| 5176 matches found in 3667 documents. Search time: 0.093 seconds. |
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| Title: Infection-related development in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea .
| | Journal: Curr . Opin . Microbiol . Citation: V : 1 ( 6 ) P : 693-7 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10066544 Accession (PMID): 10066544 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Recent developments have been made in the identification of signal transduction pathways and gene products involved in the infection-related development of the rice blast fungus , Magnaporthe grisea . It has been established that cAMP-dependent and MAP kinase-mediated signaling are both critical for appressorium morphogenesis and function . These signaling pathways may act downstream of hydrophobin-mediated surface sensing by the growing germ tube . Several genes have been identified that are required for invasive growth of M grisea including genes that allow adaptation of fungal metabolism to growth within plant it issues .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Large-scale sequencing of plant genomes .
| | Journal: Curr . Opin . Plant Biol .
Citation: V : 1 ( 2 ) P : 136-41 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10066574 Accession (PMID): 10066574 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The large number of ESTs generated for Arabidopsis and rice in recent years now act as an important complement to whole genome sequencing projects . The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative has begun a coordinated effort to sequence the entire genome and , as a result , increasing numbers of large sequence entries can be found in the public databases . In addition , the mitochondrial genome of Arabidopsis has been completely sequenced . Genome sequencing studies and the public sequence databases have begun to influence the direction of diverse areas of research from physiology to evolution .
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| Title: Organization of the 1 . 9-kb repeat unit RCE1 in the centromeric region of rice chromosomes .
| | Journal: Mol . Gen . Genet . Citation: V : 261 ( 1 ) P : 1-10 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10071204 Accession (PMID): 10071204 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: It appeared to be a novel member of the CCS1 family , sharing about 60% identity with the CCS1 sequences of other cereals . Then , a 14-kb genomic clone , lambda RCB11 , carrying the RCS1516 sequence was isolated and sequenced . It was found to contain three copies of a 1 . 9-kb direct repeat , RCE1 , separated by 5 . 1 and 1 . 7-kb . A 300-bp sequence at the 3 end of RCE1 is highly conserved in all three copies ( >90% ) and is almost identical to the RCS1516 sequence including the CBLS motif . The copy number of RCE1 was estimated to range from 10 ( 2 ) to 10 ( 3 ) in the haploid genome of rice . Cloned RCE1 units were used for fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH ) analysis , and signals were observed on almost every primary constriction of rice chromosomes . Thus it was concluded that RCE1 is a significant component of the rice centromere . The lambda RCB11 clone contained at least four A/T-rich regions , which are candidate for matrix attachment regions ( MARs ) , in the sequences between the RCE1 repeats . Other elements that are homologous to the short centromeric repetitive sequences pSau3A9 and pRG5 , detected in both sorghum and rice , were also found in the clone .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Needs assessment following hurricane Georges--Dominican Republic , 1998 .
| | Journal: MMWR Morb .
Mortal Wkly . Rep . Citation: V : 48 ( 5 ) P : 93-5 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10072265 Accession (PMID): 10072265 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Hurricane Georges struck the Carribean Islands in September 1998 , causing numerous deaths and extensive damage throughout the region . The Dominican Republic was hardest hit , with approximately 300 deaths ; extensive infrastructure damage ; and severe agricultural losses , including staple crops of rice , plantain , and cassava . Two months after the hurricane , the American Red Cross ( ARC ) was asked to provide food to an estimated 170 , 000 families affected by the storm throughout the country . To assist in directing relief efforts , CDC performed a needs assessment to estimate the food and water availability , sanitation , and medical needs of the hurricane-affected population . This report summarizes the results of that assessment , which indicate that , 2 months after the disaster , 40% of selected families had insufficient food > or =5 days per and 28% of families reported someone in need of medical attention .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Hurricane Georges struck the Carribean Islands in September 1998 , causing numerous deaths and extensive damage throughout the region . The Dominican Republic was hardest hit , with approximately 300 deaths ; extensive infrastructure damage ; and severe agricultural losses , including staple crops of rice , plantain , and cassava . Two months after the hurricane , the American Red Cross ( ARC ) was asked to provide food to an estimated 170 , 000 families affected by the storm throughout the country . To assist in directing relief efforts , CDC performed a needs assessment to estimate the food and water availability , sanitation , and medical needs of the hurricane-affected population . This report summarizes the results of that assessment , which indicate that , 2 months after the disaster , 40% of selected families had insufficient food > or =5 days per and 28% of families reported someone in need of medical attention .
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| Title: Use of urea-molasses-multinutrient block and urea-treated rice straw for improving dairy cattle productivity in Vietnam .
| | Journal: Prev . Vet . Med . Citation: V : 38 ( 2-3 ) P : 187-93 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10081798 Accession (PMID): 10081798 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: Sixty Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows on 11 smallholder farms were divided equally into control , UMMB and UTRS supplementation groups . Milk yield and feed intake were recorded daily . Milk fat content , body weight and body condition score ( BSC ) of each cow were determined at two week intervals . Milk samples for progesterone analysis were collected once a week commencing one month after parturition . Data were recorded for date of onset of ovarian activity , estrus , insemination , and conception rate . Milk production increased by 10 . 3-11 . 9% and milk fat content increased by 3-5% , therefore , profit for farmers increased by US $0 . 55-0 . 73 per cow per day ( exchange rate US $1 = VN $11 , 000 ) . The intervals from calving to onset of ovarian activity ( 91-94 days ) , to estrus ( 110-114 days ) , to conception ( 121-122 days ) and the calving interval ( 13 . 4-13 . 6 months ) in the trial groups were significantly shorter than those in the control group ( 112 , 135 , 152 days and 14 . 4 months , respectively .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Milk fat content , body weight and body condition score ( BSC ) of each cow were determined at two week intervals . Milk samples for progesterone analysis were collected once a week commencing one month after parturition . Data were recorded for date of onset of ovarian activity , estrus , insemination , and conception rate . Milk production increased by 10 . 3-11 . 9% and milk fat content increased by 3-5% , therefore , profit for farmers increased by US $0 . 55-0 . 73 per cow per day ( exchange rate US $1 = VN $11 , 000 ) . The intervals from calving to onset of ovarian activity ( 91-94 days ) , to estrus ( 110-114 days ) , to conception ( 121-122 days ) and the calving interval ( 13 . 4-13 . 6 months ) in the trial groups were significantly shorter than those in the control group ( 112 , 135 , 152 days and 14 . 4 months , respectively .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: The utilization of dietary protein by Nigerian men .
| | Journal: Br .
J Nutr .
Citation: V : 36 ( 3 ) P : 337-51 Year: 1976 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1009067 Accession (PMID): 1009067 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: 1 . The excretion of urinary and faecal nitrogen by young Nigerian men of a low income group was found to vary significantly between subjects , but was not significantly different in the same subject , when they were given a mixed diet composed of rice , vegetables and fish on two separate occasions . At the levels of energy and protein supplied by this diet the men gained or lost small amounts of weight , mean values indicating N equilibrium , the variation around the mean being high . 2 . The correlation between the urinary and faecal N of these men was significantly negative at and below the level of N equilibrium , becoming positive 2-3 weeks after they had consumed the above diet supplemented by 400 g of lean beef per day , and had already established considerable rates of gain in body-weight and N retention . The diets were made isoenergetic by adding the beef at the expense of cassava flour and red palm oil . 3 . The physiological processes involved in the adaptation , by young Nigerian men of low income , to a highly efficient use of low-protein diets are discussed in relation to the biological value and true digestibility of those diets , and to the safe level of protein intake and protein-energy ratios proposed by FAO/WHO ( 1973 , 1975 ) . 4 .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: The diets were made isoenergetic by adding the beef at the expense of cassava flour and red palm oil . 3 . The physiological processes involved in the adaptation , by young Nigerian men of low income , to a highly efficient use of low-protein diets are discussed in relation to the biological value and true digestibility of those diets , and to the safe level of protein intake and protein-energy ratios proposed by FAO/WHO ( 1973 , 1975 ) . 4 . It is concluded that the protein requirements of apparently healthy men can only be established in the context of their ecological , socio-economic and nutritional backgrounds .
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| Title: Diet and gastric cancer in Portugal--a multivariate model .
| | Journal: Eur .
J Cancer Prev .
Citation: V : 8 ( 1 ) P : 41-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10091042 Accession (PMID): 10091042 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Diet and gastric cancer mortality in Portugal was studied using a multivariate ecological model . The factors investigated over 18 districts were the relationship between gastric cancer mortality ( 1994-96 ) , dietary habits , and socio-economic factors ( 1980-81 ) . Mortality geographical pattern was established using age-standardized mortality rates , per capita dietary consumption of foodstuffs and nutrients was obtained from the National Alimentary Survey ( 1980-81 ) , and data on socio-economic factors from the 1981 National Census . Pearson correlation coefficients and simple and multiple linear regression models were used . The mortality geographical pattern resembled a north-south gradient , and dietary habits and socio-economic factors had great variability throughout the country . The highest negative correlation coefficients between dietary consumption and gastric cancer mortality were obtained for vegetables , fruit , vitamin A and carotene consumption , and the highest positive coefficients were for rice , wine and carbohydrate consumption . No significant correlations were obtained for socio-economic factors .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against fumitremorgin B | | Journal: Biomed . Environ . Sci . Citation: V : 11 ( 4 ) P : 336-44 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10095931 Accession (PMID): 10095931 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: This paper reports the preparation and identification of two monoclonal antibodies against FTB , and the establishment of an indirect competitive ELISA methods for FTB determination in buckwheat , rice , and corn . Two of the hybridoma cell lines ( 1C9 and 2D10 ) , which could produce specific antibodies against fumitremorgin B ( FTB ) , were selected and developed . The affinity Kaff constants of the monoclonal antibodies with the coating antigen , FTBS-IgG , were found to be 6 x 10 ( 8 ) M-1 and 9 . 8 x 10 M-1 , respectively . The isotypes of the monoclonal antibodies are of two isotypes , IgG1 and IgM , respectively . The antibody titers were found around 1 x 10 ( 6 ) and 1 . 5 x 10 ( 6 ) .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Determination of the thermogenesis curves and studies of the thermodynamics and thermokinetics of seed germination .
| | Journal: J Biochem . Biophys . Methods Citation: V : 38 ( 3 ) P : 171-80 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10100948 Accession (PMID): 10100948 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: The thermogenesis curves of the germination of different rice and tree seeds were determined and studied by using a newly constructed microcalorimeter . The thermogenesis curves of the germination of the seeds demonstrate the existence of physiological triphasic patterns , which include imbibition , activation and growth stages in the germination process . The thermodynamics and thermokinetics of the main growth phase of the growth stage in the germination process have been studied . The growth heat effect ( deltaH ) , the growth rate constant ( k ) , the growth inhibitory factor ( s ) and deceleration rate constant ( beta ) have been determined and calculated , In addition , the experimental thermokinetic equations of the growth stage in the seed germination process have been established .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Pharmacoeconomics of the therapy of diarrhoeal disease .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 2 ( 4 ) P : 305-23 Year: 1992 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10150156 Accession (PMID): 10150156 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: We review the pathophysiology of intestinal water and electrolyte transport leading to diarrhoea , the currently available pharmacological strategies for its treatment , and the economic implications of such treatments . Diarrhoea occurs most frequently and is associated with highest mortality in children under 5 . Oral rehydration therapy ( ORT ) is the cornerstone of its management . The safety and efficacy of ORT in the prevention of death from dehydration , both in field and also in hospital settings , are now well established . Because it is also inexpensive , ORT is widely applicable worldwide . More recently , rice-based ORT has emerged , based on well known traditional remedies for diarrhoea in southeast Asia and the Far East Rice-based ORT has the advantage of being more culturally acceptable , readily available even in rural homes in developing countries , and is more effective in reducing stool output and the duration of diarrhoea , compared with conventional glucose-electrolyte solutions such as World Health Organization ORT . For infants , the well known antidiarrhoeal properties of human milk needs emphasis for a variety of reasons including economic ones . Data concerning the economic benefits to a nations health budget as a result of nationwide implementation of oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) use are limited .
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Score: 2.00 |
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| Title: Purification , characterization , and application of an acid urease from Arthrobacter mobilis .
| | Journal: J Biotechnol .
Citation: V : 68 ( 2-3 ) P : 227-36 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10194859 Accession (PMID): 10194859 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: We describe herein the purification and characterization of a novel acid urease from Arthrobacter mobilis SAM 0752 and show its unique application for the removal of urea from fermented beverages using the Japanese rice wine , sake , as an example . The purified acid urease showed an optimum pH for activity at pH 4 . 2 . The enzyme exhibited an apparent K ( m ) for urea of 3 . 0 mM and a Vmax of 2370 mumol of urea per mg and min at 37 degrees C and pH 4 . 2 . Gel permeation chromatographic and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretic analyses showed that the enzyme has an apparent native molecular weight ( M ( r ) ) of 290 , 000 and consisted of three types of subunit proteins ( M ( r ) , 67 , 000 , 16 , 600 , 14 , 100 ) denoted by alpha , beta , and gamma . The most probable stoichiometry of the subunits was estimated to be alpha : beta : gamma = 1 : 1 : 1 , suggesting the enzyme subunit structure of ( alpha beta gamma ) 3 . The enzyme also existed as an aggregated form with an M ( r ) of 580 , 000 . The purified enzyme contained 2 g-atom of nickel per alpha beta gamma unit of the enzyme . Enzyme activity was inhibited by acetohydroxamic acid , HgCl2 , and CuCl2 . The isoelectric point of the native enzyme was estimated by gel electrofocusing to be 6 . 8 .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: The most probable stoichiometry of the subunits was estimated to be alpha : beta : gamma = 1 : 1 : 1 , suggesting the enzyme subunit structure of ( alpha beta gamma ) 3 . The enzyme also existed as an aggregated form with an M ( r ) of 580 , 000 . The purified enzyme contained 2 g-atom of nickel per alpha beta gamma unit of the enzyme . Enzyme activity was inhibited by acetohydroxamic acid , HgCl2 , and CuCl2 . The isoelectric point of the native enzyme was estimated by gel electrofocusing to be 6 . 8 . Urea ( 50 ppm ) , which was exogenously added to sake ( pH 4 . 4 , 17 +/- 1% ( v/v ) ethanol ) , was completely decomposed by incubation with the enzyme ( 0 . 09 U ml-1 ) at 15 degrees C for 13 days . The enzyme was unstable at temperatures higher than 65 degrees C and pHs lower than 4 , and was completely inactivated under the conditions of a pasteurization step involved in the traditional sake-making processes . These results indicate that the enzyme is applicable to the elimination of urea in fermented beverages with minimal modification to the conventional process .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Selection of RNA replicons capable of persistent noncytopathic replication in mammalian cells .
| | Journal: J Virol .
Citation: V : 73 ( 5 ) P : 3854-65 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10196280 Accession (PMID): 10196280 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The natural life cycle of alphaviruses , a group of plus-strand RNA viruses , involves transmission to vertebrate hosts via mosquitoes . Chronic infections are established in mosquitoes ( and usually in mosquito cell cultures ) , but infection of susceptible vertebrate cells typically results in rapid shutoff of host mRNA translation and cell death . Using engineered Sindbis virus RNA replicons expressing puromycin acetyltransferase as a dominant selectable marker , we identified mutations allowing persistent , noncytopathic replication in BHK-21 cells . Two of these adaptive mutations involved single-amino-acid substitutions in the C-terminal portion of nsP2 , the viral helicase-protease . At one of these loci , nsP2 position 726 , numerous substitution mutations were created and characterized in the context of RNA replicons and infectious virus . Our results suggest a direct correlation between the level of viral RNA replication and cytopathogenicity .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Contribution of methanotrophic and nitrifying bacteria to CH4 and NH4+ oxidation in the rhizosphere of rice plants as determined by new methods of discrimination | | Journal: Citation: V : 65 ( 5 ) P : 1826-33 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10223965 Accession (PMID): 10223965 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Methanotrophic and nitrifying bacteria are both able to oxidize CH4 as well as NH4+ . To date it is not possible to estimate the relative contribution of methanotrophs to nitrification and that of nitrifiers to CH4 oxidation and thus to assess their roles in N and C cycling in soils and sediments . This study presents new options for discrimination between the activities of methanotrophs and nitrifiers , based on the competitive inhibitor CH3F and on recovery after inhibition with C2H2 . By using rice plant soil as a model system , it was possible to selectively inactivate methanotrophs in soil slurries at a CH4/CH3F/NH4+ molar ratio of 0 . 1 : 1 : 18 . This ratio of CH3F to NH4+ did not affect ammonia oxidation , but methane oxidation was inhibited completely . By using the same model system , it could be shown that after 24 h of exposure to C2H2 ( 1 , 000 parts per million volume ) , methanotrophs recovered within 24 h while nitrifiers stayed inactive for at least 3 days .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Molecular characterization of transforming plasmid rearrangements in transgenic rice reveals a recombination hotspot in the CaMV 35S promoter and confirms the predominance of microhomology mediated recombination .
| | Journal: Plant J Citation: V : 17 ( 6 ) P : 591-601 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10230059 Accession (PMID): 10230059 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The characterization of plasmid-genomic DNA junctions following plant transformation has established links between DNA double-strand break repair ( DSBR ) , illegitimate recombination and plasmid DNA integration . The limited information on plasmid-plasmid junctions in plants comes from the dicot species tobacco and Arabidopsis . We analyzed 12 representative transgenic rice lines , carrying a range of transforming plasmid rearrangements , which predominantly reflected microhomology mediated illegitimate recombination involving short complementary patches at the recombining ends . Direct end-ligation , in the absence of homology between the recombining molecules , occurred only rarely . Filler DNA was found at some of the junctions .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Application of restriction fragment fingerprinting with a rice microsatellite sequence to assembling rice YAC clones .
| | Journal: Genome Citation: V : 42 ( 2 ) P : 330-7 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10231964 Accession (PMID): 10231964 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: To refine the current physical map of rice , we have established a restriction fragment fingerprinting method for identifying overlap between pairs of rice yeast artificial chromosome ( YAC ) clones and defining the physical arrangement of YACs within contiguous fragments ( contigs ) . In this method , Southern blots of rice YAC DNAs digested with a restriction endonuclease are probed with a rice microsatellite probe , ( GGC ) 5 . The probe produces a unique fingerprint profile characteristic of each YAC clone . The profile is then digitized , processed in a computer , and a statistic that represents the degree of overlap between two YACs is calculated . The statistics have been used to detect overlaps among YAC clones , thereby filling a gap between two neighbouring contigs and organizing overlapping rice YAC clones into contiguous fragments .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with constipation in an elderly Asian community .
| | Journal: Am .
J Gastroenterol .
Citation: V : 94 ( 5 ) P : 1283-91 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10235208 Accession (PMID): 10235208 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Increased rates of constipation were significantly associated with advancing age . We found a significant dose-response relationship of increased constipation rates with decreased intake of rice , increased intake of Chinese tea , and number of chronic illnesses and medications , after controlling for potential confounders . Constipation was also significantly associated with lower intake of fruits and vegetables , but no dose-response gradient was seen . CONCLUSIONS : Patients taking many medications should be monitored for constipation and given advice to avoid constipating factors . Further studies are needed to establish the causal-effect relationship of rice and Chinese tea with constipation .
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Score: 5.00 |
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| Title: Costs of illness : United States , 1980 .
| | Journal: Citation: V : -3 P : 1-90 Year: 1986 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10313412 Accession (PMID): 10313412 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 3.00 ]: Indirect costs--economic losses from morbidity and mortality--were $227 . 9 billion , or 59 . 7 percent of total costs . Of indirect costs , $104 . 9 billion resulted from productivity losses because of morbidity , and $123 . 0 billion represent the present value of lost productivity from premature mortality based on a net effective discount rate of 4 percent . These estimates , based on data from the 1980 . National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey ( NMCUES ) , differ from other estimates of the costs of illness and injury in 1980 ( Gibson and Waldo , 1982 ; Rice , Hodgson , and Kopstein , 1985 ) . The differences , which can be resolved , are attributable to two major factors : ( 1 ) NMCUES includes only the civilian noninstitutionalized population , but the other estimates include the institutionalized population and the military ; and ( 2 ) NMCUES indirect cost estimates for the population unable to work include persons who were retired for health reasons in 1979 and 1980 , disabled homemakers , and other persons who were disabled for the entire year 1980 but were not retired for health reasons in 1979 , but the Rice et al estimates do not include the last two categories in the population unable to work . The principal NMCUES findings on the total costs of illness in the civilian noninstitutionalized population reinforce the importance of considering distributional effects . Persons 65 years of age and over represent one-tenth of this population yet account for more than one-fourth of direct costs and more than their share of total costs , even though the institutionalized elderly are excluded . More than two-thirds of total costs for this age category are accounted for by direct costs . Direct costs also account for more than two-thirds of total costs for people under 17 years of age .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The total costs of illness and injury in the US civilian noninstitutionalized population in 1980 amounted to $381 . 7 billion . The direct costs of illness and injury--resource expenditures for the diagnosis , treatment , and management of medical and dental conditions--were $153 . 9 billion , or 40 . 3 percent of total costs . Indirect costs--economic losses from morbidity and mortality--were $227 . 9 billion , or 59 . 7 percent of total costs . Of indirect costs , $104 . 9 billion resulted from productivity losses because of morbidity , and $123 . 0 billion represent the present value of lost productivity from premature mortality based on a net effective discount rate of 4 percent . These estimates , based on data from the 1980 . National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey ( NMCUES ) , differ from other estimates of the costs of illness and injury in 1980 ( Gibson and Waldo , 1982 ; Rice , Hodgson , and Kopstein , 1985 ) . The differences , which can be resolved , are attributable to two major factors : ( 1 ) NMCUES includes only the civilian noninstitutionalized population , but the other estimates include the institutionalized population and the military ; and ( 2 ) NMCUES indirect cost estimates for the population unable to work include persons who were retired for health reasons in 1979 and 1980 , disabled homemakers , and other persons who were disabled for the entire year 1980 but were not retired for health reasons in 1979 , but the Rice et al estimates do not include the last two categories in the population unable to work . The principal NMCUES findings on the total costs of illness in the civilian noninstitutionalized population reinforce the importance of considering distributional effects . Persons 65 years of age and over represent one-tenth of this population yet account for more than one-fourth of direct costs and more than their share of total costs , even though the institutionalized elderly are excluded .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The direct costs of illness and injury--resource expenditures for the diagnosis , treatment , and management of medical and dental conditions--were $153 . 9 billion , or 40 . 3 percent of total costs . Indirect costs--economic losses from morbidity and mortality--were $227 . 9 billion , or 59 . 7 percent of total costs . Of indirect costs , $104 . 9 billion resulted from productivity losses because of morbidity , and $123 . 0 billion represent the present value of lost productivity from premature mortality based on a net effective discount rate of 4 percent . These estimates , based on data from the 1980 . National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey ( NMCUES ) , differ from other estimates of the costs of illness and injury in 1980 ( Gibson and Waldo , 1982 ; Rice , Hodgson , and Kopstein , 1985 ) . The differences , which can be resolved , are attributable to two major factors : ( 1 ) NMCUES includes only the civilian noninstitutionalized population , but the other estimates include the institutionalized population and the military ; and ( 2 ) NMCUES indirect cost estimates for the population unable to work include persons who were retired for health reasons in 1979 and 1980 , disabled homemakers , and other persons who were disabled for the entire year 1980 but were not retired for health reasons in 1979 , but the Rice et al estimates do not include the last two categories in the population unable to work . The principal NMCUES findings on the total costs of illness in the civilian noninstitutionalized population reinforce the importance of considering distributional effects . Persons 65 years of age and over represent one-tenth of this population yet account for more than one-fourth of direct costs and more than their share of total costs , even though the institutionalized elderly are excluded . More than two-thirds of total costs for this age category are accounted for by direct costs .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: Biology of the rice rat ( Oryzomys palustris natator ) in a laborabory environment .
X Postweaning growth of the skull .
| | Journal: Citation: V : 94 ( 3 ) P : 356-68 Year: Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1032076 Accession (PMID): 1032076 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: A survey of skull development of the rice rat ( Oryzomys palustris natator ) covering a period of 21 days to 16 months involving equal numbers of males and females ( 108 ) was undertaken using various skull parameters . Sexual dimorphism in relation to body weight and length emerged before that of the skull which was only clearly marked by 2 months . A number of the skull parameters by virtue of their individual growth potential did not show sexual differences in size for a long time , whereas others were clearly marked . Once the differences between the sexes had been established they were maintained . One parameter - lenght of cranium - represents those parameters which show changes and it was found that the male rat continued to show a steady linear increase in length up to 16 months , whereas the female cranial length shows a deceleration with termination around 12 months . The skull differences are mirrored in the weight and length findings and it suggested that the earlier sexual maturity of the females is compensated by an earlier cessation of growth compared to the males which mature later and have a correspondingly later cessation .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: [ Food additives and genetically modified food--a risk for allergic patients? ] | | Journal: Schweiz . Rundsch . Med . Prax . Citation: V : 88 ( 14 ) P : 609-14 , 616-8 Year: 1999 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10321121 Accession (PMID): 10321121 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Adverse reactions to food and food additives must be classified according to pathogenic criteria . It is necessary to strictly differentiate between an allergy , triggered by a substance-specific immunological mechanism , and an intolerance , in which no specific immune reaction can be established . In contrast to views expressed in the media , by laymen and patients , adverse reactions to additives are less frequent than is believed . Due to frequently "alternative" methods of examination , an allergy to food additives is often wrongly blamed as the cause of a wide variety of symptoms and illness . Diagnosing an allergy or intolerance to additives normally involves carrying out double-blind , placebo-controlled oral provocation tests with food additives . Allergic reactions to food additives occur particularly against additives which are organic in origin .
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Score: 1.00 |
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| Title: [ Determination of food oral-colon transit time with breath hydrogen test ] | | Journal: Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi Citation: V : 32 ( 5 ) P : 306-8 Year: 1998 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10322780 Accession (PMID): 10322780 | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : To establish a method to determine food oral-colon transit time ( OCTT ) . METHODS : OCTT was determined for five groups of food rich in carbohydrate in 13 healthy adults with breath hydrogen test ( BHT ) using lactulose as control . RESULTS : OCTT was 90 . 0 +/- 50 . 6 min , 237 +/- 64 . 9 min , 341 . 3 +/- 77 . 9 min and 352 . 5 +/- 59 . 5 min , respectively for lactulose syrup , sweet potato , steamed bun and corn flour , and OCTT could not identified for rice and rice with ground meat due to hydrogen production only in few study subjects or no rising in hydrogen value . OCTT inversely correlated with peak hydrogen value ( r = -0 . 6625 ) and correlated with the time of peak hydrogen value and food absorption rate ( r = 0 . 7668 and 0 . 8790 ) . CONCLUSION : BHT is a simple , reliable , non-invasive and feasible method to determine food OCTT .
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