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| Title: Infection-related development in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea .
| | Author: Hamer JE Talbot NJ .
| | Journal: Curr . Opin . Microbiol . Citation: V : 1 ( 6 ) P : 693-7 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10066544 | | Abstract: Recent developments have been made in the identification of signal transduction pathways and gene products involved in the infection-related development of the rice blast fungus , Magnaporthe grisea .
It has been established that cAMP-dependent and MAP kinase-mediated signaling are both critical for appressorium morphogenesis and function .
These signaling pathways may act downstream of hydrophobin-mediated surface sensing by the growing germ tube .
Several genes have been identified that are required for invasive growth of M grisea including genes that allow adaptation of fungal metabolism to growth within plant it issues . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Large-scale sequencing of plant genomes .
| | Author: Rounsley S Lin X Ketchum KA .
| | Journal: Curr . Opin . Plant Biol .
Citation: V : 1 ( 2 ) P : 136-41 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10066574 | | Abstract: The large number of ESTs generated for Arabidopsis and rice in recent years now act as an important complement to whole genome sequencing projects .
The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative has begun a coordinated effort to sequence the entire genome and , as a result , increasing numbers of large sequence entries can be found in the public databases .
In addition , the mitochondrial genome of Arabidopsis has been completely sequenced .
Genome sequencing studies and the public sequence databases have begun to influence the direction of diverse areas of research from physiology to evolution .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Organization of the 1 . 9-kb repeat unit RCE1 in the centromeric region of rice chromosomes .
| | Author: Nonomura KI Kurata N | | Journal: Mol . Gen . Genet . Citation: V : 261 ( 1 ) P : 1-10 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10071204 | | Abstract: This paper presents the first report on the structure of a 14-kb centromere sequence in a cereal genome that includes 1 . 9-kb direct repeats .
The cereal centromeric sequence ( CCS1 ) conserved in some Gramineae species contains a 17-bp motif similar to the CENP-B box , which serves as the binding site for the centromere-specific protein CENP-B in human .
To isolate centromeric units from rice ( Oryza sativa L ) , we performed PCR using the CENP-B box-like sequences ( CBLS ) as primers .
A 264-bp clone was amplified by this method , and called RCS1516 .
It appeared to be a novel member of the CCS1 family , sharing about 60% identity with the CCS1 sequences of other cereals .
Then , a 14-kb genomic clone , lambda RCB11 , carrying the RCS1516 sequence was isolated and sequenced .
It was found to contain three copies of a 1 . 9-kb direct repeat , RCE1 , separated by 5 . 1 and 1 . 7-kb .
A 300-bp sequence at the 3 end of RCE1 is highly conserved in all three copies ( >90% ) and is almost identical to the RCS1516 sequence including the CBLS motif .
The copy number of RCE1 was estimated to range from 10 ( 2 ) to 10 ( 3 ) in the haploid genome of rice .
Cloned RCE1 units were used for fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH ) analysis , and signals were observed on almost every primary constriction of rice chromosomes .
Thus it was concluded that RCE1 is a significant component of the rice centromere .
The lambda RCB11 clone contained at least four A/T-rich regions , which are candidate for matrix attachment regions ( MARs ) , in the sequences between the RCE1 repeats .
Other elements that are homologous to the short centromeric repetitive sequences pSau3A9 and pRG5 , detected in both sorghum and rice , were also found in the clone . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Needs assessment following hurricane Georges--Dominican Republic , 1998 .
| | Author: . | | Journal: MMWR Morb .
Mortal Wkly . Rep . Citation: V : 48 ( 5 ) P : 93-5 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10072265 | | Abstract: Hurricane Georges struck the Carribean Islands in September 1998 , causing numerous deaths and extensive damage throughout the region .
The Dominican Republic was hardest hit , with approximately 300 deaths ; extensive infrastructure damage ; and severe agricultural losses , including staple crops of rice , plantain , and cassava .
Two months after the hurricane , the American Red Cross ( ARC ) was asked to provide food to an estimated 170 , 000 families affected by the storm throughout the country .
To assist in directing relief efforts , CDC performed a needs assessment to estimate the food and water availability , sanitation , and medical needs of the hurricane-affected population .
This report summarizes the results of that assessment , which indicate that , 2 months after the disaster , 40% of selected families had insufficient food > or =5 days per and 28% of families reported someone in need of medical attention .
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| Title: Use of urea-molasses-multinutrient block and urea-treated rice straw for improving dairy cattle productivity in Vietnam .
| | Author: Vu DD Cuong LX Dung CA Hai PH .
| | Journal: Prev . Vet . Med . Citation: V : 38 ( 2-3 ) P : 187-93 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10081798 | | Abstract: After conducting a preliminary survey , a feeding trial was carried out to determine the effect of urea-molasses-multinutrient block ( UMMB ) and urea-treated rice straw ( UTRS ) as a feed supplement on the productivity of dairy cows .
Sixty Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows on 11 smallholder farms were divided equally into control , UMMB and UTRS supplementation groups .
Milk yield and feed intake were recorded daily .
Milk fat content , body weight and body condition score ( BSC ) of each cow were determined at two week intervals .
Milk samples for progesterone analysis were collected once a week commencing one month after parturition .
Data were recorded for date of onset of ovarian activity , estrus , insemination , and conception rate .
Milk production increased by 10 . 3-11 . 9% and milk fat content increased by 3-5% , therefore , profit for farmers increased by US $0 . 55-0 . 73 per cow per day ( exchange rate US $1 = VN $11 , 000 ) .
The intervals from calving to onset of ovarian activity ( 91-94 days ) , to estrus ( 110-114 days ) , to conception ( 121-122 days ) and the calving interval ( 13 . 4-13 . 6 months ) in the trial groups were significantly shorter than those in the control group ( 112 , 135 , 152 days and 14 . 4 months , respectively . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: The utilization of dietary protein by Nigerian men .
| | Author: Nicol BM Phillips PG .
| | Journal: Br .
J Nutr .
Citation: V : 36 ( 3 ) P : 337-51 Year: 1976 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1009067 | | Abstract: 1 .
The excretion of urinary and faecal nitrogen by young Nigerian men of a low income group was found to vary significantly between subjects , but was not significantly different in the same subject , when they were given a mixed diet composed of rice , vegetables and fish on two separate occasions .
At the levels of energy and protein supplied by this diet the men gained or lost small amounts of weight , mean values indicating N equilibrium , the variation around the mean being high .
2 .
The correlation between the urinary and faecal N of these men was significantly negative at and below the level of N equilibrium , becoming positive 2-3 weeks after they had consumed the above diet supplemented by 400 g of lean beef per day , and had already established considerable rates of gain in body-weight and N retention .
The diets were made isoenergetic by adding the beef at the expense of cassava flour and red palm oil .
3 .
The physiological processes involved in the adaptation , by young Nigerian men of low income , to a highly efficient use of low-protein diets are discussed in relation to the biological value and true digestibility of those diets , and to the safe level of protein intake and protein-energy ratios proposed by FAO/WHO ( 1973 , 1975 ) .
4 .
It is concluded that the protein requirements of apparently healthy men can only be established in the context of their ecological , socio-economic and nutritional backgrounds .
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| Title: Diet and gastric cancer in Portugal--a multivariate model .
| | Author: Azevedo LF Salgueiro LF Claro R Teixeira-Pinto A Costa-Pereira A | | Journal: Eur .
J Cancer Prev .
Citation: V : 8 ( 1 ) P : 41-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10091042 | | Abstract: Diet and gastric cancer mortality in Portugal was studied using a multivariate ecological model .
The factors investigated over 18 districts were the relationship between gastric cancer mortality ( 1994-96 ) , dietary habits , and socio-economic factors ( 1980-81 ) .
Mortality geographical pattern was established using age-standardized mortality rates , per capita dietary consumption of foodstuffs and nutrients was obtained from the National Alimentary Survey ( 1980-81 ) , and data on socio-economic factors from the 1981 National Census .
Pearson correlation coefficients and simple and multiple linear regression models were used .
The mortality geographical pattern resembled a north-south gradient , and dietary habits and socio-economic factors had great variability throughout the country .
The highest negative correlation coefficients between dietary consumption and gastric cancer mortality were obtained for vegetables , fruit , vitamin A and carotene consumption , and the highest positive coefficients were for rice , wine and carbohydrate consumption .
No significant correlations were obtained for socio-economic factors .
In multiple regression analysis , vegetable and rice consumption could account for 79% of the gastric cancer mortality variability for males , and vegetable and meat consumption could account for 69% of this variability for females .
Interestingly , meat consumption was found to be protective .
A mean increase of 100 g/person/day in vegetable consumption would imply a mean predicted decrease of 10 ( 95% CI 6-14 ) and 5 ( 95% CI 3-7 ) gastric cancer deaths per 100 , 000 persons/year , for males and females respectively , in simple regression analysis .
Such a decrease represents about one-third of the mean national gastric cancer mortality rate .
Therefore , an increase in vegetable consumption is strongly recommended . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against fumitremorgin B | | Author: Liu J Meng ZH .
| | Journal: Biomed . Environ . Sci . Citation: V : 11 ( 4 ) P : 336-44 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10095931 | | Abstract: This paper reports the preparation and identification of two monoclonal antibodies against FTB , and the establishment of an indirect competitive ELISA methods for FTB determination in buckwheat , rice , and corn .
Two of the hybridoma cell lines ( 1C9 and 2D10 ) , which could produce specific antibodies against fumitremorgin B ( FTB ) , were selected and developed .
The affinity Kaff constants of the monoclonal antibodies with the coating antigen , FTBS-IgG , were found to be 6 x 10 ( 8 ) M-1 and 9 . 8 x 10 M-1 , respectively .
The isotypes of the monoclonal antibodies are of two isotypes , IgG1 and IgM , respectively .
The antibody titers were found around 1 x 10 ( 6 ) and 1 . 5 x 10 ( 6 ) .
The standard curves showed that as little as 5 pg of FTB in 50 mL could be detected , and the linear range of standard curve was from 10 pg to 1000 pg of standard FTB .
There were no cross-reaction for McAbs in the assay system with some mycotoxins tested .
The mean recovery rate from buckwheat spiked with 10-60 ng/g of FTB was 78-88 . 7% . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Determination of the thermogenesis curves and studies of the thermodynamics and thermokinetics of seed germination .
| | Author: Zhou PJ Hu YC Wang CX Song ZH Wang TZ Qu SS Zhou HT Zhu YG .
| | Journal: J Biochem . Biophys . Methods Citation: V : 38 ( 3 ) P : 171-80 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10100948 | | Abstract: The thermogenesis curves of the germination of different rice and tree seeds were determined and studied by using a newly constructed microcalorimeter .
The thermogenesis curves of the germination of the seeds demonstrate the existence of physiological triphasic patterns , which include imbibition , activation and growth stages in the germination process .
The thermodynamics and thermokinetics of the main growth phase of the growth stage in the germination process have been studied .
The growth heat effect ( deltaH ) , the growth rate constant ( k ) , the growth inhibitory factor ( s ) and deceleration rate constant ( beta ) have been determined and calculated , In addition , the experimental thermokinetic equations of the growth stage in the seed germination process have been established . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Pharmacoeconomics of the therapy of diarrhoeal disease .
| | Author: Nathavitharana KA Booth IW .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 2 ( 4 ) P : 305-23 Year: 1992 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10150156 | | Abstract: We review the pathophysiology of intestinal water and electrolyte transport leading to diarrhoea , the currently available pharmacological strategies for its treatment , and the economic implications of such treatments .
Diarrhoea occurs most frequently and is associated with highest mortality in children under 5 .
Oral rehydration therapy ( ORT ) is the cornerstone of its management .
The safety and efficacy of ORT in the prevention of death from dehydration , both in field and also in hospital settings , are now well established .
Because it is also inexpensive , ORT is widely applicable worldwide .
More recently , rice-based ORT has emerged , based on well known traditional remedies for diarrhoea in southeast Asia and the Far East Rice-based ORT has the advantage of being more culturally acceptable , readily available even in rural homes in developing countries , and is more effective in reducing stool output and the duration of diarrhoea , compared with conventional glucose-electrolyte solutions such as World Health Organization ORT .
For infants , the well known antidiarrhoeal properties of human milk needs emphasis for a variety of reasons including economic ones .
Data concerning the economic benefits to a nations health budget as a result of nationwide implementation of oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) use are limited .
Available data from individual centres in developing countries , if projected to national level , would incur considerable economic advantage .
Except for a few notable infections such as shigellosis , cholera , amoebiasis and giardiasis , the widespread use of antibiotics in acute diarrhoea , still a common practice in many developing countries , has no proven value and may be detrimental The economic implications of antibiotic abuse in the treatment of diarrhoea in developing countries is enormous .
Despite the availability of a wide spectrum of pharmacological agents for diarrhoea reviewed in this article , only a few such agents are of proven clinical efficacy : corticosteroids , aminosalicylates and immunosuppressants in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and opioid derivatives such as loperamide which may be useful in protracted diarrhoea in children and in disorders where rapid gastrointestinal transit is the main cause of diarrhoea .
Opioids are not recommended for acute infective diarrhoea in childhood .
Octreotide , a somatostatin analogue , is reported to be useful in the treatment of secretory diarrhoea due to noninfective causes and in the treatment of intractable diarrhoea associated with AIDS .
Its high cost and need for parenteral administration prevent its wider application . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS ) | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Purification , characterization , and application of an acid urease from Arthrobacter mobilis .
| | Author: Miyagawa K Sumida M Nakao M Harada M Yamamoto H Kusumi T Yoshizawa K Amachi T Nakayama T | | Journal: J Biotechnol .
Citation: V : 68 ( 2-3 ) P : 227-36 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10194859 | | Abstract: It has been shown that urea in fermented beverages and foods can serve as a precursor of ethylcarbamate , a potential carcinogen , and acid urease is an effective agent for removing urea in such products .
We describe herein the purification and characterization of a novel acid urease from Arthrobacter mobilis SAM 0752 and show its unique application for the removal of urea from fermented beverages using the Japanese rice wine , sake , as an example .
The purified acid urease showed an optimum pH for activity at pH 4 . 2 .
The enzyme exhibited an apparent K ( m ) for urea of 3 . 0 mM and a Vmax of 2370 mumol of urea per mg and min at 37 degrees C and pH 4 . 2 .
Gel permeation chromatographic and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretic analyses showed that the enzyme has an apparent native molecular weight ( M ( r ) ) of 290 , 000 and consisted of three types of subunit proteins ( M ( r ) , 67 , 000 , 16 , 600 , 14 , 100 ) denoted by alpha , beta , and gamma .
The most probable stoichiometry of the subunits was estimated to be alpha : beta : gamma = 1 : 1 : 1 , suggesting the enzyme subunit structure of ( alpha beta gamma ) 3 .
The enzyme also existed as an aggregated form with an M ( r ) of 580 , 000 .
The purified enzyme contained 2 g-atom of nickel per alpha beta gamma unit of the enzyme .
Enzyme activity was inhibited by acetohydroxamic acid , HgCl2 , and CuCl2 .
The isoelectric point of the native enzyme was estimated by gel electrofocusing to be 6 . 8 .
Urea ( 50 ppm ) , which was exogenously added to sake ( pH 4 . 4 , 17 +/- 1% ( v/v ) ethanol ) , was completely decomposed by incubation with the enzyme ( 0 . 09 U ml-1 ) at 15 degrees C for 13 days .
The enzyme was unstable at temperatures higher than 65 degrees C and pHs lower than 4 , and was completely inactivated under the conditions of a pasteurization step involved in the traditional sake-making processes .
These results indicate that the enzyme is applicable to the elimination of urea in fermented beverages with minimal modification to the conventional process . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Selection of RNA replicons capable of persistent noncytopathic replication in mammalian cells .
| | Author: Frolov I Agapov E Hoffman TA Prgai BM Lippa M Schlesinger S Rice CM .
| | Journal: J Virol .
Citation: V : 73 ( 5 ) P : 3854-65 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10196280 | | Abstract: The natural life cycle of alphaviruses , a group of plus-strand RNA viruses , involves transmission to vertebrate hosts via mosquitoes .
Chronic infections are established in mosquitoes ( and usually in mosquito cell cultures ) , but infection of susceptible vertebrate cells typically results in rapid shutoff of host mRNA translation and cell death .
Using engineered Sindbis virus RNA replicons expressing puromycin acetyltransferase as a dominant selectable marker , we identified mutations allowing persistent , noncytopathic replication in BHK-21 cells .
Two of these adaptive mutations involved single-amino-acid substitutions in the C-terminal portion of nsP2 , the viral helicase-protease .
At one of these loci , nsP2 position 726 , numerous substitution mutations were created and characterized in the context of RNA replicons and infectious virus .
Our results suggest a direct correlation between the level of viral RNA replication and cytopathogenicity .
This work also provides a series of alphavirus replicons for noncytopathic gene expression studies ( E V Agapov , I Frolov , B D Lindenbach , B M Prgai , S Schlesinger , and C M Rice , Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA 95 : 12989-12994 , 1998 ) and a general strategy for selecting RNA viral mutants adapted to different cellular environments .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Contribution of methanotrophic and nitrifying bacteria to CH4 and NH4+ oxidation in the rhizosphere of rice plants as determined by new methods of discrimination | | Author: Bodelier PL Frenzel P | | Journal: Citation: V : 65 ( 5 ) P : 1826-33 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10223965 | | Abstract: Methanotrophic and nitrifying bacteria are both able to oxidize CH4 as well as NH4+ .
To date it is not possible to estimate the relative contribution of methanotrophs to nitrification and that of nitrifiers to CH4 oxidation and thus to assess their roles in N and C cycling in soils and sediments .
This study presents new options for discrimination between the activities of methanotrophs and nitrifiers , based on the competitive inhibitor CH3F and on recovery after inhibition with C2H2 .
By using rice plant soil as a model system , it was possible to selectively inactivate methanotrophs in soil slurries at a CH4/CH3F/NH4+ molar ratio of 0 . 1 : 1 : 18 .
This ratio of CH3F to NH4+ did not affect ammonia oxidation , but methane oxidation was inhibited completely .
By using the same model system , it could be shown that after 24 h of exposure to C2H2 ( 1 , 000 parts per million volume ) , methanotrophs recovered within 24 h while nitrifiers stayed inactive for at least 3 days .
This gave an "assay window" of 48 h when only methanotrophs were active .
Applying both assays to model microcosms planted with rice plants demonstrated a major contribution of methanotrophs to nitrification in the rhizosphere , while the contribution of nitrifiers to CH4 oxidation was insignificant .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Molecular characterization of transforming plasmid rearrangements in transgenic rice reveals a recombination hotspot in the CaMV 35S promoter and confirms the predominance of microhomology mediated recombination .
| | Author: Kohli A Griffiths S Palacios N Twyman RM Vain P Laurie DA Christou P | | Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 17 ( 6 ) P : 591-601 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10230059 | | Abstract: The characterization of plasmid-genomic DNA junctions following plant transformation has established links between DNA double-strand break repair ( DSBR ) , illegitimate recombination and plasmid DNA integration .
The limited information on plasmid-plasmid junctions in plants comes from the dicot species tobacco and Arabidopsis .
We analyzed 12 representative transgenic rice lines , carrying a range of transforming plasmid rearrangements , which predominantly reflected microhomology mediated illegitimate recombination involving short complementary patches at the recombining ends .
Direct end-ligation , in the absence of homology between the recombining molecules , occurred only rarely .
Filler DNA was found at some of the junctions .
Short , purine-rich tracts were present , either at the junction site or in the immediate flanking regions .
Putative DNA topoisomerase I binding sites were clustered around the junctions .
Although different regions of the transforming plasmid were involved in plasmid-plasmid recombination , we showed that a 19 bp palindromic sequence , including the TATA box of the CaMV 35S promoter , acted as a recombination hotspot .
The purine-rich half of the palindromic sequence was specifically involved at the recombination junctions .
This recombination hotspot is located within the highly recombinogenic region of the full-length CaMV RNA that has been shown to promote viral recombination in dicot plants .
Clustering of plasmid recombination events in this highly recombinogenic region , even in the absence of viral enzymes and other cis-acting elements proves that the plant cellular machinery alone is sufficient to recognize and act on these viral sequences .
Our data also show the similarity between mechanisms underlying junction formation in dicot and monocot plants transformed using different procedures . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Application of restriction fragment fingerprinting with a rice microsatellite sequence to assembling rice YAC clones .
| | Author: Ashikawa I Kurata N Saji S Umehara Y Sasaki T | | Journal: Genome Citation: V : 42 ( 2 ) P : 330-7 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10231964 | | Abstract: To refine the current physical map of rice , we have established a restriction fragment fingerprinting method for identifying overlap between pairs of rice yeast artificial chromosome ( YAC ) clones and defining the physical arrangement of YACs within contiguous fragments ( contigs ) .
In this method , Southern blots of rice YAC DNAs digested with a restriction endonuclease are probed with a rice microsatellite probe , ( GGC ) 5 .
The probe produces a unique fingerprint profile characteristic of each YAC clone .
The profile is then digitized , processed in a computer , and a statistic that represents the degree of overlap between two YACs is calculated .
The statistics have been used to detect overlaps among YAC clones , thereby filling a gap between two neighbouring contigs and organizing overlapping rice YAC clones into contiguous fragments .
We applied this method to rearranging YACs that had previously been assigned to rice chromosome 6 by anchoring with RFLP markers . | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with constipation in an elderly Asian community .
| | Author: Wong ML Wee S Pin CH Gan GL Ye HC .
| | Journal: Am .
J Gastroenterol .
Citation: V : 94 ( 5 ) P : 1283-91 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10235208 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : We surveyed elderly individuals in an Asian community to determine the prevalence of constipation and its association with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors .
This information will be used to plan a health promotion program for the elderly .
METHODS : A random sample of 2807 residents aged > or = 60 yr in Singapore were interviewed in their homes , using a standardized questionnaire .
The response rate was 87 . 4% ( n = 2454 ) .
RESULTS : The overall age and gender-adjusted prevalence rate of functional constipation was 11 . 6 per 100 persons ( 95% confidence interval [ CI ] , 11 . 4-11 . 7 ) .
There were no gender or ethnic differences in constipation rates .
Increased rates of constipation were significantly associated with advancing age .
We found a significant dose-response relationship of increased constipation rates with decreased intake of rice , increased intake of Chinese tea , and number of chronic illnesses and medications , after controlling for potential confounders .
Constipation was also significantly associated with lower intake of fruits and vegetables , but no dose-response gradient was seen .
CONCLUSIONS : Patients taking many medications should be monitored for constipation and given advice to avoid constipating factors .
Further studies are needed to establish the causal-effect relationship of rice and Chinese tea with constipation .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Costs of illness : United States , 1980 .
| | Author: Parsons PE Lichtenstein R Berki SE Murt HA Lepkowski JM Stehouwer SA Landis JR .
| | Journal: Citation: V : -3 P : 1-90 Year: 1986 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10313412 | | Abstract: The total costs of illness and injury in the US civilian noninstitutionalized population in 1980 amounted to $381 . 7 billion .
The direct costs of illness and injury--resource expenditures for the diagnosis , treatment , and management of medical and dental conditions--were $153 . 9 billion , or 40 . 3 percent of total costs .
Indirect costs--economic losses from morbidity and mortality--were $227 . 9 billion , or 59 . 7 percent of total costs .
Of indirect costs , $104 . 9 billion resulted from productivity losses because of morbidity , and $123 . 0 billion represent the present value of lost productivity from premature mortality based on a net effective discount rate of 4 percent .
These estimates , based on data from the 1980 .
National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey ( NMCUES ) , differ from other estimates of the costs of illness and injury in 1980 ( Gibson and Waldo , 1982 ; Rice , Hodgson , and Kopstein , 1985 ) .
The differences , which can be resolved , are attributable to two major factors : ( 1 ) NMCUES includes only the civilian noninstitutionalized population , but the other estimates include the institutionalized population and the military ; and ( 2 ) NMCUES indirect cost estimates for the population unable to work include persons who were retired for health reasons in 1979 and 1980 , disabled homemakers , and other persons who were disabled for the entire year 1980 but were not retired for health reasons in 1979 , but the Rice et al estimates do not include the last two categories in the population unable to work .
The principal NMCUES findings on the total costs of illness in the civilian noninstitutionalized population reinforce the importance of considering distributional effects .
Persons 65 years of age and over represent one-tenth of this population yet account for more than one-fourth of direct costs and more than their share of total costs , even though the institutionalized elderly are excluded .
More than two-thirds of total costs for this age category are accounted for by direct costs .
Direct costs also account for more than two-thirds of total costs for people under 17 years of age .
However , this youngest age category , which constitutes over one-fourth of the civilian noninstitutionalized population , generates only 12 . 3 percent of direct costs .
In contrast , indirect costs account for well more than 60 percent of total costs for the working-age population ( 17-64 years of age ) .
Within the working-age population , per capita direct costs are highest among persons who are not full participants in the work force , many of whom are not working full time or at all because of injury or ill health . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS ) | | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: Biology of the rice rat ( Oryzomys palustris natator ) in a laborabory environment .
X Postweaning growth of the skull .
| | Author: Park AW Nowosielski-Slepowron BJ .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 94 ( 3 ) P : 356-68 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1032076 | | Abstract: A survey of skull development of the rice rat ( Oryzomys palustris natator ) covering a period of 21 days to 16 months involving equal numbers of males and females ( 108 ) was undertaken using various skull parameters .
Sexual dimorphism in relation to body weight and length emerged before that of the skull which was only clearly marked by 2 months .
A number of the skull parameters by virtue of their individual growth potential did not show sexual differences in size for a long time , whereas others were clearly marked .
Once the differences between the sexes had been established they were maintained .
One parameter - lenght of cranium - represents those parameters which show changes and it was found that the male rat continued to show a steady linear increase in length up to 16 months , whereas the female cranial length shows a deceleration with termination around 12 months .
The skull differences are mirrored in the weight and length findings and it suggested that the earlier sexual maturity of the females is compensated by an earlier cessation of growth compared to the males which mature later and have a correspondingly later cessation .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
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| Title: [ Food additives and genetically modified food--a risk for allergic patients? ] | | Author: WEhrich B | | Journal: Schweiz . Rundsch . Med . Prax . Citation: V : 88 ( 14 ) P : 609-14 , 616-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10321121 | | Abstract: Adverse reactions to food and food additives must be classified according to pathogenic criteria .
It is necessary to strictly differentiate between an allergy , triggered by a substance-specific immunological mechanism , and an intolerance , in which no specific immune reaction can be established .
In contrast to views expressed in the media , by laymen and patients , adverse reactions to additives are less frequent than is believed .
Due to frequently "alternative" methods of examination , an allergy to food additives is often wrongly blamed as the cause of a wide variety of symptoms and illness .
Diagnosing an allergy or intolerance to additives normally involves carrying out double-blind , placebo-controlled oral provocation tests with food additives .
Allergic reactions to food additives occur particularly against additives which are organic in origin .
In principle , it is possible that during the manufacture of genetically modified plants and food , proteins are transferred which potentially create allergies .
However , legislation exists both in the USA ( Federal Drug Administration , FDA ) and in Switzerland ( Ordinance on the approval process for GM food , GM food additives and GM accessory agents for processing ) which require a careful analysis before a genetically modified product is launched , particularly where foreign genes are introduced .
Products containing genetically modified organisms ( GMO ) as additives must be declared .
In addition , the source of the foreign protein must be identified .
The "Round-up ready" ( RR ) soya flour introduced in Switzerland is no different from natural soya flour in terms of its allergenic potential Genetically modified food can be a blessing for allergic individuals if gene technology were to succeed in removing the allergen ( eg such possibilities exist for rice ) .
The same caution shown towards genetically modified food might also be advisable for foreign food in our diet .
Luckily , the immune system of the digestive tract in healthy people tolerates foreign antigens .
Food allergies in adults occur mainly among those allergic to pollen .
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| Title: [ Determination of food oral-colon transit time with breath hydrogen test ] | | Author: Yin W Xiao Y Huang C | | Journal: Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi Citation: V : 32 ( 5 ) P : 306-8 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10322780 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To establish a method to determine food oral-colon transit time ( OCTT ) .
METHODS : OCTT was determined for five groups of food rich in carbohydrate in 13 healthy adults with breath hydrogen test ( BHT ) using lactulose as control .
RESULTS : OCTT was 90 . 0 +/- 50 . 6 min , 237 +/- 64 . 9 min , 341 . 3 +/- 77 . 9 min and 352 . 5 +/- 59 . 5 min , respectively for lactulose syrup , sweet potato , steamed bun and corn flour , and OCTT could not identified for rice and rice with ground meat due to hydrogen production only in few study subjects or no rising in hydrogen value .
OCTT inversely correlated with peak hydrogen value ( r = -0 . 6625 ) and correlated with the time of peak hydrogen value and food absorption rate ( r = 0 . 7668 and 0 . 8790 ) .
CONCLUSION : BHT is a simple , reliable , non-invasive and feasible method to determine food OCTT .
| | Supplemental links/files: reference in endnote online text related articles pubmed citation | |
