| 5176 matches found in 3667 documents. Search time: 0.088 seconds. |
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| Title: Infection-related development in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea .
| | Journal: Curr . Opin . Microbiol . Citation: V : 1 ( 6 ) P : 693-7 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10066544 Accession (PMID): 10066544 | | Abstract: Recent developments have been made in the identification of signal transduction pathways and gene products involved in the infection-related development of the rice blast fungus , Magnaporthe grisea .
It has been established that cAMP-dependent and MAP kinase-mediated signaling are both critical for appressorium morphogenesis and function .
These signaling pathways may act downstream of hydrophobin-mediated surface sensing by the growing germ tube .
Several genes have been identified that are required for invasive growth of M grisea including genes that allow adaptation of fungal metabolism to growth within plant it issues . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: It has been established that cAMP-dependent and MAP kinase-mediated signaling are both critical for appressorium morphogenesis and function .
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| Title: Large-scale sequencing of plant genomes .
| | Journal: Curr . Opin . Plant Biol .
Citation: V : 1 ( 2 ) P : 136-41 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10066574 Accession (PMID): 10066574 | | Abstract: The large number of ESTs generated for Arabidopsis and rice in recent years now act as an important complement to whole genome sequencing projects .
The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative has begun a coordinated effort to sequence the entire genome and , as a result , increasing numbers of large sequence entries can be found in the public databases .
In addition , the mitochondrial genome of Arabidopsis has been completely sequenced .
Genome sequencing studies and the public sequence databases have begun to influence the direction of diverse areas of research from physiology to evolution .
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[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The large number of ESTs generated for Arabidopsis and rice in recent years now act as an important complement to whole genome sequencing projects .
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| Title: Organization of the 1 . 9-kb repeat unit RCE1 in the centromeric region of rice chromosomes .
| | Journal: Mol . Gen . Genet . Citation: V : 261 ( 1 ) P : 1-10 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10071204 Accession (PMID): 10071204 | | Abstract: This paper presents the first report on the structure of a 14-kb centromere sequence in a cereal genome that includes 1 . 9-kb direct repeats .
The cereal centromeric sequence ( CCS1 ) conserved in some Gramineae species contains a 17-bp motif similar to the CENP-B box , which serves as the binding site for the centromere-specific protein CENP-B in human .
To isolate centromeric units from rice ( Oryza sativa L ) , we performed PCR using the CENP-B box-like sequences ( CBLS ) as primers .
A 264-bp clone was amplified by this method , and called RCS1516 .
It appeared to be a novel member of the CCS1 family , sharing about 60% identity with the CCS1 sequences of other cereals .
Then , a 14-kb genomic clone , lambda RCB11 , carrying the RCS1516 sequence was isolated and sequenced .
It was found to contain three copies of a 1 . 9-kb direct repeat , RCE1 , separated by 5 . 1 and 1 . 7-kb .
A 300-bp sequence at the 3 end of RCE1 is highly conserved in all three copies ( >90% ) and is almost identical to the RCS1516 sequence including the CBLS motif .
The copy number of RCE1 was estimated to range from 10 ( 2 ) to 10 ( 3 ) in the haploid genome of rice .
Cloned RCE1 units were used for fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH ) analysis , and signals were observed on almost every primary constriction of rice chromosomes .
Thus it was concluded that RCE1 is a significant component of the rice centromere .
The lambda RCB11 clone contained at least four A/T-rich regions , which are candidate for matrix attachment regions ( MARs ) , in the sequences between the RCE1 repeats .
Other elements that are homologous to the short centromeric repetitive sequences pSau3A9 and pRG5 , detected in both sorghum and rice , were also found in the clone . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: The copy number of RCE1 was estimated to range from 10 ( 2 ) to 10 ( 3 ) in the haploid genome of rice .
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| Title: Needs assessment following hurricane Georges--Dominican Republic , 1998 .
| | Journal: MMWR Morb .
Mortal Wkly . Rep . Citation: V : 48 ( 5 ) P : 93-5 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10072265 Accession (PMID): 10072265 | | Abstract: Hurricane Georges struck the Carribean Islands in September 1998 , causing numerous deaths and extensive damage throughout the region .
The Dominican Republic was hardest hit , with approximately 300 deaths ; extensive infrastructure damage ; and severe agricultural losses , including staple crops of rice , plantain , and cassava .
Two months after the hurricane , the American Red Cross ( ARC ) was asked to provide food to an estimated 170 , 000 families affected by the storm throughout the country .
To assist in directing relief efforts , CDC performed a needs assessment to estimate the food and water availability , sanitation , and medical needs of the hurricane-affected population .
This report summarizes the results of that assessment , which indicate that , 2 months after the disaster , 40% of selected families had insufficient food > or =5 days per and 28% of families reported someone in need of medical attention .
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[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Two months after the hurricane , the American Red Cross ( ARC ) was asked to provide food to an estimated 170 , 000 families affected by the storm throughout the country .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: To assist in directing relief efforts , CDC performed a needs assessment to estimate the food and water availability , sanitation , and medical needs of the hurricane-affected population .
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| Title: Use of urea-molasses-multinutrient block and urea-treated rice straw for improving dairy cattle productivity in Vietnam .
| | Journal: Prev . Vet . Med . Citation: V : 38 ( 2-3 ) P : 187-93 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10081798 Accession (PMID): 10081798 | | Abstract: After conducting a preliminary survey , a feeding trial was carried out to determine the effect of urea-molasses-multinutrient block ( UMMB ) and urea-treated rice straw ( UTRS ) as a feed supplement on the productivity of dairy cows .
Sixty Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows on 11 smallholder farms were divided equally into control , UMMB and UTRS supplementation groups .
Milk yield and feed intake were recorded daily .
Milk fat content , body weight and body condition score ( BSC ) of each cow were determined at two week intervals .
Milk samples for progesterone analysis were collected once a week commencing one month after parturition .
Data were recorded for date of onset of ovarian activity , estrus , insemination , and conception rate .
Milk production increased by 10 . 3-11 . 9% and milk fat content increased by 3-5% , therefore , profit for farmers increased by US $0 . 55-0 . 73 per cow per day ( exchange rate US $1 = VN $11 , 000 ) .
The intervals from calving to onset of ovarian activity ( 91-94 days ) , to estrus ( 110-114 days ) , to conception ( 121-122 days ) and the calving interval ( 13 . 4-13 . 6 months ) in the trial groups were significantly shorter than those in the control group ( 112 , 135 , 152 days and 14 . 4 months , respectively . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Data were recorded for date of onset of ovarian activity , estrus , insemination , and conception rate .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The intervals from calving to onset of ovarian activity ( 91-94 days ) , to estrus ( 110-114 days ) , to conception ( 121-122 days ) and the calving interval ( 13 . 4-13 . 6 months ) in the trial groups were significantly shorter than those in the control group ( 112 , 135 , 152 days and 14 . 4 months , respectively .
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| Title: The utilization of dietary protein by Nigerian men .
| | Journal: Br .
J Nutr .
Citation: V : 36 ( 3 ) P : 337-51 Year: 1976 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1009067 Accession (PMID): 1009067 | | Abstract: 1 .
The excretion of urinary and faecal nitrogen by young Nigerian men of a low income group was found to vary significantly between subjects , but was not significantly different in the same subject , when they were given a mixed diet composed of rice , vegetables and fish on two separate occasions .
At the levels of energy and protein supplied by this diet the men gained or lost small amounts of weight , mean values indicating N equilibrium , the variation around the mean being high .
2 .
The correlation between the urinary and faecal N of these men was significantly negative at and below the level of N equilibrium , becoming positive 2-3 weeks after they had consumed the above diet supplemented by 400 g of lean beef per day , and had already established considerable rates of gain in body-weight and N retention .
The diets were made isoenergetic by adding the beef at the expense of cassava flour and red palm oil .
3 .
The physiological processes involved in the adaptation , by young Nigerian men of low income , to a highly efficient use of low-protein diets are discussed in relation to the biological value and true digestibility of those diets , and to the safe level of protein intake and protein-energy ratios proposed by FAO/WHO ( 1973 , 1975 ) .
4 .
It is concluded that the protein requirements of apparently healthy men can only be established in the context of their ecological , socio-economic and nutritional backgrounds .
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[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The correlation between the urinary and faecal N of these men was significantly negative at and below the level of N equilibrium , becoming positive 2-3 weeks after they had consumed the above diet supplemented by 400 g of lean beef per day , and had already established considerable rates of gain in body-weight and N retention .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: It is concluded that the protein requirements of apparently healthy men can only be established in the context of their ecological , socio-economic and nutritional backgrounds .
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| Title: Diet and gastric cancer in Portugal--a multivariate model .
| | Journal: Eur .
J Cancer Prev .
Citation: V : 8 ( 1 ) P : 41-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10091042 Accession (PMID): 10091042 | | Abstract: Diet and gastric cancer mortality in Portugal was studied using a multivariate ecological model .
The factors investigated over 18 districts were the relationship between gastric cancer mortality ( 1994-96 ) , dietary habits , and socio-economic factors ( 1980-81 ) .
Mortality geographical pattern was established using age-standardized mortality rates , per capita dietary consumption of foodstuffs and nutrients was obtained from the National Alimentary Survey ( 1980-81 ) , and data on socio-economic factors from the 1981 National Census .
Pearson correlation coefficients and simple and multiple linear regression models were used .
The mortality geographical pattern resembled a north-south gradient , and dietary habits and socio-economic factors had great variability throughout the country .
The highest negative correlation coefficients between dietary consumption and gastric cancer mortality were obtained for vegetables , fruit , vitamin A and carotene consumption , and the highest positive coefficients were for rice , wine and carbohydrate consumption .
No significant correlations were obtained for socio-economic factors .
In multiple regression analysis , vegetable and rice consumption could account for 79% of the gastric cancer mortality variability for males , and vegetable and meat consumption could account for 69% of this variability for females .
Interestingly , meat consumption was found to be protective .
A mean increase of 100 g/person/day in vegetable consumption would imply a mean predicted decrease of 10 ( 95% CI 6-14 ) and 5 ( 95% CI 3-7 ) gastric cancer deaths per 100 , 000 persons/year , for males and females respectively , in simple regression analysis .
Such a decrease represents about one-third of the mean national gastric cancer mortality rate .
Therefore , an increase in vegetable consumption is strongly recommended . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Mortality geographical pattern was established using age-standardized mortality rates , per capita dietary consumption of foodstuffs and nutrients was obtained from the National Alimentary Survey ( 1980-81 ) , and data on socio-economic factors from the 1981 National Census .
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| Title: Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against fumitremorgin B | | Journal: Biomed . Environ . Sci . Citation: V : 11 ( 4 ) P : 336-44 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10095931 Accession (PMID): 10095931 | | Abstract: This paper reports the preparation and identification of two monoclonal antibodies against FTB , and the establishment of an indirect competitive ELISA methods for FTB determination in buckwheat , rice , and corn .
Two of the hybridoma cell lines ( 1C9 and 2D10 ) , which could produce specific antibodies against fumitremorgin B ( FTB ) , were selected and developed .
The affinity Kaff constants of the monoclonal antibodies with the coating antigen , FTBS-IgG , were found to be 6 x 10 ( 8 ) M-1 and 9 . 8 x 10 M-1 , respectively .
The isotypes of the monoclonal antibodies are of two isotypes , IgG1 and IgM , respectively .
The antibody titers were found around 1 x 10 ( 6 ) and 1 . 5 x 10 ( 6 ) .
The standard curves showed that as little as 5 pg of FTB in 50 mL could be detected , and the linear range of standard curve was from 10 pg to 1000 pg of standard FTB .
There were no cross-reaction for McAbs in the assay system with some mycotoxins tested .
The mean recovery rate from buckwheat spiked with 10-60 ng/g of FTB was 78-88 . 7% . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: This paper reports the preparation and identification of two monoclonal antibodies against FTB , and the establishment of an indirect competitive ELISA methods for FTB determination in buckwheat , rice , and corn .
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| Title: Determination of the thermogenesis curves and studies of the thermodynamics and thermokinetics of seed germination .
| | Journal: J Biochem . Biophys . Methods Citation: V : 38 ( 3 ) P : 171-80 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10100948 Accession (PMID): 10100948 | | Abstract: The thermogenesis curves of the germination of different rice and tree seeds were determined and studied by using a newly constructed microcalorimeter .
The thermogenesis curves of the germination of the seeds demonstrate the existence of physiological triphasic patterns , which include imbibition , activation and growth stages in the germination process .
The thermodynamics and thermokinetics of the main growth phase of the growth stage in the germination process have been studied .
The growth heat effect ( deltaH ) , the growth rate constant ( k ) , the growth inhibitory factor ( s ) and deceleration rate constant ( beta ) have been determined and calculated , In addition , the experimental thermokinetic equations of the growth stage in the seed germination process have been established . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The growth heat effect ( deltaH ) , the growth rate constant ( k ) , the growth inhibitory factor ( s ) and deceleration rate constant ( beta ) have been determined and calculated , In addition , the experimental thermokinetic equations of the growth stage in the seed germination process have been established .
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| Title: Pharmacoeconomics of the therapy of diarrhoeal disease .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 2 ( 4 ) P : 305-23 Year: 1992 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10150156 Accession (PMID): 10150156 | | Abstract: We review the pathophysiology of intestinal water and electrolyte transport leading to diarrhoea , the currently available pharmacological strategies for its treatment , and the economic implications of such treatments .
Diarrhoea occurs most frequently and is associated with highest mortality in children under 5 .
Oral rehydration therapy ( ORT ) is the cornerstone of its management .
The safety and efficacy of ORT in the prevention of death from dehydration , both in field and also in hospital settings , are now well established .
Because it is also inexpensive , ORT is widely applicable worldwide .
More recently , rice-based ORT has emerged , based on well known traditional remedies for diarrhoea in southeast Asia and the Far East Rice-based ORT has the advantage of being more culturally acceptable , readily available even in rural homes in developing countries , and is more effective in reducing stool output and the duration of diarrhoea , compared with conventional glucose-electrolyte solutions such as World Health Organization ORT .
For infants , the well known antidiarrhoeal properties of human milk needs emphasis for a variety of reasons including economic ones .
Data concerning the economic benefits to a nations health budget as a result of nationwide implementation of oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) use are limited .
Available data from individual centres in developing countries , if projected to national level , would incur considerable economic advantage .
Except for a few notable infections such as shigellosis , cholera , amoebiasis and giardiasis , the widespread use of antibiotics in acute diarrhoea , still a common practice in many developing countries , has no proven value and may be detrimental The economic implications of antibiotic abuse in the treatment of diarrhoea in developing countries is enormous .
Despite the availability of a wide spectrum of pharmacological agents for diarrhoea reviewed in this article , only a few such agents are of proven clinical efficacy : corticosteroids , aminosalicylates and immunosuppressants in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and opioid derivatives such as loperamide which may be useful in protracted diarrhoea in children and in disorders where rapid gastrointestinal transit is the main cause of diarrhoea .
Opioids are not recommended for acute infective diarrhoea in childhood .
Octreotide , a somatostatin analogue , is reported to be useful in the treatment of secretory diarrhoea due to noninfective causes and in the treatment of intractable diarrhoea associated with AIDS .
Its high cost and need for parenteral administration prevent its wider application . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS ) | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The safety and efficacy of ORT in the prevention of death from dehydration , both in field and also in hospital settings , are now well established .
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| Title: Purification , characterization , and application of an acid urease from Arthrobacter mobilis .
| | Journal: J Biotechnol .
Citation: V : 68 ( 2-3 ) P : 227-36 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10194859 Accession (PMID): 10194859 | | Abstract: It has been shown that urea in fermented beverages and foods can serve as a precursor of ethylcarbamate , a potential carcinogen , and acid urease is an effective agent for removing urea in such products .
We describe herein the purification and characterization of a novel acid urease from Arthrobacter mobilis SAM 0752 and show its unique application for the removal of urea from fermented beverages using the Japanese rice wine , sake , as an example .
The purified acid urease showed an optimum pH for activity at pH 4 . 2 .
The enzyme exhibited an apparent K ( m ) for urea of 3 . 0 mM and a Vmax of 2370 mumol of urea per mg and min at 37 degrees C and pH 4 . 2 .
Gel permeation chromatographic and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretic analyses showed that the enzyme has an apparent native molecular weight ( M ( r ) ) of 290 , 000 and consisted of three types of subunit proteins ( M ( r ) , 67 , 000 , 16 , 600 , 14 , 100 ) denoted by alpha , beta , and gamma .
The most probable stoichiometry of the subunits was estimated to be alpha : beta : gamma = 1 : 1 : 1 , suggesting the enzyme subunit structure of ( alpha beta gamma ) 3 .
The enzyme also existed as an aggregated form with an M ( r ) of 580 , 000 .
The purified enzyme contained 2 g-atom of nickel per alpha beta gamma unit of the enzyme .
Enzyme activity was inhibited by acetohydroxamic acid , HgCl2 , and CuCl2 .
The isoelectric point of the native enzyme was estimated by gel electrofocusing to be 6 . 8 .
Urea ( 50 ppm ) , which was exogenously added to sake ( pH 4 . 4 , 17 +/- 1% ( v/v ) ethanol ) , was completely decomposed by incubation with the enzyme ( 0 . 09 U ml-1 ) at 15 degrees C for 13 days .
The enzyme was unstable at temperatures higher than 65 degrees C and pHs lower than 4 , and was completely inactivated under the conditions of a pasteurization step involved in the traditional sake-making processes .
These results indicate that the enzyme is applicable to the elimination of urea in fermented beverages with minimal modification to the conventional process . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The most probable stoichiometry of the subunits was estimated to be alpha : beta : gamma = 1 : 1 : 1 , suggesting the enzyme subunit structure of ( alpha beta gamma ) 3 .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: The isoelectric point of the native enzyme was estimated by gel electrofocusing to be 6 . 8 .
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| Title: Selection of RNA replicons capable of persistent noncytopathic replication in mammalian cells .
| | Journal: J Virol .
Citation: V : 73 ( 5 ) P : 3854-65 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10196280 Accession (PMID): 10196280 | | Abstract: The natural life cycle of alphaviruses , a group of plus-strand RNA viruses , involves transmission to vertebrate hosts via mosquitoes .
Chronic infections are established in mosquitoes ( and usually in mosquito cell cultures ) , but infection of susceptible vertebrate cells typically results in rapid shutoff of host mRNA translation and cell death .
Using engineered Sindbis virus RNA replicons expressing puromycin acetyltransferase as a dominant selectable marker , we identified mutations allowing persistent , noncytopathic replication in BHK-21 cells .
Two of these adaptive mutations involved single-amino-acid substitutions in the C-terminal portion of nsP2 , the viral helicase-protease .
At one of these loci , nsP2 position 726 , numerous substitution mutations were created and characterized in the context of RNA replicons and infectious virus .
Our results suggest a direct correlation between the level of viral RNA replication and cytopathogenicity .
This work also provides a series of alphavirus replicons for noncytopathic gene expression studies ( E V Agapov , I Frolov , B D Lindenbach , B M Prgai , S Schlesinger , and C M Rice , Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA 95 : 12989-12994 , 1998 ) and a general strategy for selecting RNA viral mutants adapted to different cellular environments .
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[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Chronic infections are established in mosquitoes ( and usually in mosquito cell cultures ) , but infection of susceptible vertebrate cells typically results in rapid shutoff of host mRNA translation and cell death .
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| Title: Contribution of methanotrophic and nitrifying bacteria to CH4 and NH4+ oxidation in the rhizosphere of rice plants as determined by new methods of discrimination | | Journal: Citation: V : 65 ( 5 ) P : 1826-33 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10223965 Accession (PMID): 10223965 | | Abstract: Methanotrophic and nitrifying bacteria are both able to oxidize CH4 as well as NH4+ .
To date it is not possible to estimate the relative contribution of methanotrophs to nitrification and that of nitrifiers to CH4 oxidation and thus to assess their roles in N and C cycling in soils and sediments .
This study presents new options for discrimination between the activities of methanotrophs and nitrifiers , based on the competitive inhibitor CH3F and on recovery after inhibition with C2H2 .
By using rice plant soil as a model system , it was possible to selectively inactivate methanotrophs in soil slurries at a CH4/CH3F/NH4+ molar ratio of 0 . 1 : 1 : 18 .
This ratio of CH3F to NH4+ did not affect ammonia oxidation , but methane oxidation was inhibited completely .
By using the same model system , it could be shown that after 24 h of exposure to C2H2 ( 1 , 000 parts per million volume ) , methanotrophs recovered within 24 h while nitrifiers stayed inactive for at least 3 days .
This gave an "assay window" of 48 h when only methanotrophs were active .
Applying both assays to model microcosms planted with rice plants demonstrated a major contribution of methanotrophs to nitrification in the rhizosphere , while the contribution of nitrifiers to CH4 oxidation was insignificant .
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[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: To date it is not possible to estimate the relative contribution of methanotrophs to nitrification and that of nitrifiers to CH4 oxidation and thus to assess their roles in N and C cycling in soils and sediments .
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| Title: Molecular characterization of transforming plasmid rearrangements in transgenic rice reveals a recombination hotspot in the CaMV 35S promoter and confirms the predominance of microhomology mediated recombination .
| | Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 17 ( 6 ) P : 591-601 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10230059 Accession (PMID): 10230059 | | Abstract: The characterization of plasmid-genomic DNA junctions following plant transformation has established links between DNA double-strand break repair ( DSBR ) , illegitimate recombination and plasmid DNA integration .
The limited information on plasmid-plasmid junctions in plants comes from the dicot species tobacco and Arabidopsis .
We analyzed 12 representative transgenic rice lines , carrying a range of transforming plasmid rearrangements , which predominantly reflected microhomology mediated illegitimate recombination involving short complementary patches at the recombining ends .
Direct end-ligation , in the absence of homology between the recombining molecules , occurred only rarely .
Filler DNA was found at some of the junctions .
Short , purine-rich tracts were present , either at the junction site or in the immediate flanking regions .
Putative DNA topoisomerase I binding sites were clustered around the junctions .
Although different regions of the transforming plasmid were involved in plasmid-plasmid recombination , we showed that a 19 bp palindromic sequence , including the TATA box of the CaMV 35S promoter , acted as a recombination hotspot .
The purine-rich half of the palindromic sequence was specifically involved at the recombination junctions .
This recombination hotspot is located within the highly recombinogenic region of the full-length CaMV RNA that has been shown to promote viral recombination in dicot plants .
Clustering of plasmid recombination events in this highly recombinogenic region , even in the absence of viral enzymes and other cis-acting elements proves that the plant cellular machinery alone is sufficient to recognize and act on these viral sequences .
Our data also show the similarity between mechanisms underlying junction formation in dicot and monocot plants transformed using different procedures . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The characterization of plasmid-genomic DNA junctions following plant transformation has established links between DNA double-strand break repair ( DSBR ) , illegitimate recombination and plasmid DNA integration .
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| Title: Application of restriction fragment fingerprinting with a rice microsatellite sequence to assembling rice YAC clones .
| | Journal: Genome Citation: V : 42 ( 2 ) P : 330-7 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10231964 Accession (PMID): 10231964 | | Abstract: To refine the current physical map of rice , we have established a restriction fragment fingerprinting method for identifying overlap between pairs of rice yeast artificial chromosome ( YAC ) clones and defining the physical arrangement of YACs within contiguous fragments ( contigs ) .
In this method , Southern blots of rice YAC DNAs digested with a restriction endonuclease are probed with a rice microsatellite probe , ( GGC ) 5 .
The probe produces a unique fingerprint profile characteristic of each YAC clone .
The profile is then digitized , processed in a computer , and a statistic that represents the degree of overlap between two YACs is calculated .
The statistics have been used to detect overlaps among YAC clones , thereby filling a gap between two neighbouring contigs and organizing overlapping rice YAC clones into contiguous fragments .
We applied this method to rearranging YACs that had previously been assigned to rice chromosome 6 by anchoring with RFLP markers . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: To refine the current physical map of rice , we have established a restriction fragment fingerprinting method for identifying overlap between pairs of rice yeast artificial chromosome ( YAC ) clones and defining the physical arrangement of YACs within contiguous fragments ( contigs ) .
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| Title: Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with constipation in an elderly Asian community .
| | Journal: Am .
J Gastroenterol .
Citation: V : 94 ( 5 ) P : 1283-91 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10235208 Accession (PMID): 10235208 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : We surveyed elderly individuals in an Asian community to determine the prevalence of constipation and its association with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors .
This information will be used to plan a health promotion program for the elderly .
METHODS : A random sample of 2807 residents aged > or = 60 yr in Singapore were interviewed in their homes , using a standardized questionnaire .
The response rate was 87 . 4% ( n = 2454 ) .
RESULTS : The overall age and gender-adjusted prevalence rate of functional constipation was 11 . 6 per 100 persons ( 95% confidence interval [ CI ] , 11 . 4-11 . 7 ) .
There were no gender or ethnic differences in constipation rates .
Increased rates of constipation were significantly associated with advancing age .
We found a significant dose-response relationship of increased constipation rates with decreased intake of rice , increased intake of Chinese tea , and number of chronic illnesses and medications , after controlling for potential confounders .
Constipation was also significantly associated with lower intake of fruits and vegetables , but no dose-response gradient was seen .
CONCLUSIONS : Patients taking many medications should be monitored for constipation and given advice to avoid constipating factors .
Further studies are needed to establish the causal-effect relationship of rice and Chinese tea with constipation .
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[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Further studies are needed to establish the causal-effect relationship of rice and Chinese tea with constipation .
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| Title: Costs of illness : United States , 1980 .
| | Journal: Citation: V : -3 P : 1-90 Year: 1986 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10313412 Accession (PMID): 10313412 | | Abstract: The total costs of illness and injury in the US civilian noninstitutionalized population in 1980 amounted to $381 . 7 billion .
The direct costs of illness and injury--resource expenditures for the diagnosis , treatment , and management of medical and dental conditions--were $153 . 9 billion , or 40 . 3 percent of total costs .
Indirect costs--economic losses from morbidity and mortality--were $227 . 9 billion , or 59 . 7 percent of total costs .
Of indirect costs , $104 . 9 billion resulted from productivity losses because of morbidity , and $123 . 0 billion represent the present value of lost productivity from premature mortality based on a net effective discount rate of 4 percent .
These estimates , based on data from the 1980 .
National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey ( NMCUES ) , differ from other estimates of the costs of illness and injury in 1980 ( Gibson and Waldo , 1982 ; Rice , Hodgson , and Kopstein , 1985 ) .
The differences , which can be resolved , are attributable to two major factors : ( 1 ) NMCUES includes only the civilian noninstitutionalized population , but the other estimates include the institutionalized population and the military ; and ( 2 ) NMCUES indirect cost estimates for the population unable to work include persons who were retired for health reasons in 1979 and 1980 , disabled homemakers , and other persons who were disabled for the entire year 1980 but were not retired for health reasons in 1979 , but the Rice et al estimates do not include the last two categories in the population unable to work .
The principal NMCUES findings on the total costs of illness in the civilian noninstitutionalized population reinforce the importance of considering distributional effects .
Persons 65 years of age and over represent one-tenth of this population yet account for more than one-fourth of direct costs and more than their share of total costs , even though the institutionalized elderly are excluded .
More than two-thirds of total costs for this age category are accounted for by direct costs .
Direct costs also account for more than two-thirds of total costs for people under 17 years of age .
However , this youngest age category , which constitutes over one-fourth of the civilian noninstitutionalized population , generates only 12 . 3 percent of direct costs .
In contrast , indirect costs account for well more than 60 percent of total costs for the working-age population ( 17-64 years of age ) .
Within the working-age population , per capita direct costs are highest among persons who are not full participants in the work force , many of whom are not working full time or at all because of injury or ill health . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS ) | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 3.00 ]: The differences , which can be resolved , are attributable to two major factors : ( 1 ) NMCUES includes only the civilian noninstitutionalized population , but the other estimates include the institutionalized population and the military ; and ( 2 ) NMCUES indirect cost estimates for the population unable to work include persons who were retired for health reasons in 1979 and 1980 , disabled homemakers , and other persons who were disabled for the entire year 1980 but were not retired for health reasons in 1979 , but the Rice et al estimates do not include the last two categories in the population unable to work .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: These estimates , based on data from the 1980 .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey ( NMCUES ) , differ from other estimates of the costs of illness and injury in 1980 ( Gibson and Waldo , 1982 ; Rice , Hodgson , and Kopstein , 1985 ) .
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| Title: Biology of the rice rat ( Oryzomys palustris natator ) in a laborabory environment .
X Postweaning growth of the skull .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 94 ( 3 ) P : 356-68 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1032076 Accession (PMID): 1032076 | | Abstract: A survey of skull development of the rice rat ( Oryzomys palustris natator ) covering a period of 21 days to 16 months involving equal numbers of males and females ( 108 ) was undertaken using various skull parameters .
Sexual dimorphism in relation to body weight and length emerged before that of the skull which was only clearly marked by 2 months .
A number of the skull parameters by virtue of their individual growth potential did not show sexual differences in size for a long time , whereas others were clearly marked .
Once the differences between the sexes had been established they were maintained .
One parameter - lenght of cranium - represents those parameters which show changes and it was found that the male rat continued to show a steady linear increase in length up to 16 months , whereas the female cranial length shows a deceleration with termination around 12 months .
The skull differences are mirrored in the weight and length findings and it suggested that the earlier sexual maturity of the females is compensated by an earlier cessation of growth compared to the males which mature later and have a correspondingly later cessation .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Once the differences between the sexes had been established they were maintained .
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| Title: [ Food additives and genetically modified food--a risk for allergic patients? ] | | Journal: Schweiz . Rundsch . Med . Prax . Citation: V : 88 ( 14 ) P : 609-14 , 616-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10321121 Accession (PMID): 10321121 | | Abstract: Adverse reactions to food and food additives must be classified according to pathogenic criteria .
It is necessary to strictly differentiate between an allergy , triggered by a substance-specific immunological mechanism , and an intolerance , in which no specific immune reaction can be established .
In contrast to views expressed in the media , by laymen and patients , adverse reactions to additives are less frequent than is believed .
Due to frequently "alternative" methods of examination , an allergy to food additives is often wrongly blamed as the cause of a wide variety of symptoms and illness .
Diagnosing an allergy or intolerance to additives normally involves carrying out double-blind , placebo-controlled oral provocation tests with food additives .
Allergic reactions to food additives occur particularly against additives which are organic in origin .
In principle , it is possible that during the manufacture of genetically modified plants and food , proteins are transferred which potentially create allergies .
However , legislation exists both in the USA ( Federal Drug Administration , FDA ) and in Switzerland ( Ordinance on the approval process for GM food , GM food additives and GM accessory agents for processing ) which require a careful analysis before a genetically modified product is launched , particularly where foreign genes are introduced .
Products containing genetically modified organisms ( GMO ) as additives must be declared .
In addition , the source of the foreign protein must be identified .
The "Round-up ready" ( RR ) soya flour introduced in Switzerland is no different from natural soya flour in terms of its allergenic potential Genetically modified food can be a blessing for allergic individuals if gene technology were to succeed in removing the allergen ( eg such possibilities exist for rice ) .
The same caution shown towards genetically modified food might also be advisable for foreign food in our diet .
Luckily , the immune system of the digestive tract in healthy people tolerates foreign antigens .
Food allergies in adults occur mainly among those allergic to pollen .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: It is necessary to strictly differentiate between an allergy , triggered by a substance-specific immunological mechanism , and an intolerance , in which no specific immune reaction can be established .
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| Title: [ Determination of food oral-colon transit time with breath hydrogen test ] | | Journal: Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi Citation: V : 32 ( 5 ) P : 306-8 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10322780 Accession (PMID): 10322780 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To establish a method to determine food oral-colon transit time ( OCTT ) .
METHODS : OCTT was determined for five groups of food rich in carbohydrate in 13 healthy adults with breath hydrogen test ( BHT ) using lactulose as control .
RESULTS : OCTT was 90 . 0 +/- 50 . 6 min , 237 +/- 64 . 9 min , 341 . 3 +/- 77 . 9 min and 352 . 5 +/- 59 . 5 min , respectively for lactulose syrup , sweet potato , steamed bun and corn flour , and OCTT could not identified for rice and rice with ground meat due to hydrogen production only in few study subjects or no rising in hydrogen value .
OCTT inversely correlated with peak hydrogen value ( r = -0 . 6625 ) and correlated with the time of peak hydrogen value and food absorption rate ( r = 0 . 7668 and 0 . 8790 ) .
CONCLUSION : BHT is a simple , reliable , non-invasive and feasible method to determine food OCTT .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : To establish a method to determine food oral-colon transit time ( OCTT ) .
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| Title: Human leptospirosis in the Mekong delta , Viet Nam .
| | Journal: Trans .
R Soc . Trop . Med . Hyg . Citation: V : 92 ( 6 ) P : 625-8 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10326104 Accession (PMID): 10326104 | | Abstract: To estimate the seroprevalence of human leptospirosis in the Mekong delta in Viet Nam , an epidemiological survey was conducted in the province of Tien Giang , which is representative of the socioeconomic activities of the region ( rice growing and cattle breeding ) .
A cross-sectional study included 35 clusters representing 1400 people randomly selected and aged 15-60 years .
Sex , age , occupation , contact with animals , type of water supply , and individual habits were recorded .
Leptospiral agglutinins were detected by the microagglutination test , with a battery of 22 live antigens representing the main pathogenic serogroups of Leptospira species and additional local strains .
263 sera ( 18 . 8% ) gave positive results and 41 ( 2 . 9% ) had a titre of agglutinins > or = 400 , suggesting recent infection .
No significant difference was found between females and males .
The distribution of seroprevalence was homogeneous throughout the population studied , with the exception of the 15-25 years age group , in which leptospiral antibodies were less frequent .
Fifteen serogroups were found , the most prevalent being Bataviae ( 21 . 7% ) , Panama ( 15 . 2% ) , Icterohaemorrhagiae ( 13 . 7% ) and Australis ( 8 . 7% ) .
No significant link between leptospiral seropositivity and professional activities or contacts with animals was found , indicating that leptospirosis in the Mekong delta may be considered as an environmentally linked disease .
Leptospirosis is known to be endemic in south-east Asia , and these data demonstrated the high level of circulation of leptospires and the potential importance of leptospiral infections among the rural population in this area .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: To estimate the seroprevalence of human leptospirosis in the Mekong delta in Viet Nam , an epidemiological survey was conducted in the province of Tien Giang , which is representative of the socioeconomic activities of the region ( rice growing and cattle breeding ) .
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| Title: DL-methionine supplementation of rice-and-bean diets affects gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity and glutathione content in livers of growing rats .
| | Journal: Braz .
J Med . Biol . Res . Citation: V : 32 ( 4 ) P : 483-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10347814 Accession (PMID): 10347814 | | Abstract: Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase ( GGT-EC 2 . 3 . 2 . 2 ) activity and glutathione ( GSH ) content were measured in livers of female weanling Wistar rats ( N = 5-18 ) , submitted to rice-and-bean diets ( 13 and 6% w/w protein ) , both supplemented or not with DL-methionine ( 0 . 5 and 0 . 23 g/100 g dry diet , respectively ) .
After 28 days , the rats on the rice-and-bean diets showed significantly higher levels ( four times higher ) of liver GGT activity and a concomitant 50% lower concentration of liver GSH in comparison with control groups feeding on casein .
The addition of DL-methionine to rice-and-bean diets significantly increased the liver GSH content , which reached levels 50% higher than those found in animals on casein diets .
The increase in GSH was accompanied by a decrease in liver GGT activity , which did not reach levels as low as those observed in the control groups .
No significant correlation could be established between GGT and GSH changes under the present experimental conditions .
Linear correlation analysis only revealed that in animals submitted to unsupplemented rice-and-bean diets GSH concentration was positively associated ( P < 0 . 05 ) with weight gain , food intake and food efficiency .
GGT , however , was negatively correlated ( P < 0 . 05 ) with food intake only , and exclusively for supplemented rice-and-bean diets .
The high levels of GGT activity observed in the present study for rats receiving a rice-and-bean mixture could be a result of the poor quality of these diets associated with their deficiency in sulfur amino acids .
The results also suggest that diet supplementation with methionine could be important in the reduction of the deleterious effects of GSH depletion by restoring the intracellular concentration of this tripeptide . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: No significant correlation could be established between GGT and GSH changes under the present experimental conditions .
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| Title: Characterization of the inhibitory effect of boiled rice on intestinal chloride secretion in guinea pig crypt cells .
| | Journal: Gastroenterology Citation: V : 116 ( 6 ) P : 1342-7 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10348817 Accession (PMID): 10348817 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND & AIMS : When rice is incorporated into oral rehydration therapy for patients with secretory diarrhea , clinical outcomes improve .
We have shown that a factor purified from boiled rice ( RF ) blocks the secretory response of intestinal crypt cells to adenosine 3 , 5-cyclic monophosphate ( cAMP ) .
Now we report that the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR ) chloride channel is the cellular target for this rice inhibitor .
METHODS : We used RF , the same previously described extract prepared from boiled rice , to assess chloride channel activation in vitro , measuring ( 1 ) cell volume regulation of guinea pig intestinal crypt epithelial cell suspensions using standard Coulter counter technology , ( 2 ) transepithelial chloride current in monolayers of T84 cells mounted in Ussing chambers , and ( 3 ) whole-cell and single-channel currents using the patch-clamp technique in cells transfected to express CFTR .
RESULTS : RF inhibited activation by cAMP of CFTR chloride channels in all experimental preparations ; RF did not block volume-stimulated Cl secretion , suggesting that its effect might be specific for CFTR chloride channels .
RF inhibited transepithelial cAMP-stimulated Cl current in T84 cells and inhibited forskolin ( ie , cAMP ) -induced current in cells transfected with CFTR .
Excised patch and single-channel patch-clamp recordings supported the view that the response was a direct effect on CFTR rather than on cAMP signal transduction .
CONCLUSIONS : RF exerts a specific inhibitory effect on CFTR chloride channels , blocking activation from the luminal surface of the cell and reversing established activation .
Many major diarrheal states are based on cAMP-induced CFTR activation , leading to excessive gut secretion ; our findings could have clinical relevance . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: CONCLUSIONS : RF exerts a specific inhibitory effect on CFTR chloride channels , blocking activation from the luminal surface of the cell and reversing established activation .
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| Title: Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding the starch debranching enzyme limit dextrinase from germinating barley .
| | Journal: Biochim . Biophys . Acta Citation: V : 1431 ( 2 ) P : 538-46 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10350630 Accession (PMID): 10350630 | | Abstract: The gene encoding the starch debranching enzyme limit dextrinase , LD , from barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) , was isolated from a genomic phage library using a barley cDNA clone as probe .
The gene encodes a protein of 904 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 98 . 6 kDa .
This is in agreement with a value of 105 kDa estimated by SDS-PAGE .
The coding sequence is interrupted by 26 introns varying in length from 93 bp to 825 bp .
The 27 exons vary in length from 53 bp to 197 bp .
Southern blot analysis shows that the limit dextrinase gene is present as a single copy in the barley genome .
Gene expression is high during germination and the steady state transcription level reaches a maximum at day 5 of germination .
The deduced amino acid sequence corresponds to the protein sequence of limit dextrinase purified from germinating malt , as determined by automated N-terminal sequencing of tryptic fragments coupled with matrix assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry .
The sequenced peptide fragments cover 70% of the entire protein sequence , which shows 62% and 77% identity to that of starch debranching enzymes from spinach and rice and 37% identity to Klebsiella pullulanase .
Sequence alignment supports the multidomain architecture and identifies both secondary structure elements of the catalytic ( beta/alpha ) 8-barrel substrate , catalytic residues , and specificity associated motifs characteristic of members of the glycoside hydrolase family 13 which cleave alpha-1 , 6-glucosidic bonds .
A remarkable distribution of the secondary structure elements to individual exons is observed .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: This is in agreement with a value of 105 kDa estimated by SDS-PAGE .
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| Title: Under-reporting of dietary intake by smoking and non-smoking subjects counselled for hypercholesterolaemia .
| | Journal: J Intern . Med . Citation: V : 245 ( 4 ) P : 337-44 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10356595 Accession (PMID): 10356595 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVES : We asked whether under-reporting of energy and cigarette smoking were associated with choice of foods and dietary composition amongst subjects with hypercholesterolaemia who had received dietary instruction to lower serum cholesterol .
DESIGN , SETTING AND SUBJECTS : Dietary intake was assessed with a 4-day weighed food record in 205 women and 141 men , aged 20-73 years , being treated at a lipid clinic ( tertiary referral centre ) .
Under-reporting was assessed by calculating the ratio of energy intake ( EI ) to estimated basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) .
RESULTS : The median EI/BMR was 1 . 1 for both men and women .
EI/BMR did not differ according to smoking status , but correlated negatively with body mass index ( Spearmans rho = -0 . 32 , P = 0 . 0001 ) .
EI/BMR was inversely associated with energy-adjusted intakes of potatoes , vegetables , fish and low-fat meats , and positively associated with intakes of nuts , potato crisps , chocolate , sour and ice cream , oils , fatty meat spreads , cakes and biscuits , and with alcohol .
Thus , low EI/BMR was associated with increased energy-adjusted intakes of protein , thiamine , riboflavin , niacin , iron and cholesterol and with decreased intakes of sugar , poly and monounsaturated fats and vitamin E ( all P < 0 . 05 ) .
Cigarette smokers had a higher energy percentage ( E% ) from fat than non-smokers ( 29 +/- 6 vs 26 +/- 6 ) , a lower E% from carbohydrates ( 50 +/- 7 vs 54 +/- 7 ) and a lower intake of vitamin C ( 11 +/- 7 vs 16 +/- 9 mg MJ-1 ; all P = 0 . 0001 ) , reflecting an increased intake of fatty meats and a decreased intake of skimmed cheese , fruit , rice and pasta , and cakes and biscuits ( all P < 0 . 05 ) .
CONCLUSION : Weighed dietary records reflected a healthier intake of fat , protein , sugar , alcohol and some micronutrients amongst under-reporters , suggesting that self-reported dietary intakes are biased in patients with hypercholesterolaemia .
Lack of responsiveness to the diet should not be assumed when dietary data are based on self-report .
Smokers report a higher intake of fat and lower intake of vitamin C than non-smokers , even after dietary counsel , and may require more intensive interventions to optimize the diet .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Under-reporting was assessed by calculating the ratio of energy intake ( EI ) to estimated basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) .
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| Title: A maize map standard with sequenced core markers , grass genome reference points and 932 expressed sequence tagged sites ( ESTs ) in a 1736-locus map .
| | Journal: Genetics Citation: V : 152 ( 3 ) P : 1137-72 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10388831 Accession (PMID): 10388831 | | Abstract: We have constructed a 1736-locus maize genome map containing1156 loci probed by cDNAs , 545 probed by random genomic clones , 16 by simple sequence repeats ( SSRs ) , 14 by isozymes , and 5 by anonymous clones .
Sequence information is available for 56% of the loci with 66% of the sequenced loci assigned functions .
A total of 596 new ESTs were mapped from a B73 library of 5-wk-old shoots .
The map contains 237 loci probed by barley , oat , wheat , rice , or tripsacum clones , which serve as grass genome reference points in comparisons between maize and other grass maps .
Ninety core markers selected for low copy number , high polymorphism , and even spacing along the chromosome delineate the 100 bins on the map .
The average bin size is 17 cM .
Use of bin assignments enables comparison among different maize mapping populations and experiments including those involving cytogenetic stocks , mutants , or quantitative trait loci .
Integration of nonmaize markers in the map extends the resources available for gene discovery beyond the boundaries of maize mapping information into the expanse of map , sequence , and phenotype information from other grass species .
This map provides a foundation for numerous basic and applied investigations including studies of gene organization , gene and genome evolution , targeted cloning , and dissection of complex traits .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: A total of 596 new ESTs were mapped from a B73 library of 5-wk-old shoots .
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| Title: Risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the small intestine .
| | Journal: Int .
J Cancer Citation: V : 82 ( 2 ) P : 171-4 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10389747 Accession (PMID): 10389747 | | Abstract: We have investigated the relation between alcohol , tobacco and dietary habits and risk of adenocarcinoma of the small intestine using data from 2 hospital-based case-control studies on intestinal cancers conducted in 6 Italian centres between 1985 and 1996 .
Cases were 23 patients below age 75 years with adenocarcinoma of the small intestine .
Controls were 230 patients admitted to hospital for a wide spectrum of acute , non-neoplastic , non-digestive tract diseases , matched to cases on sex , age , study and centre .
Odds ratios ( ORs ) were estimated using conditional logistic regression .
Alcohol and tobacco consumption did not increase the risk of adenocarcinoma of the small intestine .
The risk appeared to be directly related to intake of bread , pasta or rice ( OR = 3 . 8 ) , sugar ( OR = 2 . 9 ) and red meat ( OR = 4 . 6 ) , and inversely to coffee ( OR = 0 . 4 ) , fish ( OR = 0 . 3 ) , vegetables ( OR = 0 . 3 ) and fruit ( OR = 0 . 6 ) .
Our results suggest that dietary correlates of adenocarcinoma of the small intestine are similar to those of colon cancer and at least of the same magnitude .
While the present data are inconsistent with a major effect of tobacco or alcohol , a moderate association between these factors and small bowel cancer may have been obscured by the play of chance .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Odds ratios ( ORs ) were estimated using conditional logistic regression .
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| Title: New experimental and computational approaches to the analysis of gene expression .
| | Journal: Acta Biochim . Pol . Citation: V : 45 ( 4 ) P : 929-34 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10397340 Accession (PMID): 10397340 | | Abstract: Public and private EST ( Expressed Sequence Tag ) programs provide access to a large number of ESTs from a number of plant species , including Arabidopsis , corn , soybean , rice , wheat .
In addition to the homology of each EST to genes in GenBank , information about homology to all other ESTs in the data base can be obtained .
To estimate expression levels of genes represented in the DuPont EST data base we count the number of times each gene has been seen in different cDNA libraries , from different it issues , developmental stages or induction conditions .
This quantitation of message levels is quite accurate for highly expressed messages and , unlike conventional Northern blots , allows comparison of expression levels between different genes .
Lists of most highly expresses genes in different libraries can be compiled .
Also , if EST data is available for cDNA libraries derived from different developmental stages , gene expression profiles across development can be assembled .
We present an example of such a profile for soybean seed development .
Gene expression data obtained from Electronic Northern analysis can be confirmed and extended beyond the realm of highly expressed genes by using high density DNA arrays .
The ESTs identified as interesting can be arrayed on nylon or glass and probed with total labeled cDNA first strand from the it issue of interest Two-color fluorescent labeling allows accurate mRNA ratio measurements .
We are currently using the DNA array technology to study chemical induction of gene expression and the biosynthesis of oil , carbohydrate and protein in developing seeds .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 2.00 ]: Public and private EST ( Expressed Sequence Tag ) programs provide access to a large number of ESTs from a number of plant species , including Arabidopsis , corn , soybean , rice , wheat .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: In addition to the homology of each EST to genes in GenBank , information about homology to all other ESTs in the data base can be obtained .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: To estimate expression levels of genes represented in the DuPont EST data base we count the number of times each gene has been seen in different cDNA libraries , from different it issues , developmental stages or induction conditions .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Also , if EST data is available for cDNA libraries derived from different developmental stages , gene expression profiles across development can be assembled .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: The ESTs identified as interesting can be arrayed on nylon or glass and probed with total labeled cDNA first strand from the it issue of interest Two-color fluorescent labeling allows accurate mRNA ratio measurements .
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| Title: [ Intestinal schistosomiasis from Schistosoma mansoni in Madagascar : extent and center of the endemic ] | | Journal: Citation: V : 92 ( 2 ) P : 99-103 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10399598 Accession (PMID): 10399598 | | Abstract: Schistosoma mansoni and S haematobium affect respectively 2 million and 500 , 000 persons in Madagascar .
Over the past decade , S mansoni has spread in the central Highlands of Madagascar , essentially throughout the mid-west and Antananarivo plain .
To understand this recent change in the epidemiology of S mansoni , we examined the relationship between its spatial distribution and several host factors , including labour migration , urbanization and water development projects .
In the Highlands , the disease in distribution could be superimposed on the potential expansion areas of snail distribution defined in 1958 .
However , the distribution is not homogeneous , as for example the road between Betafo and Mandoto ( South West of Antananarivo ) .
This focal pattern described in other African countries is unique to the central Highlands of Madagascar .
Rice cultivation is the main economic activity and is associated with intense water contact .
The focal distribution may be related to an environmental adaptation of host-parasite interaction depending on behavioural patterns , water and soil chemistry and incompatibility between Biomphalaria pfeifferi and S mansoni .
It is also possible that these focal patterns precede homogeneous endemicity , as along the road Itasy-Tsiroanomandidy ( west Antananarivo ) .
Major water development carried out in this migration area led to a rapid endemization of the disease .
In Befato-Mandoto , where soil management is more restricted , schistosomiasis due to S mansoni seems to have been established in some foci where epidemiologic conditions are favourable ( for example , traditional irrigation canals ) .
In contrast , the spread of S mansoni in the Antananarivo plain closely follows the settlement of an infected rural population .
Epidemiologic surveys conducted on school children in the Antananarivo suburbs , where sanitary conditions are poor , showed a prevalence of 25% .
Human migration linked to development projects and urbanization seems to be the principal factor associated with the spread of schistosomiasis in the mid-west area and Antananarivo plain .
In the Highlands , the preferential exposure of adult labour migrants has contributed to the widening of the endemic area .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: In Befato-Mandoto , where soil management is more restricted , schistosomiasis due to S mansoni seems to have been established in some foci where epidemiologic conditions are favourable ( for example , traditional irrigation canals ) .
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| Title: An electron-conformational method of identification of pharmacophore and anti-pharmacophore shielding : application to rice blast activity .
| | Journal: J Comput .
Aided Mol . Des . Citation: V : 13 ( 4 ) P : 419-34 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10425606 Accession (PMID): 10425606 | | Abstract: In extension and improvement of previous results , a novel method is worked out for pharmacophore identification and activity prediction in structure-activity relationships .
In this method , as in our previous works , each molecular system ( conformation ) of the training set is described by a matrix with both electron structural parameters ( atomic charges , bond orders , etc ) and interatomic distances as matrix elements .
This description includes a rather full geometry of charge and/or reactivity distribution thus providing a much better representation of the molecular properties in their interaction with the target .
By multiple comparison of these matrices for the active and inactive compounds of the training set , a relatively small number of matrix elements are revealed that are common for all the active compounds and are not present in the same combination in the inactive ones .
In this way a set of electronic and geometry parameters is obtained that characterize the pharmacophore ( Pha ) .
A major improvement of this scheme is reached by introducing the anti-pharmacophore shielding ( APS ) and a proper treatment of the conformational problem .
The APS is defined as molecular groups and competing charges outside the basic skeleton ( the Pha plus the inert neighbor atoms that do not affect the activity ) that hinder the proper docking of the Pha with the bioreceptor thus diminishing ( partially or completely ) the activity .
A simple empirical formula is derived to estimate the relative contribution of APS numerically .
Two main issues are most affected by the APS : ( 1 ) the procedure of Pha identification is essentially simplified because only a small number of molecular systems with the highest activity and simplest structures ( systems without APS ) should be tried for this purpose ; ( 2 ) with the APS known numerically , we can make a quantitative ( or semiquantitative ) prediction of relative activities .
The contributions of different conformations ( of the same molecular system ) that possess the Pha and different APS is taken into account by means of a Boltzmann distribution at given temperatures .
Applied to an example , rice blast activity , this approach proved to be rather robust and efficient .
In validation of the method , the screening of 39 new compounds yields approximately 100% ( within experimental error ) prediction probability of the activity qualitatively ( yes , no ) , and with r2 = 0 . 66 quantitatively . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: A simple empirical formula is derived to estimate the relative contribution of APS numerically .
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| Title: Foods as risk factors for colorectal cancer : a case-control study in Burgundy ( France ) .
| | Journal: Eur .
J Cancer Prev .
Citation: V : 8 ( 3 ) P : 229-35 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10443952 Accession (PMID): 10443952 | | Abstract: Although the high meat-low vegetable diet is considered the reference high-risk diet for colorectal cancer , particularly in USA communities , other at-risk dietary patterns , such as high intakes of processed meat and refined carbohydrates are emerging .
Little is known about risk factors for colorectal cancer in France , a country at high risk of rectal cancer and moderately high risk of colon cancer .
We compared diet of colorectal cancer cases ( n = 171 ) and general population controls ( n = 309 ) in Burgundy ( France ) .
Categories of intake were established by sex and based on the distributions of food intakes in controls .
Odds ratios for the fourth vs first quartile of intake ( OR4 ) were 2 . 0 ( 1 . 1-3 . 6 ) for refined cereal products ( rice , pasta and pastry ) , 2 . 4 ( 1 . 3-4 . 5 ) for delicatessen , 2 . 3 ( 1 . 2-4 . 2 ) for pats , 1 . 7 ( 1 . 1-2 . 8 ) for offal and 2 . 1 ( 1 . 1-4 . 0 ) for butter , lard and cream .
There was no association with consumption of fresh meat ( OR4 = 1 . 2 ) , fish ( OR4 = 1 . 5 ) , egg ( OR4 = 1 . 1 ) or dairy products ( OR4 = 1 . 0 ) .
A protective effect of vegetables was only observed for left colon cancer ( OR3 = 0 . 3 ; 0 . 1-0 . 6 ) .
In men , the most significant risk factors were refined cereal products , seasoning animal fats , chocolate and coffee , whereas risk factors were delicatessen , fat meat , pasta , rice , and chocolate in women .
The strong association with refined cereal products is consistent with the hypothesis of a role of hyperinsulinism in colorectal carcinogenesis .
The association with processed but not fresh meat suggests the importance of exogenous carcinogenesis in that area .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Categories of intake were established by sex and based on the distributions of food intakes in controls .
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| Title: Physical map and organization of chromosome 7 in the rice blast fungus , Magnaporthe grisea .
| | Journal: Genome Res .
Citation: V : 9 ( 8 ) P : 739-50 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10447509 Accession (PMID): 10447509 | | Abstract: The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea is a highly destructive plant pathogen and one of the most important for studying various aspects of host-plant interactions .
It has been widely adopted as a model organism because it is ideally suited for genetic and biological studies .
To facilitate map-based cloning , chromosome walking , and genome organization studies of M grisea , a complete physical map of chromosome 7 was constructed using a large-insert ( 130 kb ) bacterial artificial chromosome ( BAC ) library .
Using 147 chromosome 7-specific single-copy BAC clones and 20 RFLP markers on chromosome 7 , 625 BAC clones were identified by hybridization .
BAC clones were digested with HindIII , and fragments were size separated on analytical agarose gels to create DNA fingerprints .
Hybridization contigs were constructed using a random cost algorithm , whereas fingerprinting contigs were constructed using the software package FPC .
Results from both methods were generally in agreement , but numerous anomalies were observed .
The combined data produced five robust anchored contigs after gap closure by chromosomal walking .
The genetic and physical maps agreed closely .
The final physical map was estimated to cover >95% of the 4 . 2 Mb of chromosome 7 .
Based on the contig maps , a minimum BAC tile containing 42 BAC clones was created , and organization of repetitive elements and expressed genes of the chromosome was investigated . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: The final physical map was estimated to cover >95% of the 4 . 2 Mb of chromosome 7 .
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| Title: [ Marking-release-recapture methods for determining the size of the natural population of Anopheles albitarsis l . s ( Diptera : Culicidae ) ] | | Journal: Citation: V : 33 ( 3 ) P : 309-13 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10457005 Accession (PMID): 10457005 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : In order to evaluate the size of the Anopheles albitarsis s . l . population in the Ribeira Valley region of the south-eastern S Paulo State , Brazil , marking-release-recapture experiments were carried out on the Experimental Farm in Pariquera-Au county where an artificial irrigation system for the cultivation of rice has been installed .
The experiments aimed at determining the vectorial capacity of this species .
METHODS : During the summer ( January , February and March ) , three marking-release-recapture experiments with field and laboratory reared populations were conducted to evaluate the population size .
Simultaneous human bait collections were also carried out to estimate the human biting rate .
RESULTS : The population sizes of the three experiments were estimated to be 64 , 560 , 50 , 503 and 22 , 684 mosquitoes .
The bite/man/night rate varied from 41 . 5 to 524 , 5 .
DISCUSSION : The results indicated high mosquito density in the summer which allow one to infer that , even though the survival rate is low , the number of remaining females is large enough to outlive the parasites extrinsic developmental period .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Simultaneous human bait collections were also carried out to estimate the human biting rate .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : The population sizes of the three experiments were estimated to be 64 , 560 , 50 , 503 and 22 , 684 mosquitoes .
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| Title: Molecular characterization of ribulose-1 , 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase in rice leaves .
| | Journal: Planta Citation: V : 209 ( 1 ) P : 66-76 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10467032 Accession (PMID): 10467032 | | Abstract: A full-length cDNA ( designated rcaII ) encoding the Rubisco activase ( RCA ) of rice ( Oryza sativa L ) has been cloned from a cDNA library constructed with mRNA from green leaves .
Sequence analysis resulted in a reading frame of 432 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 47 . 9 kDa and an estimated isoelectric point of 5 . 97 .
The deduced amino acid sequence showed 74-89% identity with other Rubisco activases from higher plants .
Two highly conserved motifs were identified .
Southern blot analysis suggested the presence of a single rca gene in the rice genome .
The accumulation of leaf rca mRNA was found to be regulated by an oscillating circadian rhythm , in rice plants grown in a light-dark photoperiod .
To purify the rice RCA protein , total soluble protein from rice green leaves was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation , followed by preparative gel electrophoresis .
Two polypeptides , designated RCAI and RCAII , were isolated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and further confirmed by N-terminal sequencing .
The polyclonal antibodies prepared against rice RCAI and RCAII were found to cross-react with two RCA polypeptides present in leaf extracts of spinach and tobacco Furthermore , two different 3 ends of rca mRNA were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis .
These cDNA fragments and the related genomic DNA fragment were cloned and sequenced .
The sequence of rcaI is almost identical to the corresponding sequence of rcaII , except for its having 33 additional amino acids at the C-terminal portion .
It can be concluded that a novel alternative splicing mechanism for a common rca mRNA precursor near the 3 end exists in rice plants . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sequence analysis resulted in a reading frame of 432 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 47 . 9 kDa and an estimated isoelectric point of 5 . 97 .
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| Title: Human semen quality in relation to dietary pesticide exposure and organic diet .
| | Journal: Arch . Environ . Contam . Toxicol . Citation: V : 37 ( 3 ) P : 415-23 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10473800 Accession (PMID): 10473800 | | Abstract: The objective of the study was to corroborate or refute the hypothesis that farmers having a high intake of organic grown commodities have a high semen quality due to their expected lower level of dietary pesticides intake .
Food frequency data and semen were collected from 256 farmers ( 171 traditional farmers and 85 organic farmers , overall participation rate : 32% ) who were selected from central registers .
Each farmer delivered one semen sample before the spraying season started .
The farmers were divided into three groups where the commodities from organic production contributed no ( N , 0% ) , medium ( M , 1-49% ) , or a high ( H , 50-100% ) proportion of the fruit and vegetables consumed .
Farmers having a high relative intake of organically grown fruit and vegetables also had a high relative consumption of organically produced meat , milk , and bread , and differences were observed comparing the actual mean intake of single commodities , such as rice , potato , and pork meat .
The current individual dietary intake of 40 pesticides was estimated using food frequencies and generalized serving size data in combination with data on pesticide concentrations in food commodities as obtained from the National Danish Food Monitoring Program .
The estimated pesticide intake was significantly lower among farmers of group H , but for all three groups of farmers the average dietary intake of 40 pesticides was at or below 1% of the acceptable daily intake ( ADI ) except for the dithiocarbamates ( max = 0 . 21 microg/kg day = 2 . 2% ADI ) , methidathion , ( max = 0 . 01 microg/kg day = 1 . 4% ADI ) , and 2-phenylphenol ( max = 0 . 21 microg/kg day = 1 . 1% ADI ) .
The median sperm concentration for the three groups of farmers was not significantly different ( p = 0 . 40 , median sperm concentration was N = 62 , M = 44 , and H = 75 million/ml ) .
The group of men without organic food intake had a significant lower proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa , but in relation to 14 other semen parameters no significant differences were found between the groups .
Intake of 40 individual pesticides was correlated with four semen parameters ( concentration , percentage dead spermatozoa , percentage normal sperm heads , and motility [ VCL ] ) .
Five significant correlations ( p value 0 . 01 ) were found among the 160 comparisons in relation to percentage dead spermatozoa : azinphos-methyl , carbaryl , chlorfenson , fenitrothion , and tetradifon .
For all of them a lower percentage of dead spermatozoa were found in the groups with a high dietary intake of the specific pesticide .
In contrast , for all pesticides evaluated only minor differences were found between the groups when considering spermatozoa concentration , morphology , and motility .
In conclusion , the estimated dietary intake of 40 pesticides did not entail a risk of impaired semen quality , but precautions should be taken when generalizing this negative result to populations with a higher dietary exposure level or an intake of other groups of pesticides .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The current individual dietary intake of 40 pesticides was estimated using food frequencies and generalized serving size data in combination with data on pesticide concentrations in food commodities as obtained from the National Danish Food Monitoring Program .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The estimated pesticide intake was significantly lower among farmers of group H , but for all three groups of farmers the average dietary intake of 40 pesticides was at or below 1% of the acceptable daily intake ( ADI ) except for the dithiocarbamates ( max = 0 . 21 microg/kg day = 2 . 2% ADI ) , methidathion , ( max = 0 . 01 microg/kg day = 1 . 4% ADI ) , and 2-phenylphenol ( max = 0 . 21 microg/kg day = 1 . 1% ADI ) .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 1.00 ]: In conclusion , the estimated dietary intake of 40 pesticides did not entail a risk of impaired semen quality , but precautions should be taken when generalizing this negative result to populations with a higher dietary exposure level or an intake of other groups of pesticides .
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| Title: Modeling and optimization of alpha-amylase production in a recombinant yeast fed-batch culture taking account of the cell cycle population distribution .
| | Journal: J Biotechnol .
Citation: V : 71 ( 1-3 ) P : 133-41 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10483103 Accession (PMID): 10483103 | | Abstract: A simple mathematical model describing the cell cycle dependency of rice alpha-amylase production by a recombinant yeast was constructed to investigate the efficiency of cell cycle population control .
First , the effects of the glucose concentration and cultivation temperature on the specific growth rate , the specific production rate of rice alpha-amylase , and the distribution of the cell cycle population were studied under balanced growth conditions .
On the basis of the results , parameter values for the mathematical model were then estimated .
The proposed model was shown to be applicable for unbalanced as well as balanced growth phases .
The optimal control strategy in respect of temperature and glucose concentration for maximum rice alpha-amylase production , taking into account the cell cycle population , was determined and the result was compared with that obtained by a simple mathematical model in which cell cycle distribution was not considered .
Finally , the effect of the initial population of each cell cycle phase on the final amount of the product under optimal operational conditions was investigated .
The simulation and experimental data coincided well with each other , and the model was used to optimize the control strategy for maximum alpha-amylase production .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: On the basis of the results , parameter values for the mathematical model were then estimated .
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| Title: Chemical induction of disease resistance in rice is correlated with the expression of a gene encoding a nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeats .
| | Journal: Plant Mol . Biol . Citation: V : 40 ( 5 ) P : 847-55 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10487219 Accession (PMID): 10487219 | | Abstract: Probenazole ( 3-allyloxy-1 , 2-benzisothiazole-1 , 1-dioxide ) is an agricultural chemical primarily used to prevent rice blast disease .
Probenazole-treated rice acquires resistance to blast fungus irrespective of the rice variety .
The chemical is applied prophylactically , and is thought to induce or bolster endogenous plant defenses .
However , the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been established .
To understand the mode of the chemicals action , we screened for novel probenazole-responsive genes in rice by means of differential display and identified a candidate gene , RPR1 .
RPR1 contains a nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeats , thus sharing structural similarity with known disease resistance genes .
The expression of RPR1 in rice can be up-regulated by treatment with chemical inducers of systemic acquired resistance ( SAR ) and by inoculation with pathogens .
RPR1-related sequences in rice varieties seem to be varied in sequence and/or expression , indicating that RPR1 itself is not a crucial factor for induced resistance in rice .
However , Southern blot analysis revealed the existence of homologous sequences in all varieties examined .
While the role of RPR1 has yet to be clarified , this is the first report of the identification of a member of this gene class and its induction during the systemic expression of induced disease resistance . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: However , the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been established .
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| Title: Regional expression of the rice KN1-type homeobox gene family during embryo , shoot , and flower development .
| | Journal: Plant Cell Citation: V : 11 ( 9 ) P : 1651-64 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10488233 Accession (PMID): 10488233 | | Abstract: We report the isolation , sequence , and pattern of gene expression of members of the KNOTTED1 ( KN1 ) -type class 1 homeobox gene family from rice .
Phylogenetic analysis and mapping of the rice genome revealed that all of the rice homeobox genes that we have isolated have one or two direct homologs in maize .
Of the homeobox genes that we tested , all exhibited expression in a restricted region of the embryo that defines the position at which the shoot apical meristem ( SAM ) would eventually develop , prior to visible organ formation .
Several distinct spatial and temporal expression patterns were observed for the different genes in this region .
After shoot formation , the expression patterns of these homeobox genes were variable in the region of the SAM .
These results suggest that the rice KN1-type class 1 homeobox genes function cooperatively to establish the SAM before shoot formation and that after shoot formation , their functions differ . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: These results suggest that the rice KN1-type class 1 homeobox genes function cooperatively to establish the SAM before shoot formation and that after shoot formation , their functions differ .
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| Title: Homologs of animal eyes absent ( eya ) genes are found in higher plants .
| | Journal: Mol . Gen . Genet . Citation: V : 262 ( 1 ) P : 131-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10503544 Accession (PMID): 10503544 | | Abstract: Homologs of the eyes absent ( eya ) gene in animals function at multiple stages in the development of organs .
Their functional roles in the genetic network that regulates eye development in Drosophila have recently been extensively analyzed .
A rice homolog of eya was identified from a cDNA library made from embryo RNA .
The corresponding gene ( OSEya1 ) encodes a conserved ED1 domain and a short N-terminal peptide .
The ED1 domain of OSEya1 shows 25% identity and 36% similarity to the product of Drosophila eya .
Mammalian and squid eya homologs show about 35% similarity to OSEya1 .
Homologous sequences were also found in the alfalfa EST database ( 53% identity and 65% similarity to OSEya1 ) and in the Arabidopsis genome sequence ( 63% identity ) .
Therefore , eya homologs are present in both monocots and dicots .
Three regions in the ED1 domain are well conserved in animals and plants .
Plant eya products deduced from the nucleotide sequences also have short N-terminal peptides .
The OSEya1 gene is located between the wx gene and the telomere on the short arm of chromosome 6 .
OSEya1 is expressed in the embryo , shoot apex , and caryopsis in rice .
Expression in the embryo increases during embryogenesis until 7 days after pollination , with preferential localization in leaf primordia and the shoot apical meristem .
Expression in the influorescence was observed in floral meristems .
The functions of OSEya1 in higher plants are discussed and compared with those of their animal homologs .
OSEya1 might regulate the morphogenesis of lateral organs as a subunit of a transcription factor . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Homologous sequences were also found in the alfalfa EST database ( 53% identity and 65% similarity to OSEya1 ) and in the Arabidopsis genome sequence ( 63% identity ) .
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Score: 3.00 |
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| Title: A market basket survey of inorganic arsenic in food .
| | Journal: Food Chem . Toxicol . Citation: V : 37 ( 8 ) P : 839-46 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10506007 Accession (PMID): 10506007 | | Abstract: Dietary arsenic intake estimates based on surveys of total arsenic concentrations appear to be dominated by intake of the relatively non-toxic , organic arsenic forms found in seafood .
Concentrations of inorganic arsenic in food have not been not well characterized .
Accurate dietary intake estimates for inorganic arsenic are needed to support studies of arsenics status as an essential nutrient , and to establish background levels of exposure to inorganic arsenic .
In the market basket survey reported here , 40 commodities anticipated to provide at least 90% of dietary inorganic arsenic intake were identified .
Four samples of each commodity were collected .
Total arsenic was analysed using an NaOH digestion and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry .
Separate aliquots were analysed for arsenic species using an HCl digestion and hydride atomic absorption spectroscopy .
Consistent with earlier studies , total arsenic concentrations ( all concentrations reported as elemental arsenic per it issue wet weight ) were highest in the seafoods sampled ( ranging from 160 ng/g in freshwater fish to 2360 ng/g in saltwater fish ) .
In contrast , average inorganic arsenic in seafood ranged from less than 1 ng/g to 2 ng/g .
The highest inorganic arsenic values were found in raw rice ( 74 ng/g ) , followed by flour ( 11 ng/g ) , grape juice ( 9 ng/g ) and cooked spinach ( 6 ng/g ) .
Thus , grains and produce are expected to be significant contributors to dietary inorganic arsenic intake . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: Accurate dietary intake estimates for inorganic arsenic are needed to support studies of arsenics status as an essential nutrient , and to establish background levels of exposure to inorganic arsenic .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Dietary arsenic intake estimates based on surveys of total arsenic concentrations appear to be dominated by intake of the relatively non-toxic , organic arsenic forms found in seafood .
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| Title: Arabidopsis-rice : will colinearity allow gene prediction across the eudicot-monocot divide?
| | Journal: Genome Res .
Citation: V : 9 ( 9 ) P : 825-9 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10508840 Accession (PMID): 10508840 | | Abstract: With the genomic sequencing of Arabidopsis nearing completion and rice sequencing very much in its infancy , a key question is whether we can exploit the Arabidopsis sequence to identify candidate genes for traits in cereal crops using a map-based approach .
This requires the existence of colinearity between the Arabidopsis and cereal genomes , represented by rice , which is readily detectable using currently available resources , that is , Arabidopsis genomic sequence , rice ESTs , and genetic and physical maps .
A detailed study of the colinearity remaining between two small regions of Arabidopsis chromosome 1 and rice suggests that at least in these regions of the Arabidopsis genome , conservation of gene orders with rice has been eroded to the point that it is no longer identifiable using comparative mapping .
Although our analysis does not preclude that tracts of colinear gene orders may be identified using sequence comparisons or may exist in other regions of the rice and Arabidopsis genomes , it is unlikely that the extent of colinearity will be sufficient to allow map-based cross-species gene prediction and isolation .
Our research also highlights the difficulties encountered in identifying orthologs using BLAST searches in incomplete sequence databases .
This complicates the interpretation of comparative data among highly divergent species and limits the exploitation of Arabidopsis sequence in monocot studies . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: This requires the existence of colinearity between the Arabidopsis and cereal genomes , represented by rice , which is readily detectable using currently available resources , that is , Arabidopsis genomic sequence , rice ESTs , and genetic and physical maps .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 3.00 |
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| Title: Measurement of gastric emptying by standardized real-time ultrasonography in healthy subjects and diabetic patients .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 18 ( 10 ) P : 673-82 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10511299 Accession (PMID): 10511299 | | Abstract: The aim of this study was to simplify and standardize a reproducible , well-tolerated and clinically applicable method for the assessment of gastric emptying rate by real-time ultrasonography .
A total of 33 subjects were examined , including 19 healthy subjects and 14 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and clinically suspected delayed gastric emptying .
Measurements of the gastric antrum were taken in the supine position and in relation to internal landmarks to obtain a standardized cross-sectional image producing the area of a selected slice of the antrum .
Diabetic patients were examined on the condition that the fasting blood glucose level was 3 . 5 to 9 . 0 mmol/l .
Gastric emptying rate was estimated and expressed as the percentage reduction in antral cross-sectional area from 15 to 90 min after the ingestion of a standardized semisolid breakfast meal ( 300 g rice pudding , 330 kcal ) .
Interobserver and intraobserver measurement errors were assessed , as was the significance of age and sex on gastric emptying .
In comparison to healthy subjects , diabetic patients showed significantly wider median values of the 90 min postprandial antral area , but only a mild tendency toward greater dilation of the gastric antrum prior to and 15 min after meal ingestion .
The median value of gastric emptying rate in these diabetic patients was estimated at 29% , which was less than half of that in the healthy subjects ( 63% ) .
Statistically the difference was highly significant .
Interpersonal variability of gastric emptying rate and antral areas was large for both groups .
Measurements of gastric emptying rate gave highly reproducible results on separate days and from different observers ( interobserver systematic measurement error 0 . 3% and random measurement error 10 . 9% ; intraobserver systematic measurement error 3 . 6% and random measurement error 9 . 5% ) .
No difference in gastric emptying rate was found related to age or sex We conclude that the use of standardized real-time ultrasonography to determine gastric antral cross-sectional area in a single section of the stomach is a valid method for estimating gastric emptying rate .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Gastric emptying rate was estimated and expressed as the percentage reduction in antral cross-sectional area from 15 to 90 min after the ingestion of a standardized semisolid breakfast meal ( 300 g rice pudding , 330 kcal ) .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: The median value of gastric emptying rate in these diabetic patients was estimated at 29% , which was less than half of that in the healthy subjects ( 63% ) .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: No difference in gastric emptying rate was found related to age or sex We conclude that the use of standardized real-time ultrasonography to determine gastric antral cross-sectional area in a single section of the stomach is a valid method for estimating gastric emptying rate .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: A simple assay for formate dehydrogenase activity by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 855 ( 1 ) P : 337-40 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10514998 Accession (PMID): 10514998 | | Abstract: A new method using GC-MS was devised for the convenient measurement of formate dehydrogenase ( FDH ) activity in crude it issue samples .
FDH activity was detected by measuring headspace 13CO2 , which was enzymically converted from [ 13C ] formic acid .
This method proved to be sensitive and simple for the estimation of FDH activity without complicated pretreatment . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: This method proved to be sensitive and simple for the estimation of FDH activity without complicated pretreatment .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 5.00 |
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| Title: Large-scale statistical analyses of rice ESTs reveal correlated patterns of gene expression .
| | Journal: Genome Res .
Citation: V : 9 ( 10 ) P : 950-9 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10523523 Accession (PMID): 10523523 | | Abstract: Large , publicly available collections of expressed sequence tags ( ESTs ) have been generated from Arabidopsis thaliana and rice ( Oryza sativa ) .
A potential , but relatively unexplored application of this data is in the study of plant gene expression .
Other EST data , mainly from human and mouse , have been successfully used to point out genes exhibiting it issue or disease-specific expression , as well as for identification of alternative transcripts .
In this report , we go a step further in showing that computer analyses of plant EST data can be used to generate evidence of correlated expression patterns of genes across various it issues .
Furthermore , it issue types and organs can be classified with respect to one another on the basis of their global gene expression patterns .
As in previous studies , expression profiles are first estimated from EST counts .
By clustering gene expression profiles or whole cDNA library profiles , we show that genes with similar functions , or cDNA libraries expected to share patterns of gene expression , are grouped together .
Promising uses of this technique include functional genomics , in which evidence of correlated expression might complement ( or substitute for ) those of sequence similarity in the annotation of anonymous genes and identification of surrogate markers .
The analysis presented here combines the application of a correlation-based clustering method with a graphical color map allowing intuitive visualization of patterns within a large table of expression measurements . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: As in previous studies , expression profiles are first estimated from EST counts .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Large , publicly available collections of expressed sequence tags ( ESTs ) have been generated from Arabidopsis thaliana and rice ( Oryza sativa ) .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Other EST data , mainly from human and mouse , have been successfully used to point out genes exhibiting it issue or disease-specific expression , as well as for identification of alternative transcripts .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this report , we go a step further in showing that computer analyses of plant EST data can be used to generate evidence of correlated expression patterns of genes across various it issues .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Formation of a new quinone methide intermediate during the oxidative transformation of 3 , 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acids : implication for eumelanin biosynthesis .
| | Journal: Arch . Biochem . Biophys . Citation: V : 371 ( 1 ) P : 98-106 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10525294 Accession (PMID): 10525294 | | Abstract: Oxidation of dopa and dopamine requires a net removal six electrons to produce indolequinones , the monomeric precursors of eumelanin pigment .
On the other hand , their 6-fluoroderivatives suffer only four-electron oxidation to yield the same products ( M E Rice , B Mogaddam , C R Creveling , and K L Kirk , Anal Chem .
59 , 1534-1536 , 1987 ) .
Taking advantage of this novel fluorochemistry , we reexamined the oxidative mechanism of 3 , 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 6-fluoro-3 , 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid to throw more light on the nature of reactive intermediates formed during the reaction .
Enzymatic or chemical oxidation of 3 , 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid generated the transient o-quinone which exhibited rapid intramolecular cyclization and side chain modification to produce 2 , 5 , 6-trihydrobenzofuran and 3 , 4-dihydroxymandelic acid , respectively .
However , when 6-fluoro-3 , 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was oxidized either by tyrosinase or by sodium periodate , the resultant quinone uniquely exhibited only cyclization coupled with loss of fluoride ion .
This clean reaction allowed us to establish the structures of the transient reactive intermediates .
Two interconvertable isomeric forms of the product were isolated and characterized from the reaction mixture .
If the oxidation was carried out in water , a yellow quinolactone accumulated in the reaction mixture .
This compound was instantaneously converted to a purple quinone methide upon addition of a trace amount of sodium phosphate .
Passage through a C ( 18 ) HPLC column caused the reverse transformation .
The structures of these products were established by semiempirical molecular orbital calculations and NMR spectrometry .
Comparison of the oxidation mechanisms of melanin precursors , dopa and dopamine , with that of 3 , 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acids reveals that a similar quinone methide intermediate is likely to be formed during eumelanin biosynthesis .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: This clean reaction allowed us to establish the structures of the transient reactive intermediates .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: The structures of these products were established by semiempirical molecular orbital calculations and NMR spectrometry .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Biosynthesis of gibberellins in Gibberella fujikuroi : biomolecular aspects .
| | Journal: Appl . Microbiol . Biotechnol . Citation: V : 52 ( 3 ) P : 298-310 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10531641 Accession (PMID): 10531641 | | Abstract: Gibberellins ( GAs ) are a large family of isoprenoid plant hormones hormones , some of which are bioactive growth regulators , controlling seed germination , stem elongation , and flowering .
The rice pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi ( mating population C ) is able to produce large amounts of GAs , especially the bioactive compounds gibberellic acid ( GA3 ) and its precursors , GA4 and GA7 .
The main steps of the biosynthetic pathway have long been established from the identification of intermediates in wild-type G fujikuroi and mutant strains .
However , the genetics of the fungus have been rather under-developed , and molecular genetic studies of the GA pathway started just recently .
The progress in researching GA biosynthesis in the last 2 years resulted primarily from development of the molecular tools , eg transformation systems for the fungus , and cloning the genes encoding GA biosynthesis enzymes , such as the bifunctional ent-copalyl diphosphate/kaurene synthase and several cytochrome P450 monooxygenases .
The availability of these genes opened new horizons both for detailed study of the pathway and the regulation mechanisms at the molecular level , and for modern strain improvement programs .
This review gives a short overview of the well-known physiological and biochemical studies and concentrates mainly on the new molecular genetic data from GA research , including new information on the regulation of GA biosynthesis . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The main steps of the biosynthetic pathway have long been established from the identification of intermediates in wild-type G fujikuroi and mutant strains .
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Score: 5.00 |
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| Title: [ Intra and inter-individual variations in diets of the middle-aged and the elderly ] | | Journal: Citation: V : 46 ( 9 ) P : 828-37 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10540854 Accession (PMID): 10540854 | | Abstract: This study was conducted to examine intra and inter-individual variations in diets of the middle-aged and the elderly ( 40 years or older , 46 men and 42 women ) .
The coefficients of variations for intakes of nutrients and food groups were computed from four 4-day weighed dietary records performed at 3-month intervals from June 1996 .
The results were as follows : a ) The highest intra-individual variation ( % ) for nutrient intake was observed in retinol ( men 293 . 5 , women 283 . 8 ) and the lowest in carbohydrate ( men 17 . 7 , women 22 . 1 ) . b ) The highest inter-individual variation ( % ) was found in retinol ( 58 . 2 ) in men , and in carotene ( 56 . 7 ) in women .
The lowest inter-individual variation ( % ) was observed in magnesium ( 17 . 0 ) in men , and in carbohydrate ( 14 . 4 ) in women . c ) Nuts and seeds showed the highest intra-individual variation ( % ) for food group intake ( men 291 . 5 , women 391 . 8 ) , while rice presented the lowest ( men 30 . 5 , women 38 . 9 ) . d ) The highest inter-individual variation for food group intake ( % ) was seen in milk and dairy products ( 111 . 7 ) in men and in alcoholic beverages ( 162 . 3 ) in women .
The lowest inter-individual variation was observed in potatoes and starches ( 20 . 7 ) in men and in pulses ( 26 . 0 ) in women . e ) The number of days necessary to estimate true average nutrient intake was much longer for such vitamins as retinol and carotene ( over 50 days ) than for macronutrients ( 3-5 days ) except for fat .
More than one year was required to estimate intake of nuts and seeds in both sexes and alcoholic beverages or seaweeds in women , whereas only 9-15 days for intake of rice .
In conclusion , energy , protein and carbohydrate can be estimated by short-period dietary recalls or records , since their intra-individual variations were relatively small .
On the other hand , many days , were found to be required to estimate usual dietary intake of such vitamins as retinol or carotene and that of each food group except for rice .
It would therefore be very difficult to estimate usual intake of these nutrients and food groups by short-period dietary recalls or records .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The lowest inter-individual variation was observed in potatoes and starches ( 20 . 7 ) in men and in pulses ( 26 . 0 ) in women . e ) The number of days necessary to estimate true average nutrient intake was much longer for such vitamins as retinol and carotene ( over 50 days ) than for macronutrients ( 3-5 days ) except for fat .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: More than one year was required to estimate intake of nuts and seeds in both sexes and alcoholic beverages or seaweeds in women , whereas only 9-15 days for intake of rice .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: In conclusion , energy , protein and carbohydrate can be estimated by short-period dietary recalls or records , since their intra-individual variations were relatively small .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: On the other hand , many days , were found to be required to estimate usual dietary intake of such vitamins as retinol or carotene and that of each food group except for rice .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: It would therefore be very difficult to estimate usual intake of these nutrients and food groups by short-period dietary recalls or records .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: A modified chemical procedure for rapid determination of glucosamine and its application for estimation of mold growth in peanut kernels and koji .
| | Journal: J Agric .
Food Chem .
Citation: V : 47 ( 5 ) P : 1999-2004 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10552485 Accession (PMID): 10552485 | | Abstract: One-step hydrolysis of chitin to release glucosamine for quantitation was achieved by combining a chitin-containing sample ( 10-200 mg of sample size ) in a test tube with 1 mL of 10 M HCl followed by vacuum treatment for 10 min , incubation at 28 degrees C for 30 min , replenishment with 3 mL of deionized water , nitrogen flushing , screw capping , and heat treatment at 140 degrees C for 60 min .
A phosphate buffer solution ( pH 12 . 5 , 0 . 2 M ) was effective in pH stabilization and enhancing colorimetric determination of glucosamine content .
When the modified procedure was applied to analyze glucosamine content in the mycelia of various molds , glucosamine content varied mainly depending on mold species .
In estimations of mold growth of the uninoculated peanut kernels incubated under a humidified condition for 5 weeks , cooked rice and soybean inoculated with conidia of Aspergillus oryzae for koji preparation , logarithms of the internal mold populations and glucosamine contents both increased with increases of incubation time .
The modified procedure provided a rapid and reliable estimation of mold growth in various substrates . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: In estimations of mold growth of the uninoculated peanut kernels incubated under a humidified condition for 5 weeks , cooked rice and soybean inoculated with conidia of Aspergillus oryzae for koji preparation , logarithms of the internal mold populations and glucosamine contents both increased with increases of incubation time .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The modified procedure provided a rapid and reliable estimation of mold growth in various substrates .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Tea consumption : fluid intake and bladder cancer risk in Southern Taiwan .
| | Journal: Urology Citation: V : 54 ( 5 ) P : 823-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10565741 Accession (PMID): 10565741 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVES : To determine whether tea consumption and intake of other beverages increases bladder cancer risk .
METHODS : A case-control study was conducted in Kaohsiung , Taiwan between August 1996 and June 1997 .
Index patients studied were consecutive patients with histologically confirmed , newly diagnosed bladder cancer in two major hospitals .
For each patient , 4 controls were selected from patients with non-neoplastic and nonurologic diseases undergoing surgical operations in the same hospital and individually matched by sex , age , and date of admission .
Using a structured questionnaire , a trained interviewer interviewed 40 patients and 160 controls .
Conditional logistic regression analysis adjusting for ethnicity , family history , and smoking status and matching variables were used to estimate the odds ratio ( OR ) and 95% confidence interval ( CI ) .
RESULTS : Tea consumption overall was associated with increased bladder cancer risk ( OR 3 . 29 , 95% CI 1 . 34 to 8 . 05 ) .
Compared with non-tea drinkers , the odds ratios of bladder cancer for oolong tea drinkers was 3 . 00 ( 95% CI 1 . 20 to 7 . 47 ) ; for non-oolong tea drinkers ( black and/or other green tea ) , it was 14 . 86 ( 95% CI 2 . 13 to 103 . 83 ) .
The risk was greater among those who began to drink tea before age 40 ( OR 9 . 50 , 95% CI 2 . 39 to 37 . 75 ) and those who had been drinking tea for more than 30 years ( OR 17 . 75 , 95% CI 3 . 00 to 105 . 17 ) .
Coffee , tap water , and alcohol consumption were associated with a slightly increased risk , and both soy juice and rice juice consumption were associated with reduced risk ; none of these odds ratio estimates were statistically significant , however .
CONCLUSIONS : Our results suggest that tea consumption is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Conditional logistic regression analysis adjusting for ethnicity , family history , and smoking status and matching variables were used to estimate the odds ratio ( OR ) and 95% confidence interval ( CI ) .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Coffee , tap water , and alcohol consumption were associated with a slightly increased risk , and both soy juice and rice juice consumption were associated with reduced risk ; none of these odds ratio estimates were statistically significant , however .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Developmental Events Associated with the Critical Stage for Sex Determination in Wild-Rice Florets .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 160 ( 6 ) P : 1127-1133 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10568779 Accession (PMID): 10568779 | | Abstract: The developmental events of florets and a critical stage for sex determination in two wild-rice populations ( Zizania palustris cv .
Franklin and Zizania palustris cv .
K-2Pi ) have been identified .
Formation of bisexual florets precedes the development of both male and female florets .
Developmental indicators , established by measuring the length of florets and panicles , indicate that the critical stage for sex determination occurs when floret and panicle lengths are 1-2 mm and 3 cm , respectively .
The stage of floret development at which sex determination occurs is the same in the two investigated wild-rice populations .
Organ suppression in bisexual florets is an essential step for sex determination during the formation of unisexual florets .
Histological examination of suppressed stamens or pistils in unisexual florets of wild-rice indicates that cell death does not occur during sex determination .
In addition , the length of anthers and pistils in bisexual florets indicates that floral development in the transition zone is normal when compared with the male florets in the male spikelets and female florets in the female spikelets .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Developmental indicators , established by measuring the length of florets and panicles , indicate that the critical stage for sex determination occurs when floret and panicle lengths are 1-2 mm and 3 cm , respectively .
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