available for gene discovery beyond the boundaries of maize mapping information into the expanse of map , sequence , and phenotype information from other grass species .
This map provides a foundation for numerous basic and applied investigations including studies of gene organization , gene and genome evolution , targeted cloning , and dissection of complex traits .
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| | Journal: Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA Citation: V : 96 ( 14 ) P : 8265-70 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10393983 Accession (PMID): 10393983 | | Abstract: Comparative genomic analysis at the genetic-map level has shown extensive conservation of the gene order between the different grass genomes in many chromosomal regions .
However , little is known about the gene organization in grass genomes at the microlevel .
Comparison of gene-coding regions between maize , rice , and sorghum showed that the distance between the genes is correlated with the genome size .
We have investigated the microcolinearity at Lrk gene loci in the genomes of four grass species : wheat , barley , maize , and rice .
The Lrk genes , which encode receptor-like kinases , were found to be consistently associated with another type of receptor-like kinase ( Tak ) on chromosome groups 1 and 3 in Triticeae and on chromosomes homoeologous to Triticeae group 3 in the other grass genomes .
On Triticeae chromosome group 1 , Tak and Lrk together with genes putatively encoding NBS/LRR proteins form a cluster of genes possibly involved in signal transduction .
Comparison of the gene composition at orthologous Lrk loci in wheat , barley , and rice revealed a maximal gene density of one gene per 4-5 kb , very similar to the gene density in Arabidopsis thaliana .
We conclude that small and large grass genomes contain regions that are highly enriched in genes with very little or no repetitive DNA .
The comparison of the gene organization suggested various genome rearrangements during the evolution of the different grass species . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 3.00 |
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| | Journal: Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi Citation: V : 90 ( 5 ) P : 157-61 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10396871 Accession (PMID): 10396871 | | Abstract: A cross-sectional study on the association between the results of blood test and the blood concentration of PCB was conducted on the chronic Yusho patients .
The subjects were 265 Yusho patients ( 134 men and 131 women ) who received the annual nationwide health examination for Yusho in 1993 .
The results of the blood test and questionnaire survey at the annual health examination were used for the analyses using ANCOVA .
Serum levels of triglycerides , total cholesterol , GOT , GPT , gamma-GTP , total bilirubin , and conjugated bilirubin were associated with the blood concentration of PCB adjusting for sex , age , drinking habit , smoking habit and body mass index ( BMI ) .
Because the distribution of the serum levels was strongly skewed to the right except that of serum concentration of total cholesterol , they were log transformed to approximate to the Normal distribution .
The association between age and the blood concentration of PCB was significant ( P < 0 . 001 ) , although the associations of sex , drinking habit , smoking habit and BMI to the blood concentration of PCB were not significant .
With the adjustment for sex , age , drinking habit , smoking habit and BMI , the serum concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol were significantly associated with the blood PCB level expressed by loge ( blood concentration of PCB in ppb-1 ) ( P = 0 . 02 and P < 0 . 001 , respectively ) .
The associations of serum levels of GOT , GPT , gamma-GTP , total bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin to the PCB level were not significant .
The results of this study suggests the need of careful observation on the serum lipids of Yusho patients , especially those with high concentration of blood PCB , because the serum concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides are prominent risk factors of heart diseases . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi Citation: V : 90 ( 5 ) P : 246-50 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10396881 Accession (PMID): 10396881 | | Abstract: We studied the etiology of the elevation of serum creatin phosphokinase ( CK ) using the data from routine medical checkup of Kanemi Yusho patients during 1995 and 1997 .
We also studied the serum CK and blood urea nitrogen ( BUN ) in rats given the polychlolinated biphenyls as well as controls , and conducted optical microscopic observation of muscle it issue in rats given the polychlolinated biphenyls and control .
The patients with elevation of serum creatine phosphokinase also showed the elevation of BUN and polychlolinated biphenyls in their serum .
These are thought to be triggers of the elevation of CK in the serum .
However , animal experiments failed to yield the same results as human .
The rats given polycholorinated biphenyls showed atrophy of muscle fibers .
Accordingly , we were unable to clarify the etiology of CK elevation in humans and muscle atrophy in rats . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: J Am . Mosq . Control Assoc .
Citation: V : 15 ( 2 ) P : 92-7 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10412104 Accession (PMID): 10412104 | | Abstract: Aquatic habitats , mosquitoes , and larvivorous predators were studied on deforested lands in Central Sulawesi , Indonesia .
Open ground pools , mainly in depressions made by the treads of bulldozers and other heavy equipment , were numerous but because of their small size , comprised ca 1% or less of the total area of the deforested lands studied .
The dominant mosquitoes in these pools were Anopheles vagus , Culex vishnui , Culex tritaeniorhynchus , and Culex gelidus .
The 1st 2 species were dominant in clear pools , whereas the latter 2 species were dominant in turbid pools .
The dominant metazoans other than mosquitoes were Crustacea , Ephemeroptera , and Chironomidae .
Both aquatic and surface predators were abundant .
Dominant among aquatic predators were Anisoptera and Zygoptera nymphs , Dytiscidae , and Notonectidae .
These results are discussed in relation to mosquito control on deforested lands that transitionally but inevitably appear during the course of rice field development projects in Indonesia . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: J Comput .
Aided Mol . Des . Citation: V : 13 ( 4 ) P : 419-34 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10425606 Accession (PMID): 10425606 | | Abstract: In extension and improvement of previous results , a novel method is worked out for pharmacophore identification and activity prediction in structure-activity relationships .
In this method , as in our previous works , each molecular system ( conformation ) of the training set is described by a matrix with both electron structural parameters ( atomic charges , bond orders , etc ) and interatomic distances as matrix elements .
This description includes a rather full geometry of charge and/or reactivity distribution thus providing a much better representation of the molecular properties in their interaction with the target .
By multiple comparison of these matrices for the active and inactive compounds of the training set , a relatively small number of matrix elements are revealed that are common for all the active compounds and are not present in the same combination in the inactive ones .
In this way a set of electronic and geometry parameters is obtained that characterize the pharmacophore ( Pha ) .
A major improvement of this scheme is reached by introducing the anti-pharmacophore shielding ( APS ) and a proper treatment of the conformational problem .
The APS is defined as molecular groups and competing charges outside the basic skeleton ( the Pha plus the inert neighbor atoms that do not affect the activity ) that hinder the proper docking of the Pha with the bioreceptor thus diminishing ( partially or completely ) the activity .
A simple empirical formula is derived to estimate the relative contribution of APS numerically .
Two main issues are most affected by the APS : ( 1 ) the procedure of Pha identification is essentially simplified because only a small number of molecular systems with the highest activity and simplest structures ( systems without APS ) should be tried for this purpose ; ( 2 ) with the APS known numerically , we can make a quantitative ( or semiquantitative ) prediction of relative activities .
The contributions of different conformations ( of the same molecular system ) that possess the Pha and different APS is taken into account by means of a Boltzmann distribution at given temperatures .
Applied to an example , rice blast activity , this approach proved to be rather robust and efficient .
In validation of the method , the screening of 39 new compounds yields approximately 100% ( within experimental error ) prediction probability of the activity qualitatively ( yes , no ) , and with r2 = 0 . 66 quantitatively . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: Citation: V : 38 ( 3 ) P : 143-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10443336 Accession (PMID): 10443336 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Phytoestrogens are a major component of Asian diets and may be protective against certain hormone-dependent cancers ( breast and prostate ) and coronary heart disease .
They may also have antioxidant function in scavenging potentially harmful free radicals and thus decreasing oxidative attack on DNA .
AIMS OF THE STUDY : A pilot study to determine the effects of a phytoestrogen supplement , in the form of soy milk , on plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol levels and DNA damage in men .
METHODS : Ten healthy men participated in the study and were assigned to one of three groups consuming 1 litre of either soy milk , rice dream ( vegetable protein control ) or semi-skimmed cows milk ( animal protein control ) each day for 4 weeks .
RESULTS : The soy supplement caused significant increases in plasma genistein and daidzein concentrations despite considerable inter-individual variation ( P < 0 . 001 ) .
Supplementation with soy resulted in a decrease in oxidative damage to DNA bases detected using the comet assay compared with controls ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
However , there was no significant effect of the soy supplement on plasma cholesterol or triglyceride levels in comparison with control groups .
CONCLUSIONS : A 4 week soy milk supplementation in healthy volunteers does not alter serum cholesterol levels but can have a protective effect against oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: Biosci . Biotechnol . Biochem . Citation: V : 63 ( 7 ) P : 1160-4 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10478442 Accession (PMID): 10478442 | | Abstract: The effects of a mixture of organisms on cecal fermentation and cholesterol metabolism in sham-operated and cecectomized rats were investigated .
Male F344 rats , allocated into four groups : cecectomized rats fed a mixture of organisms ( CEMO ) , cecectomized rats fed rice bran ( CERB ) , sham-operated rats fed a mixture of organisms ( SHMO ) , and sham-operated rats fed rice bran ( SHRB ) for 4 weeks .
The diets had 0 . 5% cholesterol and 0 . 125% sodium cholate added .
There were no significant differences in the body weight gain and food intake among the groups .
The cecal pH in the SHMO group was significantly lower than that in the other groups .
The total cholesterol and ( VLDL + IDL + LDL ) -cholesterol concentrations in serum were significantly lower in the SHMO group than that in the SHRB group , and the triacylglycerol concentration in the sham-operated rats tended to decrease compared to the cecectomized rats .
The fecal cholesterol excretion in the CERB group was higher than that in the other groups , and that in the SHMO group was significantly higher than in the SHRB group .
The acetic acid , propionic acid , n-butyric acid , and total short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the cecum contents were significantly higher in the SHMO group than those in the other groups .
Streptococcus , Bifidobacterium , and Lactobacillus in the SHMO group tended to be higher than the other groups and Bacteroidaceae in the CEMO and CERB groups were significantly higher than that in the SHMO group .
The results demonstrate that the mixture of organisms was fermented with the cecal contents and that the metabolites such as short-chain fatty acid lowered the serum total cholesterol and liver cholesterol concentrations in the rats fed a cholesterol-containing diet .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 4.00 |
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| | Journal: Mycopathologia Citation: V : 144 ( 2 ) P : 103-13 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10481290 Accession (PMID): 10481290 | | Abstract: Thirty-four isolates of the eight most common Fusarium species isolated from Norwegian cereals ; F avenaceum , F culmorum , F equiseti , F graminearum , F poae , F sporotrichioides , F torulosum and F tricinctum were studied for their cytotoxicity and ability to produce mycotoxins .
The strains were cultivated on rice , and analysed for trichothecenes ( all species ) , zearalenone ( all species ) , fusarochromanone ( F equiseti ) , wortmannin ( F torulosum ) , moniliformin and enniatins ( F avenaceum , F tricinctum and F torulosum ) .
The cytotoxicity of the extracts were examined with an ( in vitro ) MTT-cell culture assay .
All F graminearum and five of seven F culmorum isolates belonged to chemotype IA , producing deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol , while the two other F culmorum strains were nivalenol producers ( chemotype II ) .
The F equiseti isolates and one of the F poae isolates produced both type A and B trichothecenes , and relatively large quantities of fusarochromanone were detected in the F equiseti cultures .
All Fusarium species studied showed significant cytotoxicity , but with a large variation between species , and also within each species .
F sporotrichioides and F equiseti showed the highest average cytotoxicity .
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Score: 5.00 |
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| | Journal: Anal Chem .
Citation: V : 71 ( 18 ) P : 4075-80 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10500491 Accession (PMID): 10500491 | | Abstract: Trichothecene mycotoxins in animal feed and human food can cause fatalities in livestock and disease in humans .
In addition , these toxins are suspected chemical warfare agents .
Therefore , development of a simple and sensitive method for the screening of trichothecenes is important to prevent economic loss and health hazards .
A simple and inexpensive method for the detection of type-B trichothecene mycotoxins has been developed in our laboratory .
By hydrolyzing the toxin under basic conditions at 80 degrees C for 1 h it is possible to detect the toxin with simple electrochemical techniques .
Deoxynivalenol ( DON ) , commonly known as vomitoxin , was used as a representative compound for type-B trichothecenes in this detection scheme .
The detection limit for DON using our procedures was determined to be 9 . 1 microM in solution , corresponding to 0 . 24 ppm in a 25-g grain sample if the final extraction volume is 2 . 2 mL .
The linear dynamic detection range was determined to be from 0 . 32 ppm to greater than 32 ppm .
In addition to standard solutions , this method was used on rice samples spiked with DON .
It was demonstrated that there is no electrochemical interference from rice extract and that 1 ppm of DON in rice samples can be quantified .
This method may be ideal for toxin screening in animal feeds or in runoff from sites that produce the compounds as chemical warfare agents .
Since the active moiety in DON is common to virtually all type-B trichothecenes , our approach may be ideal for type-specific screening . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: Citation: V : 53 ( 9 ) P : 726-33 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10509770 Accession (PMID): 10509770 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To investigate the effect of a breakfast cereal containing inulin on blood lipids and colonic ecosystem in normolipidemic young men .
SETTING : Department of Food Science and Microbiology , University of Milan , Italy .
SUBJECTS : Twelve healthy male volunteers , age 23 . 3 +/- 0 . 5 y , body mass index ( BMI ) 25 . 7 +/- 1 . 2 kg/m2 ( mean +/- s . e . m . ) .
INTERVENTIONS : Subjects consumed daily , for three periods of four weeks , 50 g of a rice-based ready-to-eat cereal ( placebo ) and the same cereal containing 18% inulin ( test ) in substitution of their habitual breakfast , then returned to the habitual diet ( wash-out ) .
They followed no other dietary restrictions .
RESULTS : No changes in body weight , dietary habits , faecal and bile acid output , faecal short-chain fatty acid ( SCFA ) and faecal pH , were observed at the end of each period , whereas plasma total cholesterol and triacylglycerols significantly decreased at the end of test period by 7 . 9 +/- 5 . 4 ( P < 0 . 05 ) and 21 . 2 +/- 7 . 8% ( P < 0 . 005 ) respectively .
Meal glucose tolerance test ( MTT ) resulted in the same incremental area under the curve for both cereals ( IAUC test 124 +/- 35 ; placebo 118 +/- 33 mmol x min/l , ns ) .
Inulin markedly enhanced breath H2 excretion ( IAUC test 280 +/- 40 ; placebo 78 +/- 26 ppm x h , P < 0 . 005 ) , as well as faecal concentration of L-lactate .
Total facultative anaerobes significantly decreased after test , and bifidobacteria increased after correction for total anaerobes ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
Changes in blood lipids were negatively correlated with bifidobacteria counts and positively with secondary bile acid excretion ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
CONCLUSIONS : Inulin seems to have a lipid lowering potential in normolipidemic men possibly mediated by mechanisms related to colonic fermentation .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| | Journal: Mol .
Cells Citation: V : 9 ( 4 ) P : 436-9 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10515609 Accession (PMID): 10515609 | | Abstract: Highly efficient cell synchronization and metaphase chromosome accumulation in rice root tip cells were achieved .
Flow cytometric analysis was performed for obtaining optimal parameters to synchronize the cell cycles .
High mitotic indices ( about 57 . 6% in root tip meristemic area ) were obtained by treating seedlings with 0 . 5 cm length using 0 . 5 mM hydroxyurea at 30 degrees C for 4 h , incubating in a hydroxyurea-free solution for 30 min , and then treating with 0 . 3 microM trifluralin for 3 h .
After trifluralin treatment , incubation in distilled water for 15 min reduced chromosome clumping on metaphase spread .
Uniformity of seed germination at the time of treatment is a critical parameter for obtaining high metaphase index Isolated rice chromosomes were suitable for flow cytometric analysis and chromosome sorting .
The morphology of flow sorted metaphase chromosomes was intact . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: J Agric .
Food Chem .
Citation: V : 47 ( 7 ) P : 2724-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10552553 Accession (PMID): 10552553 | | Abstract: High-purity gamma-oryzanol was obtained from crude rice bran oil using a normal-phase preparative scale HPLC .
A reverse-phase HPLC method was used for separating the individual components of gamma-oryzanol present in rice bran oil .
Ten fractions were isolated and collected using the reverse-phase HPLC method , and their structures were identified .
Identification was accomplished using GC/MS with an electron impact mass spectrum after components were transformed into trimethylsilyl ether derivatives .
The 10 components of gamma-oryzanol were identified as Delta ( 7 ) -stigmastenyl ferulate , stigmasteryl ferulate , cycloartenyl ferulate , 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate , Delta ( 7 ) -campestenyl ferulate , campesteryl ferulate , Delta ( 7 ) -sitostenyl ferulate , sitosteryl ferulate , compestanyl ferulate , and sitostanyl ferulate .
Three of these , cycloartenyl ferulate , 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate , and campesteryl ferulate , were major components of gamma-oryzanol .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: J Agric .
Food Chem .
Citation: V : 47 ( 8 ) P : 3372-80 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10552660 Accession (PMID): 10552660 | | Abstract: The antibiotic Ao58A , which showed strong antifungal activity against some plant pathogenic fungi , was purified from the culture broth and mycelial mats of Micromonospora coerulea strain Ao58 using various chromatographic procedures .
The molecular formula of the antibiotic Ao58A was deduced to be C ( 16 ) H ( 23 ) NO ( 4 ) ( M + H , m/z 294 . 1707 ) by high-resolution FAB mass spectroscopy .
Analyses of ( 1 ) H NMR , ( 13 ) C NMR , and 2D NMR spectral data revealed that the antibiotic Ao58A is the glutarimide antibiotic streptimidone , 4- ( 2-hydroxy-5 , 7-dimethyl-4-oxo-6 , 8-nonadienyl ) -2 , 6-piperidinedione .
The antibiotic Ao58A was very effective in inhibiting growth of Phytophthora capsici , Didymella bryoniae , Magnaporthe grisea , and Botrytis cinerea in the range approximately 3-10 microg mL ( - ) ( 1 ) of MICs .
In vivo evaluation of the antibiotic Ao58A under greenhouse condition showed strong control efficacies against the development of P capsici , B cinerea , and M grisea on pepper , cucumber , and rice plants , respectively .
The antibiotic Ao58A was equally as effective as metalaxyl , vinclozolin , and tricyclazole in the control of these plant diseases .
However , it did not show any phytotoxicity on the plants even when treated with 500 microg mL ( - ) ( 1 ) .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: J Agric .
Food Chem .
Citation: V : 47 ( 10 ) P : 4353-6 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10552815 Accession (PMID): 10552815 | | Abstract: Volatiles were obtained from commercially prepared and laboratory-prepared rice cakes using high-flow dynamic headspace isolation with Tenax trapping .
Analysis was carried out by capillary GC/MS .
More than 60 compounds were identified .
Major volatiles included 1-hydroxy-2-propanone , furfuryl alcohol , 2 , 5-dimethylpyrazine , 2-methylpyrazine , pyrazine , hexanal , furfural , pentanol , 3-hydroxy-2-butanone ( acetoin ) , and ethyl-3 , 6-dimethylpyrazine .
Although not ideally applicable to a dry product , concentration/threshold ratios indicated that the compounds with a high probability of contributing to the aroma and flavor included 3-methylbutanal , dimethyl trisulfide , 2-ethyl-3 , 5-dimethylpyrazine , 4-vinylguaiacol , hexanal , ( E , E ) -2 , 4-decadienal , 2-methylbutanal , 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline , 1-octen-3-ol , and 1-octen-3-one . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: Citation: V : 121 ( 3 ) P : 813-820 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10557229 Accession (PMID): 10557229 | | Abstract: WPK4 , a gene encoding a putative protein kinase , was initially identified in wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and shown to be up-regulated by light , nutrient deprivation , and cytokinins .
To confirm that WPK4 has protein kinase activity , the protein was produced in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase .
The purified protein exhibited autophosphorylation activity and phosphorylated both myelin basic protein and a peptide fragment of rice 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase .
Levels of WPK4 transcripts in wheat seedlings were increased and decreased by the removal and addition of sucrose ( Suc ) , respectively , to the culture medium .
The introduction of the N-terminal kinase region of WPK4 into the yeast snf1 mutant cells , which can not utilize Suc as a carbon source , rescued growth in Suc-containing medium .
Cytokinins up-regulated the accumulation of WPK4 transcripts , but their effects were cancelled by the addition of Suc .
Our results suggest that Suc negatively regulates the signaling pathway in which transcriptional activation of WPK4 is mediated by cytokinins .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA Citation: V : 96 ( 23 ) P : 13542-7 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10557357 Accession (PMID): 10557357 | | Abstract: Fungal pathogens perceive and respond to molecules from the plant , triggering pathogenic development .
Transduction of these signals may use heterotrimeric G proteins , and it is thought that protein phosphorylation cascades are also important .
We have isolated a mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog from the corn pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus to test its role as a component of the transduction pathways .
The new gene , CHK1 , has a deduced amino acid sequence 90% identical to Pmk1 of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea and 59% identical to Fus3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae .
A series of chk1 deletion mutants has poorly developed aerial hyphae , autolysis , and no conidia .
No pseudothecia are formed when a cross between two Deltachk1 mutants is attempted .
The ability of Deltachk1 mutants to infect corn plants is reduced severely .
The growth pattern of hyphae on a glass surface is strikingly altered from that of the wild type , forming coils or loops , but no appressoria .
This set of phenotypes overlaps only partially with that of pmk1 mutants , the homologous gene of the rice blast fungus .
In particular , sexual and asexual sporulation both require Chk1 function in Cochliobolus heterostrophus , in contrast to Pmk1 , but perhaps more similar to yeast , where Fus3 transmits the mating signal Chk1 is required for efficient colonization of leaf it issue , which can be compared with filamentous invasive growth of yeast , modulated through another closely related mitogen-activated protein kinase , Kss1 .
Ubiquitous signaling elements thus are used in diverse ways in different plant pathogens , perhaps the result of coevolution of the transducers and their targets .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: DNA Seq .
Citation: V : 10 ( 1 ) P : 31-5 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10565542 Accession (PMID): 10565542 | | Abstract: We determined the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding the catalase ( CAT ) isolated from wheat ( Triticum aestivum L ) .
The deduced amino acid sequence suggests that this wheat catalase isozyme shared higher amino acid homology with group I CATs of barley CAT-1 , rice CAT B and maize CAT-1 and CAT-2 but lower homology with group II CATs of barley CAT-2 , rice CAT A and maize CAT-3 .
Both group I and II specific sequences of Ser-Arg-Leu and Ser-Ser-Ser , respectively considered as peroxisomal targeting signals were found first in monocot plant of wheat .
Functionally important amino acids at active center and heme-binding sites detected in all other plant catalase were conserved .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: Mol . Gen . Genet . Citation: V : 262 ( 3 ) P : 493-500 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10589837 Accession (PMID): 10589837 | | Abstract: Tourist-OsaCatA , a transposable element , was found in the 5-flanking region of the rice gene CatA .
The characteristics of this element are similar to those of the other Tourist elements so far found in Oryza sativa .
PCR and sequence analyses of 37 accessions of 18 species revealed that all the Oryza species examined , except for one accession , have either a full-length or a partial Tourist element at this locus .
Unlike the Tourist elements previously reported , this Tourist element is found in all four Oryza species complexes in the Oryzeae tribe .
All AA genome Oryza species , except O longistaminata , contain the full-length Tourist element .
O longistaminata and the species of the O officinalis , O meyeriana and O ridleyi complexes contain the partial element .
A phylogenetic tree of Oryza species based on the nucleotide sequences of these Tourist elements was constructed .
The O longistaminata accessions were placed near the neighboring cluster of the officinalis complex We propose that the ancestor of O longistaminata and that of other species with the AA genome diverged , and the ancestor ( s ) of the O officinalis , O ridleyi and O meyeriana complexes then diverged from the ancestor of O longistaminata in the course of the evolution of the Oryza species .
The Tourist elements associated with CatA and its orthologs thus provide useful tools for examining evolutionary relationships among Oryza species . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 3.00 |
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| | Journal: Lipids Citation: V : 34 ( 11 ) P : 1151-7 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10606037 Accession (PMID): 10606037 | | Abstract: The triterpene alcohol constituents of the non-saponifiable lipids of two Theaceae seed oils , sasanqua and camellia oils , and two Gramineae seed oils , wheat germ and rice bran oils , were investigated .
This led to the isolation and characterization of one acyclic and eight incompletely cyclized triterpene alcohols .
They are camelliol A , camelliol B , camelliol C , achilleol A , helianol , isohelianol , sasanquol , graminol A [ ( 13R , 14R ) -3 , 4-seco-25 ( 10->9 ) abeo-8alpha , 9beta , 10al phapodioda-4 , 17 , 21 -trien-3-ol ] , and ( 2Z , 6Z , 10Z , 14E , 18E ) -farnesyl-farnesol .
Two other compounds isolated were characterized as ( 2Z , 6Z , 10E , 14E ) -geranylfarnesol , a sesterterpene alcohol , and phytol , a diterpene alcohol .
Graminol A and ( 2Z , 6Z , 10E , 14E ) -geranylfarnesol are considered to be new natural products .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: Electrophoresis Citation: V : 20 ( 17 ) P : 3472-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10608717 Accession (PMID): 10608717 | | Abstract: We have used three kinds of stresses , including the signaling compound jasmonic acid , an environmental stressor , UV irradiation , and a heavy metal salt copper chloride , to study changes in the protein patterns in rice ( Oryza sativa L ) leaf it issues using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis .
However , instead of using lysis buffer containing urea ( OFarrell , J Biol . Chem . 1975 , 250 , 4007-4021 ) for extraction of proteins from rice seedling it issues , we used Tris-HCl buffer ( commonly used for extraction of proteins for separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ) for extraction of proteins and resolved these extracted proteins by the usual method of OFarrell .
Furthermore , the induction of a large number of proteins was clearly observed over controls .
No spots corresponding to these induced proteins were found in the control experiment , indicating qualitative changes in protein patterns after various stress treatments .
A total of 12 out of 13 proteins could be N-terminally sequenced from jasmonic acid-treated rice leaf it issues , and one protein was sequenced from UV-irradiated leaf it issues .
These proteins showed high homology to pathogenesis-related ( thaumatin-like protein , a PR5 class protein ; a beta-1 , 3-glucanase precursor ; an intracellular PR protein encoded by PBZ1 gene , and an antifungal protein ) and cellular protectant ( glutathione transferase , EC 2 . 5 . 1 . 18 ; and ascorbate peroxidase ) proteins , from plants , including rice .
Results presented here suggest a role for jasmonic acid in the self-defense mechanisms of rice plants . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: J Clin . Microbiol . Citation: V : 38 ( 1 ) P : 341-4 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10618112 Accession (PMID): 10618112 | | Abstract: A standardized reference method for dermatophyte in vitro susceptibility testing is lacking .
In a previous study , Norris et al ( H A Norris , B E Elewski , and M A Ghannoum , J Am . Acad . Dermatol . 40 ( 6 , part 2 ) : S9-S13 ) established the optimal medium and other growth variables .
However , the earlier study did not address two issues : ( i ) selection of an optimal medium for conidial formation by dermatophytes and ( ii ) validation of the method with a large number of dermatophytes .
The present study addresses these two points .
To select which agar medium best supported conidial growth , representative isolates of dermatophytes were grown on different agars .
Preliminary experiments showed that only oatmeal cereal agar supported the production of conidia by Trichophyton rubrum .
We tested the abilities of 251 T rubrum isolates to form conidia using three different cereal agars and potato dextrose agar .
Overall , oatmeal cereal and rice agar media were comparable in their abilities to support T rubrum conidial growth .
Next , we used the oatmeal cereal agar for conidial formation along with the optimal conditions for dermatophyte susceptibility testing proposed by Norris et al and determined the antifungal susceptibilities of 217 dermatophytes to fluconazole , griseofulvin , itraconazole , and terbinafine .
Relative to the other agents tested , terbinafine possessed the highest antifungal activity against all of the dermatophytes .
The mean +/- standard error of the mean MICs of fluconazole , itraconazole , terbinafine , and griseofulvin were 2 . 07 +/- 0 . 29 , 0 . 13 +/- 0 . 01 , 0 . 002 +/- 0 . 0003 , and 0 . 71 +/- 0 . 05 microgram/ml , respectively .
This study is the first step in the identification of optimal conditions that could be used for the standardization of the antifungal susceptibility testing method for dermatophytes .
Inter and intralaboratory agreement as well as clinical correlations need to be established .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: Anticancer Res .
Citation: V : 19 ( 5A ) P : 3651-7 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10625933 Accession (PMID): 10625933 | | Abstract: Although scientific evidence is relatively limited , rice bran oil ( RBO ) is tenaciously believed to be a healthy vegetable oil in Asian countries .
It exerts hypocholesterolemic activity in relation to more commonly used vegetable oils and is characterized by a relatively high content of non-fatty acid components , some of which are known to have beneficial health effects .
Components specific for RBO such as gamma-oryzanol and tocotrienols could participate in its hypocholesterolemic effects .
In addition , blending RBO with safflower oil , but not with sunflower oil , may magnify the hypocholesterolemic efficacy .
This observation is of particular interest with regard to dietary intervention with RBO .
The possible mechanism underlying this effect may at least in part be related to the specific triglyceride structure of safflower oil , differing from that of sunflower oil .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: J Pediatr . Gastroenterol . Nutr . Citation: V : 30 ( 1 ) P : 68-72 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10630442 Accession (PMID): 10630442 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Addition of a medication to the World Health Organization protocol for treatment of acute diarrhea in children is controversial In this trial , the clinical efficacy of a medication ( Lactol Fort sachets ; Laboratoire du Lactol du Docteur Boucard , Houdan France ) containing lyophilized heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB was assessed as an adjunct to oral rehydration therapy .
METHODS : Children aged 3 to 24 months with acute diarrhea and mild or moderate dehydration were enrolled in the study .
Children received oral rehydration therapy for the first 4 hours .
After this first rehydration phase , undiluted milk formula or breast milk was fed alternately with oral rehydration solution .
Children were fed rice gruel as tolerated .
They received either one sachet containing 10 billion of lyophilized heat-killed L acidophilus LB or placebo at admission and at 12-hour intervals for five doses .
RESULTS : Seventy-three children ( 37 L acidophilus LB , 36 placebo ) were enrolled , of whom 40 ( 17 L acidophilus LB , 23 placebo ) received an antibiotic before inclusion .
Rotavirus was identified in approximately 50% of the children in each group .
After 24 hours of treatment , the number of rotavirus-positive children with watery stools was significantly lower ( p = 0 . 012 ) in the L acidophilus LB group .
Mean duration of diarrhea was decreased ( p = 0 . 034 ) with L acidophilus LB ( 43 . 4 hours ) versus placebo ( 57 . 0 hours ) .
This decreased duration was particularly marked in children with no antibiotic therapy before inclusion ( 31 . 1 hours ) : 42 . 9 hours for the L acidophilus LB group versus 74 . 0 hours for the placebo group ( p = 0 . 016 ) .
CONCLUSIONS : Addition of L acidophilus LB to oral rehydration therapy was effective in the treatment of children with acute diarrhea by decreasing the duration of diarrhea . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: Citation: V : 38 ( 5 ) P : 241-6 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10654161 Accession (PMID): 10654161 | | Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the precaecal digestibility as a quantitative measure for the intestinal availability of naturally occurring thiamin from selected foods and feedstuffs .
Therefore , three experiments were conducted to examine the following foods and feedstuffs : Eggs , bananas , white cabbage , corn , milk , fish , barley , soybeans , rice , wheat bran , brewers yeast , rye and soybean meal The foods and food processing procedures were made with regard to their relevance in human and animal nutrition .
For all experiments male pigs with an initial live weight between 33 and 40 kg were fitted with an end-to-end ileo-rectal anastomosis with preserved ileo-caeco-colicvalve .
Three weeks after surgery , the digestibility trials were carried out from week 4 to week 9 and week 12 to week 17 after surgery .
The animals were fed the individual experimental diets for a period of 12 days while digesta were collected twice a day quantitatively during the final 5 days of this period .
Precaecal digestibility for thiamin from all tested foods and feedstuffs was within a range from 73% to 94% with the highest values from boiled soybeans , boiled rice and barley , and the lowest value from steamed fish .
In comparison with the animal products the plant products show on average a nearly equal precaecal digestibility for thiamin ( 87 . 3% versus 83 . 5% ) .
Moreover , all tested foods and feedstuffs exhibit a relatively good intestinal availability of thiamin .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: Br . Poult . Sci . Citation: V : 40 ( 5 ) P : 660-6 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10670679 Accession (PMID): 10670679 | | Abstract: 1 .
Seven-day old male broilers ( n=900 ) were fed on wheat-sorghum-soyabean meal-based diets containing 3 concentrations of phytic acid ( 10 . 4 , 13 . 2 and 15 . 7 g/kg ; equivalent to 2 . 9 , 3 . 7 and 4 . 4 g/kg phytate phosphorus ) , 2 of non-phytate phosphorus ( 2 . 3 and 4 . 5 g/kg ) and 3 of microbial phytase ( Natuphos 5000 L ; 0 , 400 and 800 FTU/kg ) in a 19-d trial The dietary phytic acid contents were manipulated by the inclusion of rice pollard .
2 .
Each dietary treatment was fed to 5 pens ( 10 birds/pen ) from 7 to 25 d of age .
Records of body weight , food intake and mortality were maintained .
On d 25 , all surviving birds were killed and toe samples were obtained for toe ash measurements .
3 .
Increasing dietary phytic acid negatively influenced body weight gain , food intake and food/gain .
These adverse effects were partially overcome by the addition of microbial phytase .
4 .
Supplemental phytase caused improvements in weight gain and food efficiency of broilers but the magnitude of the responses was greater in low non-phytate phosphorus diets , resulting in significant non-phytate phosphorus x phytase interactions .
5 .
Toe ash contents were improved by phytase addition but the response was greater at the highest concentration of phytic acid , resulting in a significant phytic acid x phytase interaction .
Responses were also greater in low non-phytate phosphorus diets as indicated by significant non-phytate phosphorus x phytase interaction .
6 .
In general , there was very little difference in the responses to phytase additions at 400 and 800 FTU/kg .
7 .
The performance responses to added phytase in birds receiving adequate non-phytate phosphorus diets provide evidence for the influence of the enzyme on animal performance independent of its effect on phosphorus availability .
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Score: 8.00 |
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| | Journal: Southeast Asian J Trop . Med . Public Health Citation: V : 30 ( 1 ) P : 68-77 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10695792 Accession (PMID): 10695792 | | Abstract: A questionnaire survey with parasitological study was carried out on the inhabitants of 4 villages in Barru district , Sulawesi , Indonesia from 1994 to 1995 .
The questionnaire dealt with life style and sanitary conditions .
In 482 houses in the 4 villages , interviews for the items of the questionnaire were conducted with the owner , housekeeper and children of the same family .
In Pancana and Lalolang , 37 . 7% and 50% respectively of man inhabitants surveyed were fishermen , while in Lompo Riaja and Pattappa , 38 . 6% and 65 . 5% respectively were farmers .
The highest proportion of official workers was 33 . 7% in Lompo Riaja .
Educational level was low ; 88 . 4% in Pancana , 90 . 4% in Lalolang , 62 . 1% in Lompo Riaja and 91 . 2% in Pattappa had elementary or below elementary school education .
In Lompo Riaja , 30 . 8% of the inhabitants graduated from senior high school or university .
The percentage of families having their own latrine was 30 . 3% in Pancana , 13 . 2% in Lalolang , 31 . 9% in Pattapa and 60% in Lompo Riaja .
The people without latrines usually defecated in rice fields , seaside or riverside .
A total of 654 fecal samples was examined by the modified Kato-Katz thick smear method .
Five nematode species , Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura , Necator americanus , Strongyloides stercoralis and unidentified Rhabditoids of free-living nature were detected .
Cestode , Hymenolepis nana infection was confirmed .
All the hookworms examined by the modified Harada-Mori culture technic were Necator americanus .
Trichuris infection was most common , followed by hookworm and Ascaris infections , both in young ( aged 4-14 ) and older ( aged over 15 ) age groups .
The prevalence of hookworm infection was significantly higher in males than in females of older age .
Among the older age group , the prevalence of Trichuris infection was significantly lower in Lompo Riaja , while hookworm infection was the highest in Pattappa .
Among all the inhabitants examined for parasite infection , 17 . 4% had 3 kinds of nematode , Ascaris , Trichuris and hookworm .
However , egg counts revealed that most of the inhabitants with Trichuris or hookworm had light infections .
The inhabitants with higher education background had significantly lower infection rates of Ascaris and Trichuris .
The prevalence of hookworm infection was not significantly different between the inhabitants owning latrine and without it , but the prevalence of Ascaris and Trichuris , differed significantly .
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| | Journal: Citation: V : 13 ( 4 ) P : 215-9 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10707343 Accession (PMID): 10707343 | | Abstract: Pearl millet and sorghum offer a cheap source of energy compared to wheat and rice and are widely consumed by rural communities in many parts of the world .
Due to the low consumption of vegetables and animal foods , millets also are the major suppliers of micronutrients especially for low-income groups .
It is of prime importance to study how millets perform in terms of bioavailable contents of trace metals .
Investigations were carried out using weanling mice which offer a model for the initial testing of bioavailability of trace metals before human trials .
Four isocaloric diets differing only in the type of cereal , ie pearl millet , sorghum , wheat and rice , were prepared representing habitual dietary patterns observed by National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau ( NNMB ) of India .
Mice were allocated randomly to 4 groups of 8 mice each , and housed individually in metal free metabolic cages .
A fifth group of 8 mice fed a balanced synthetic diet served as control .
All the groups were fed ad libitum .
The absorption of zinc and iron averaged for 3 periods of 5 days each was significantly higher for the wheat and pearl millet group than for the other 2 experimental groups ( p < 0 . 05 ) , as were also the levels of liver zinc and iron .
The weight gain was also highest ( 6 . 9 +/- 1 . 2 g ) in the pearl millet group as compared to sorghum ( 1 . 58 +/- 0 . 59 g ) , wheat ( 1 . 66 +/- 1 . 27 g ) and rice ( -0 . 72 +/- 0 . 62 g ) groups .
The levels of liver copper were comparable in all the 5 groups .
These results further confirm our earlier in vitro results indicating the superiority of pearl millet but not sorghum in bioavailability of zinc and iron .
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Score: 4.00 |
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| | Journal: Mol .
Plant Microbe Interact .
Citation: V : 13 ( 3 ) P : 334-41 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10707359 Accession (PMID): 10707359 | | Abstract: A resistance ( R ) gene-rich 2S chromosomal segment from Triticum ventricosum contains a cereal cyst nematode ( CCN ; Heterodera avenae ) R gene locus CreX and a closely linked group of genes ( Sr38 , Yr17 , and Lr37 ) that confer resistance to stem rust ( Puccinia graminis f . sp . tritici ) , stripe rust ( P striiformis f . sp . tritici ) , and leaf rust ( P recondita f . sp . tritici ) when introgressed into wheat .
The 2S chromosomal segment from T ventricosum is further delineated in translocations onto chromosome 2A of bread wheat , where the rust genes are retained but not the CreX gene .
Using these critical genetic stocks , we have isolated family members of R gene analogs that are associated with either the 2S segment from T ventricosum carrying the CreX locus or the rust genes .
Derivatives of the Cre3 candidate R gene sequence and a rice ( Oryza sativa ) R gene analog that mapped to the 2S homologous chromosome groups in wheat were used to isolate related gene sequences from T ventricosum that contain a nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat domain .
The potential of these gene sequences as entry points for isolating candidate genes or gene family members of the CreX or rust genes and their further applications to plant breeding are discussed . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| | Journal: Sci .
Total Environ .
Citation: V : 247 ( 1 ) P : 1-13 Year: 2000 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10721138 Accession (PMID): 10721138 | | Abstract: The objectives of the present study are : ( a ) to clarify the current levels of environmental exposure to lead ( Pb ) and cadmium ( Cd ) in Shaanxi Province in China in comparison with levels in other parts of mainland China ; ( b ) to examine if there is any urban-rural difference in Pb and Cd exposure ; and ( c ) to quantify the role of cereals as the dietary source of environmental exposure to these metals .
For this purpose , triplet surveys on lead and cadmium exposure were conducted in the provincial capital of Xian and two farming villages A and B in Shaanxi Province , China in 1997 .
The grand geometric mean for lead ( Pb ) intake via foods ( Pb-F ) , Pb in blood ( Pb-B ) and Pb in urine as corrected for creatinine concentration ( Pb-Ucr ) were 30 micrograms/day , 33 micrograms/l and 5 micrograms/g creatinine , respectively , with significant differences among the survey sites , eg Pb-B being higher in Xian ( 43 micrograms/l ) than in the two villages ( 38 and 22 micrograms/l ) .
The counterpart values for cadmium ( Cd ) intake via foods ( Cd-F ) , Cd in blood ( Cd-B ) and Cd in urine ( Cd-Ucr ) were 6 . 1 micrograms/day , 0 . 46 microgram/l and 2 . 8 micrograms/g creatinine , respectively , with no substantial inter-survey site difference .
Thus , it was possible to conclude that , from comparison with the values reported in 1990s literature , the exposure of Shaanxi people to Pb and Cd is no higher than , and even possibly lower than , the levels reported for people in other parts of mainland China .
The exposure to Cd was almost exclusively from foods , whereas the exposure to air-borne Pb was large enough in Xian to explain higher Pb-B and Pb-Ucr than the level in Village B despite lower Pb-F in Xian than in Village B Cereals ( wheat , rice , maize and foxtail millet ) contributed 26 and 84% of dietary Pb and Cd intake , respectively .
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