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| Title: Treatment of acute lateral ankle ligament rupture in the athlete .
Conservative versus surgical treatment .
| | Journal: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10028133 Accession (PMID): 10028133 | | Abstract: Acute lateral ankle ligament sprains are common in young athletes ( 15 to 35 years of age ) .
Diagnostic and treatment protocols vary .
Therapies range from cast immobilisation or acute surgical repair to functional rehabilitation .
The lateral ligament complex includes 3 capsular ligaments : the anterior tibiofibular ( ATFL ) , calcaneofibular ( CFL ) and posterior talofibular ( PTFL ) ligaments .
Injuries typically occur during plantar flexion and inversion ; the ATFL is most commonly torn .
The CFL and the PTFL can also be injured and , after severe inversion , subtalar joint ligaments are also affected .
Commonly , an athlete with a lateral ankle ligament sprain reports having rolled over the outside of their ankle .
The entire ankle and foot must be examined to ensure there are no other injuries .
Clinical stability tests for ligamentous disruption include the anterior drawer test of ATFL function and inversion tilt test of both ATFL and CFL function .
Radiographs may rule out treatable fractures in severe injuries or when pain or tenderness are not associated with lateral ligaments .
Stress radiographs do not affect treatment .
Ankle sprains are classified from grades I to III ( mild , moderate or severe ) .
Grade I and II injuries recover quickly with nonoperative management .
A non-operative functional treatment programme includes immediate use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression , elevation ) , a short period of immobilisation and protection with a tape or bandage , and early range of motion , weight-bearing and neuromuscular training exercises .
Proprioceptive training on a tilt board after 3 to 4 weeks helps improve balance and neuromuscular control of the ankle .
Treatment for grade III injuries is more controversial A comprehensive literature evaluation and meta-analysis showed that early functional treatment provided the fastest recovery of ankle mobility and earliest return to work and physical activity without affecting late mechanical stability .
Functional treatment was complication-free , whereas surgery had serious , though infrequent , complications .
Functional treatment produced no more sequelae than casting with or without surgical repair .
Secondary surgical repair , even years after an injury , has results comparable to those of primary repair , so even competitive athletes can receive initial conservative treatment .
Sequelae of lateral ligament injuries are common .
After conservative or surgical treatment , 10 to 30% of patients have chronic symptoms , including persistent synovitis or tendinitis , ankle stiffness , swelling , pain , muscle weakness and giving-way .
Well-designed physical therapy programmes usually reduce instability .
For individuals with chronic instability refractory to conservative measures , surgery may be needed .
Subtalar instability should be carefully evaluated when considering surgery .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Human semen quality in relation to dietary pesticide exposure and organic diet .
| | Journal: Arch . Environ . Contam . Toxicol . | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10473800 Accession (PMID): 10473800 | | Abstract: The objective of the study was to corroborate or refute the hypothesis that farmers having a high intake of organic grown commodities have a high semen quality due to their expected lower level of dietary pesticides intake .
Food frequency data and semen were collected from 256 farmers ( 171 traditional farmers and 85 organic farmers , overall participation rate : 32% ) who were selected from central registers .
Each farmer delivered one semen sample before the spraying season started .
The farmers were divided into three groups where the commodities from organic production contributed no ( N , 0% ) , medium ( M , 1-49% ) , or a high ( H , 50-100% ) proportion of the fruit and vegetables consumed .
Farmers having a high relative intake of organically grown fruit and vegetables also had a high relative consumption of organically produced meat , milk , and bread , and differences were observed comparing the actual mean intake of single commodities , such as rice , potato , and pork meat .
The current individual dietary intake of 40 pesticides was estimated using food frequencies and generalized serving size data in combination with data on pesticide concentrations in food commodities as obtained from the National Danish Food Monitoring Program .
The estimated pesticide intake was significantly lower among farmers of group H , but for all three groups of farmers the average dietary intake of 40 pesticides was at or below 1% of the acceptable daily intake ( ADI ) except for the dithiocarbamates ( max = 0 . 21 microg/kg day = 2 . 2% ADI ) , methidathion , ( max = 0 . 01 microg/kg day = 1 . 4% ADI ) , and 2-phenylphenol ( max = 0 . 21 microg/kg day = 1 . 1% ADI ) .
The median sperm concentration for the three groups of farmers was not significantly different ( p = 0 . 40 , median sperm concentration was N = 62 , M = 44 , and H = 75 million/ml ) .
The group of men without organic food intake had a significant lower proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa , but in relation to 14 other semen parameters no significant differences were found between the groups .
Intake of 40 individual pesticides was correlated with four semen parameters ( concentration , percentage dead spermatozoa , percentage normal sperm heads , and motility [ VCL ] ) .
Five significant correlations ( p value 0 . 01 ) were found among the 160 comparisons in relation to percentage dead spermatozoa : azinphos-methyl , carbaryl , chlorfenson , fenitrothion , and tetradifon .
For all of them a lower percentage of dead spermatozoa were found in the groups with a high dietary intake of the specific pesticide .
In contrast , for all pesticides evaluated only minor differences were found between the groups when considering spermatozoa concentration , morphology , and motility .
In conclusion , the estimated dietary intake of 40 pesticides did not entail a risk of impaired semen quality , but precautions should be taken when generalizing this negative result to populations with a higher dietary exposure level or an intake of other groups of pesticides .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Prediction of pesticide concentrations in the atmosphere using an atmospheric diffusion model ( linear source plume model ) .
| | Journal: Chemosphere | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10665448 Accession (PMID): 10665448 | | Abstract: The foundational model to predict concentration of pesticides in the atmosphere outside of the sprayed area was developed using the results of measured concentration in the atmosphere , in reference to the atmospheric diffusion model utilized for the air pollution prediction model .
The atmospheric diffusion model assumes that the applied area was a topographically flat farmland , that wind direction and wind speeds were constant , and the pesticide was constantly discharged from the emission line sources .
Therefore the linear source plume model ( LSPLM ) was developed .
The concentration in the atmosphere was predicted by assigning the property of the pesticides and various conditions of measurements of the model , and compared with the measured them , then the adaptability of the model was examined .
As a result , the correlation between the measured value and the predicted value in paddy and forested areas was significant ( P < 0 . 01 ) although deviations in the order of tens were observed , the measured value and the predicted value were generally in agreement . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Opening of Rice Floret in Rapid Response to Methyl Jasmonate .
| | Journal: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10688703 Accession (PMID): 10688703 | | Abstract: Effects of methyl jasmonate ( MeJA ) on rice floret opening were investigated in seven cultivars or hybrid combinations covering various variety types .
Intact or excised panicles , judged to have florets just before anthesis , were soaked in 4 x 10 ( -5 ) - 4 x 10 ( -3 ) M MeJA solutions for 2 min at different temperatures .
The results indicated that MeJA significantly induced opening of rice florets within about 30 min , with the most rapid induction occurring just 6 min after treatment .
Numbers of induced opening florets are correlated with MeJA concentrations .
Higher concentrations of MeJA induced more florets . pH values had no influence on MeJA effect , but MeJA required less time and induced more florets at 34 degrees C than at 25 degrees C As far as we know , this is the first evidence that floret opening is induced by plant hormones .
CO ( 2 ) evolution from panicles was also increased by MeJA treatment .
Field experiments revealed that perfect flowering synchrony between the cytoplasmic male sterile ( CMS ) and restorer lines in hybrid seed production could be obtained by spraying MeJA solution on CMS line plants at the rate of 25 mg/m ( 2 ) .
As a result , many more hybrid seeds were harvested .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: The stability of ascorbic acid microencapsulated in granules of rice starch and in gum arabic .
| | Journal: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10738692 Accession (PMID): 10738692 | | Abstract: Ascorbic acid ( AA ) was microencapsulated by spray drying , using gum arabic and rice starch as covering materials .
The AA was dissolved in solutions of the wall material prior to processing .
For the rice starch , gelatin was used as a binding agent and recovery was effected with calcium pectate .
The morphology of the materials was analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy , it thus being possible to verify the formation and evaluate the structural characteristics of the microcapsules .
The capsules produced with gum arabic were smaller ( d50% = 8 . 0 microns ) and with a multimode particle size distribution , whilst uncovered starch capsules containing 1-2% gelatin presented a distribution mainly in the range of 5-40 microns .
The capsules recovered with calcium pectate had average diameters 10-15 times greater than those obtained only by spray drying .
The stability of the encapsulated materials was studied at room temperature ( RH 60-65% ) and at 45 degrees C ( RH 60-65% and 90 . 7% ) .
AA microencapsulated in gum arabic was shown to be as stable as free crystalline AA under environmental conditions , whereas that encapsulated in rice starch was less stable .
Increasing the amount of the binding agent gelatin increased the stability of the uncovered starch encapsulated AA .
Recovery with calcium pectate notably increased the stability of the starch encapsulated AA , as compared to the uncovered samples .
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| Title: Cholesterol supplementation attenuates the hypocholesterolemic effect of rice bran oil in rats .
| | Journal: J Nutr . Sci . Vitaminol . | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10885791 Accession (PMID): 10885791 | | Abstract: Rice bran oil ( RBO ) , when blended with safflower oil ( SFO ) at the ratio of 7 to 3 , has been shown to lower serum cholesterol in humans consuming cholesterol .
The mechanism as to how this oil blend exerts its effect is not yet clear .
This study examined the effect of cholesterol supplementation on the cholesterol-lowering ability of different RBO/SFO blends .
Male Sprague Dawley rats ( 4 wk old ) were fed purified diets containing 10% fat with or without the addition of 0 . 5% cholesterol for 3 wk .
The fat was either SFO or RBO alone , or the mixture of these two oils at the ratio of 7 : 3 ( 7S/3R ) , 5 : 5 ( 5S/5R ) , or 3 : 7 ( 3S/7R ) .
Without cholesterol supplementation , there were no significant differences in the serum and liver total cholesterol levels among different dietary fats .
However , the HDL cholesterol level of rats fed the RBO-containing diets ( especially in rats fed the 3S/7R diet ) was higher than that of rats fed the diet containing SFO alone .
This resulted in an increase in the ratio of HDL/total cholesterol-a desirable outcome .
Supplementation of the diets with 0 . 5% cholesterol significantly increased the cholesterol level in both the serum and the liver .
Increasing the proportion of RBO in the diet further raised the total cholesterol level in the serum whereas it reduced liver cholesterol .
Then , the specific effect of the 3S/7R mixture on the ratio of HDL/total cholesterol disappeared .
These findings suggest that cholesterol supplemented at the level of 0 . 5% in this study masked the cholesterol-lowering effect of RBO .
Smaller percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acid ( ie , 18 : 2n-6 ) in the RBO-containing diets than in the SFO diet might have reduced their ability to dispose the circulating serum cholesterol into the liver .
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| Title: [ Genetic studies of blast resistance of indica variety Zhefu 802 ] | | Journal: Yi Chuan Xue Bao | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10887695 Accession (PMID): 10887695 | | Abstract: One indica variety , Zhefu 802 , was studied for its inheritance of blast resistance by inoculation of two strains Ken54-04 and 95-t2 .
The B1F1 and F2 populations from cross of Zhefu 802 ( R ) x Lijiangxintuanheigu ( S ) and related parents were inoculated by spray inoculation method with the two above mentioned strains to determine R : S ratio of segregating populations of this cross .
The results indicated that Zhefu 802 has two dominant resistance genes to strain Ken 54-04 .
One of the two genes showed resistant reaction and the other is susceptible to strain 95-t2 .
The allelism test indicated that one gene in Zhefu 802 , which showed resistant reaction to strain 95-t2 , is allelic to Pi-i gene locus and non-allelic to loci of Pi-a , Pi-sh , Pi-k , Pi-z , Pi-ta , Pi-b , Pi-t .
The other gene in this variety was also estimated to be different from all of the known genes .
So it may be an unknown gene .
But this point needs to be confirmed further . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Cerebroside elicitors found in diverse phytopathogens activate defense responses in rice plants .
| | Journal: Plant Cell Physiol .
| | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10945336 Accession (PMID): 10945336 | | Abstract: Cerebrosides A and C , compounds categorized as glycosphingolipids , were isolated in our previous study from the rice blast fungus ( Magnaporthe grisea ) as novel elicitors which induce the synthesis of rice phytoalexins .
In this paper , these cerebroside elicitors showed phytoalexin-inducing activity when applied to plants by spray treatment and also induced the expression of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) proteins in rice leaves .
This elicitor activity of the cerebrosides showed the structural specificity as that for the induction of phytoalexins .
Ceramides prepared from the cerebrosides by removal of glucose also showed the elicitor activity even in lower level compared to the cerebrosides .
In field experiments , the cerebroside elicitors effectively protected rice plants against the rice blast fungus , an economically devastating agent of disease of rice in Japan .
The cerebrosides elicitors protected rice plants from other disease as well and were found to occur in a wide range of different phytopathogens , indicating that cerebrosides function as general elicitors in a wide variety of rice-pathogen interactions . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Genetic diversity and disease control in rice .
| | Journal: Nature | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10963595 Accession (PMID): 10963595 | | Abstract: Crop heterogeneity is a possible solution to the vulnerability of monocultured crops to disease .
Both theory and observation indicate that genetic heterogeneity provides greater disease suppression when used over large areas , though experimental data are lacking .
Here we report a unique cooperation among farmers , researchers and extension personnel in Yunnan Province , China--genetically diversified rice crops were planted in all the rice fields in five townships in 1998 and ten townships in 1999 .
Control plots of monocultured crops allowed us to calculate the effect of diversity on the severity of rice blast , the major disease of rice .
Disease-susceptible rice varieties planted in mixtures with resistant varieties had 89% greater yield and blast was 94% less severe than when they were grown in monoculture .
The experiment was so successful that fungicidal sprays were no longer applied by the end of the two-year programme .
Our results support the view that intraspecific crop diversification provides an ecological approach to disease control that can be highly effective over a large area and contribute to the sustainability of crop production . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
Score: 7.00 |
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| Title: Indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin controls malaria in Pakistan : a community-randomized trial | | Journal: Trop . Med . Int . Health | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10964269 Accession (PMID): 10964269 | | Abstract: We conducted a community-randomized controlled trial in Pakistan to determine the efficacy of indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin ( Fendona , Cyanamid , NJ , USA ) , applied at 25 mg/m2 , to prevent falciparum and vivax malaria .
Wettable powder ( WP ) and suspension concentrate ( SC ) formulations were tested against an unsprayed control in an irrigated rice-growing area of Sheikhupura district , Punjab province .
The study area of 180 km2 was divided into nine sectors , which were assigned at random to control , WP , or SC treatments in replicates of 3 .
Sentinel villages were selected from each sector for entomological and disease monitoring .
Malaria was monitored by fortnightly active case detection ( ACD ) and by cross sectional parasite surveys on schoolchildren .
Mosquito populations were monitored by space spraying of rooms and by cattle-landing catches .
The spray campaign took place in June 1997 and covered 96% of compounds .
During the 7 months after spraying , the incidence of falciparum malaria was 95% lower and that of vivax malaria 80% lower in WP-sprayed than unsprayed sectors .
Similar results were obtained for sectors sprayed with the SC formulation .
Cross-sectional surveys gave estimates of efficacy comparable to those obtained by ACD .
Anopheles culicifacies was 80% less abundant and Astephensi , the predominant anopheline , was up to 68% less abundant in sprayed areas over the 7-month period .
Reductions in anopheline parous rates indicated that the single-spray treatment was effective for the entire transmission season .
Sprayed surfaces lacked odour , which contributed to the popularity of the campaign .
Alphacypermethrin is a promising insecticide for the control of malaria in Pakistan and South Asia generally .
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