|
Score: 7.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2000 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10964269 | | Abstract: We conducted a community-randomized controlled trial in Pakistan to determine the efficacy of indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin ( Fendona , Cyanamid , NJ , USA ) , applied at 25 mg/m2 , to prevent falciparum and vivax malaria .
Wettable powder ( WP ) and suspension concentrate ( SC ) formulations were tested against an unsprayed control in an irrigated rice-growing area of Sheikhupura district , Punjab province .
The study area of 180 km2 was divided into nine sectors , which were assigned at random to control , WP , or SC treatments in replicates of 3 .
Sentinel villages were selected from each sector for entomological and disease monitoring .
Malaria was monitored by fortnightly active case detection ( ACD ) and by cross sectional parasite surveys on schoolchildren .
Mosquito populations were monitored by space spraying of rooms and by cattle-landing catches .
The spray campaign took place in June 1997 and covered 96% of compounds .
During the 7 months after spraying , the incidence of falciparum malaria was 95% lower and that of vivax malaria 80% lower in WP-sprayed than unsprayed sectors .
Similar results were obtained for sectors sprayed with the SC formulation .
Cross-sectional surveys gave estimates of efficacy comparable to those obtained by ACD .
Anopheles culicifacies was 80% less abundant and Astephensi , the predominant anopheline , was up to 68% less abundant in sprayed areas over the 7-month period .
Reductions in anopheline parous rates indicated that the single-spray treatment was effective for the entire transmission season .
Sprayed surfaces lacked odour , which contributed to the popularity of the campaign .
Alphacypermethrin is a promising insecticide for the control of malaria in Pakistan and South Asia generally .
| |
Score: 7.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15612416 | | Abstract: Endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) produced in transgenic pest-resistant Bt crops are generally not toxic to predatory and parasitic arthropods .
However , elimination of Bt-susceptible prey and hosts in Bt crops could reduce predator and parasitoid abundance and thereby disrupt biological control of other herbivorous pests .
Here we report results of a field study evaluating the effects of Bt sprays on non-target terrestrial herbivore and natural enemy assemblages from three rice ( Oryza sativa L ) fields on Luzon Island , Philippines .
Because of restrictions on field-testing of transgenic rice , Bt sprays were used to remove foliage-feeding lepidopteran larvae that would be targeted by Bt rice .
Data from a 546-taxa Philippines-wide food web , matched abundance plots , species accumulation curves , time-series analysis , and ecostatistical tests for species richness and ranked abundance were used to compare different subsets of non-target herbivores , predators , and parasitoids in Bt sprayed and water-sprayed ( control ) plots .
For whole communities of terrestrial predators and parasitoids , Bt sprays altered parasitoid richness in 3 of 3 sites and predator richness in 1 of 3 sites , as measured by rarefaction ( in half of these cases , richness was greater in Bt plots ) , while Spearman tests on ranked abundances showed that correlations , although significantly positive between all treatment pairs , were stronger for predators than for parasitoids , suggesting that parasitoid complexes may have been more sensitive than predators to the effects of Bt sprays .
Species accumulation curves and time-series analyses of population trends revealed no evidence that Bt sprays altered the overall buildup of predator or parasitoid communities or population trajectories of non-target herbivores ( planthoppers and leafhoppers ) nor was evidence found for bottom-up effects in total abundances of non-target species identified in the food web from the addition of spores in the Bt spray formulation .
When the same methods were applied to natural enemies ( predators and parasitoids ) of foliage-feeding lepidopteran and non-lepidopteran ( homopteran , hemipteran and dipteran ) herbivores , significant differences between treatments were detected in 7 of 12 cases .
However , no treatment differences were found in mean abundances of these natural enemies , either in time-series plots or in total ( seasonal ) abundance .
Analysis of guild-level trajectories revealed population behavior and treatment differences that could not be predicted in whole-community studies of predators and parasitoids .
A more conclusive test of the impact of Bt rice will require field experiments with transgenic plants , conducted in a range of Asian environments , and over multiple cropping seasons . | |
Score: 7.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2009 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20048489 | | Abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of periarticular hyaluronic acid ( HA ) injections in acute lateral ankle sprain .
A randomized , controlled , prospective trial in a primary sports medicine and emergency practice involved 158 competitive athletes who suffered an acute grade 1 or 2 lateral ankle sprain , and who were randomly assigned within 48 hours of injury .
Patients were randomly assigned at baseline to periarticular injection with HA + standard of care ( rest , ice , elevation , and compression [ RICE ] ) or placebo injection ( PL ) + standard of care ( RICE ) treatment at baseline assessment and day 4 after injury .
Follow-up was at 30 , 90 , and 712 days after treatment .
Assessments at baseline and days 4 , 8 , 30 , 90 , and 712 included visual analogue scale ( VAS ) ( 0-10 cm ) pain on weight bearing and walking 20 m , patient global assessment of ankle injury ( 5-point categorical scale ) , patient satisfaction with treatment ( 5-point categorical scale ) , time to return to pain-free and disability-free sport , recurrent ankle sprain , total number of days missing from primary sport activity , and adverse events ( AEs ) .
Time to intervention was 39 +/- 4 hours with no difference between groups .
A significant reduction in VAS pain on both weight bearing and walking was observed at all follow-up assessments for HA compared with PL ( P < 0 . 001 ) .
Time to pain-free and disability-free return to sport was 11 ( +/- 8 ) versus 17 ( +/- 8 ) days for HA and PL , respectively ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
At 24 months , in the PL versus HA group , there were 2 versus 0 lower limb fractures , 16 versus 7 second ankle sprains ( P < 0 . 05 ) , 3 versus 1 third ankle sprains , and a significantly greater number of days missing primary sport activity ( 41 vs 21 ; P < 0 . 002 ) .
Significantly greater patient satisfaction was also observed for HA versus PL at all follow-up assessments .
No serious AEs were recorded throughout follow-up .
Periarticular HA treatment for acute ankle sprain was highly satisfactory in the short and long term versus PL .
This was associated with reduced pain , more rapid return to sport , fewer recurrent ankle sprains , fewer missed days from sport , and with few associated AEs to 24 months .
| |
Score: 7.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1988 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub3293757 | | Abstract: As has been previously discussed , the incidence and resultant associated disabilities of ankle sprains have been well documented in the literature .
The staggering statistics on long-term disability show that there is no such thing as a simple ankle sprain .
The degree of disability is related to the extent of the initial injury as well as the follow-up medical care provided .
It is this fact that requires a complete understanding of the injury as well as a proper treatment and rehabilitation program .
One of the reasons cited for the long-term disability or lack of consistently good results in treating ankle sprains is the lack of uniformity in treatment .
One possible reason is the lack of agreement in diagnostic techniques as well as the end diagnosis of a particular grade of ankle sprain .
If a sprain is managed correctly , resultant disability will be kept to a minimum .
A proper rehabilitation program may be the most important factor in preventing chronic instability .
The acronym RICE falls short of complete ankle management .
RICE primarily addresses the ankle edema .
Thus , the patients ankle is only partially rehabilitated .
A rational approach to the management of ankle sprains is given .
Upon reviewing a complete protocol for ankle sprain rehabilitation , the acronym TEMPER can be used judiciously to remember the key steps in the treatment plan .
Through the use of this acronym , one can institute a complete rehabilitation program .
| |
Score: 6.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9410249 | | Abstract: A strong malaria epidemic with a high mortality rate occurred on the Madagascar Highlands in 1986-88 .
Vector control and free access to antimalaria drugs controlled the disease .
The authors have searched for the causes of the epidemic to propose a strategy avoiding such events .
The Highlands on Madagascar were known as malaria free .
In 1878 a very severe epidemic flooded all the country .
Development of irrigated ricefields which house both An . arabiensis and An . funestus had created a new anthropic environment .
Moreover manpower imported from malarious coastal areas for rice cultivation and also for building large temples , could have brought P falciparum .
After several outbreaks the disease became endemic up to 1949 .
In 1949 a malaria eradication programme based on DDT spraying and drug chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy was launched .
By 1960 malaria was eliminated and DDT spraying cancelled .
Only 3 foci were kept under surveillance with irregular spraying until 1975 .
The prophylaxis and treatment centres ( "centres de nivaquinisation" ) were kept open up to 1979 .
The catholic dispensary of Analaroa , 100 km NE of Tananarive , opened in 1971 and worked without interruption up to now .
The malaria diagnosis has always been controlled by microscopy .
Its registers are probably the more reliable source of information on malaria in the area .
They show that malaria was already present on the Highlands in 1971 but at a low prevalence ; in 1980 when the "centres de nivaquinisation" were closed the number of cases increased by three times the progressive increase of the number of cases became exponential from 1986 to 1988 which was the peak of the epidemic ; malaria remained at a high level until the end of 1993 ; yearly DDT spraying since 1993 have decreased the number of malaria cases among the dispensary attendants by 90% .
The epidemic peak of 1988 was well documented by the Pasteur Institute of Madagascar around Tananarive .
Before the epidemic started it was observed a come back of An . funestus which had been previously eliminated of most of the villages by DDT spraying .
More than an epidemic the malaria increase in 1988 was a reconquest by malaria of the land from which it had been eliminated in the years 1950 .
This episode became dramatic because the lack of immunity of the population and the shortage of medicaments .
The global warming which was advocated to explain the epidemic has no responsibility because the temperature on the Madagascar Highlands has not changed during the last 30 years .
Also the cyclones do not seem to have played any role .
It is very likely that the gradual decline of control measures , first DDT spraying , later drug distributions , had the main responsibility in the Highlands drama .
Everywhere An . funestus reached a high level during the time where the parasite reservoir was rebuilding .
They synergised each other .
These findings should be taken in account in drawing the strategy planning for the next years .
| |
Score: 5.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2000 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11206976 | | Abstract: In this study , floral spray and floral dip were used to replace the vacuum step in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) gene into Arabidopsis .
The transgene was constructed by using a CaMV 35S promoter to drive a rice cytosolic CuZnSOD coding sequence in Arabidopsis .
The transgene construct was developed in binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium .
When Arabidopsis plants started to initiate flower buds , the primary inflorescence shoots were removed and then transformed by floral spray or floral dip .
More than 300 transgenic plants were generated to assess the feasibility of floral spray used in the in planta transformation .
The result indicates that the floral spray method of Agrobacterium can achieve rates of in planta transformation comparable to the vacuum-infiltration and floral dip methods .
The floral spray method opens up the possibility of in planta transformation of plant species which are too large for dipping or vacuum infiltration . | |
Score: 5.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2009 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19713044 | | Abstract: The efficacy of M anisopliae strain E9 as a biological insecticide for the adult and larval stages of H irritans was assessed under field conditions .
To assess larvicidal activity , nine heifers were randomly divided into three groups , which were maintained separated from each other .
The first group ingested fungal spores encapsulated in alginate pellets .
The second group ingested in natura spores that were grown on sterilized rice .
In both groups , each animal received three meals a day , with each meal containing 2 x 10 ( 10 ) conidia .
The third group received no treatment and was used as a control .
Fecal samples from manure and whole dung pats were collected from each of the three separate pastures on the day that the animals were allocated and on days 1 , 3 , 6 , 9 and 12 afterwards .
The fecal samples were tested for the presence of fungal colony forming units ( CFU ) , and the emergence of horn flies was observed in the dung pats .
Significantly less ( P<0 . 01 ) adult horn flies were found in dung pats of the group treated with encapsulated fungi ( 11 . 7 ) than in those from the heifers treated with conidia in natura ( 27 . 9 ) or from the control group ( 29 . 5 ) .
The fecal samples of the treated animals presented significantly higher numbers of M anisopliae CFUs then those from the untreated controls .
We found that on day 9 fecal samples from animals given microencapsulated conidia had significantly higher CFUs than those from animals treated with conidia in natura .
To assess adulticide activity , four heifers were sprayed with a suspension of 3 x 10 ( 10 ) conidial ( -1 ) of M anisopliae , and four control animals were sprayed with the same solution without conidial content .
Four sprayings were done at five-day intervals , and all animals were photographed daily to observe the quantity of flies present .
After the second spraying , we observed an average of 22 . 9 flies per animal ; untreated heifers had an average of 43 flies per animal ; thus , the treatment significantly ( P<0 . 05 ) decreases fly infestation .
The results obtained from both tests show that M anisopliae strain E9 has a pathogenic effect on H irritans larvae in bovine manure when administered orally and on adult fly infestations when applied as a spray on the hosts .
| |
Score: 4.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2001 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11195774 | | Abstract: Without adequate care , acute ankle trauma can result in chronic joint instability .
Use of a standardized protocol enhances the management of ankle sprains .
In patients with grades I or II sprains , emphasis should be placed on accurate diagnosis , early use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression and elevation ) , maintenance of range of motion and use of an ankle support .
Sprains with complete ligament [ corrected ] tears ( grade III ) may require surgical intervention .
Although early motion and mobility are recommended , ligamentous strength does not return until months after an ankle sprain .
| |
Score: 4.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2003 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12749190 | | Abstract: We studied the effect of cleaning and cooking on the residues of flutolanil , fenobucarb , silafluofen and buprofezin in rice .
The rice had been sprayed in a paddy field in Wakayama city , with 3 kinds of pesticide application protocols : spraying once at the usual concentration of pesticides , repeated spraying ( 3 times ) with the usual concentration of pesticides and spraying once with 3 times the usual concentration of pesticides .
The residue levels of pesticide decreased during the rice cleaning process .
Silafluofen , which has a higher log Pow value , remained in the hull of the rice .
Fenobucarb , which has a lower log Pow value , penetrated inside the rice .
The residue concentration of pesticide in polished rice was higher than that in pre-washed rice processed ready for cooking .
During the cooking procedure , the reduction of pesticides in polished rice was higher than that in brown rice . | |
Score: 4.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2004 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15139200 | | Abstract: Studies on the efficacy of bio-rational pesticides and agricultural methods against the chief diseases , insect pests and weeds of rice showed that the efficacy of the mixtures of jingangmycin and bacillus-cereus , and jingangmycin and polyoxin against rice sheath blight were 75 . 16%-94 . 27% after sprayed once at the tiller and boot end stages of rice , respectively , and better than that of chemical fungicide triadimefon .
The efficacy of kasugamycin and blasticidin was 50 . 54%-72 . 67% on rice leaf blast and 76 . 66%-87 . 42% on rice head blast , and equal to the chemical fungicide tricyclazole after sprayed once at the initial stage of rice leaf blast occurrence and the initial and end stages of earing , respectively .
The efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis on Chilo suppressalis and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis was better than that of chemical insecticide bisultap , and the efficacy of saponin-nicotine and matrine was equal to that of chemical insecticide bisultap when the three biorational insecticides were sprayed at 1-2 instar larvae of pests .
The efficacy of saponin-nicotine and matrine was above 70% , and lower than that of chemical insecticide imidacloprid 3-30 d after sprayed at 1-2 instar larvae of Nilaparvata lugens .
The occurrence of weeds could be controlled , and the rice yield could be raised when the suitable non-thorough decomposed organism was applied or weeding was carried after the field had been ploughed twice before rice transplant .
The rice yield could be raised by using biorational pesticides and agricultural methods against the chief diseases , insect pests and weeds of rice .
The residue of pesticides in rice was lower in the bio-control area than in the chemical control area , according with the demands of health target of green food . | |
Score: 4.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15499781 | | Abstract: This paper reports a study of the distribution of organo-chlorine pesticides ( DDT and HCH ) between rice plants and the soil system by spraying before the heading stage at four different dosage levels--control , normal dosage ( 15 kg ha ( -1 ) of 6% HCH and 7 . 5 kg ha ( -1 ) of 25% DDT ) , double dosage and four times dosage .
Soil and plant samples were taken respectively at the 1st h , 3rd , 10th , 20th , and 40th day after spraying and at the harvest time .
The results indicate that less than 5% of HCH and 15% of DDT were absorbed by the surface of rice leaves for normal dosage .
Most of both pesticides moved into the soil in solution after spraying .
Compared with DDT , HCH was degraded and run off more easily .
HCH residues in the surface soil layer ( 1-3 cm ) were already below 6 . 4 microg kg ( -1 ) at the mature stage , lower than Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Agricultural Soils : HCH < 0 . 05 mg kg ( -1 ) .
However DDT residues in the surface soil layer remained 172 microg kg ( -1 ) , higher than the national standard : DDT < 0 . 05 mg kg ( -1 ) .
According to the test f OCP residues in rice seeds , it can be concluded that the OCP sprayed onto the surface of rice leaves can move into rice plants and accumulate in the seeds at the mature stage .
HCH residues in rice seeds of the double and four times dosage treatments , and DDT residues in all treatments , exceeded the Chinese National Food Standard ( HCH < 0 . 10 mg kg ( -1 ) , DDT < 0 . 20 mg kg ( -1 ) ) .
| |
Score: 4.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2005 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16425724 | | Abstract: The use of insecticides in households and in agriculture has been incriminated in the emergence of insecticide resistance in insect vectors .
For farming staff , the emergence of vector resistance is due to indoors spray of insecticides using aerosols and other low quality products in rural and urban settings against mosquitoes .
On the other hand , public health specialists believe that the phenomenon of resistance could be due to massive use of insecticides in agriculture for field pests control .
In Turkey , the implication of agricultural use of pesticides in the selection of vector resistance is clearly established .
This study was framed to identify potential practices favouring the emergence of insecticide resistance in the Republic of Benin .
Interviews and focus group discussions were organized with cotton , rice and vegetables farmers .
The final aim of these surveys was to point out practices likely to favour the emergence of resistance .
The research is conducted in 3 cotton fields , 2 rice fields and 2 vegetable plantations .
After filling and signing concerned forms , farmers are subjected to quantitative and qualitative questionnaires to generate data on : insecticides being used , the various doses applied for pests eradication , the frequency of treatments , the cost of treatments ( cost/hectare/year ) the origin of insecticides , the place of purchase , safety precautions and related health hazards .
The results of this study have shown that the use of insecticides in agriculture is a clear fact .
During treatments , insecticide residues get in contact with mosquito breeding sites where they diffuse into water and exercise a selection pressure on larvae .
This partially explains the high levels of resistance recorded in with strains of Anopheles gambiae collected in agricultural settings under insecticides pressure .
Pyrethroids and more specifically deltamethrin and cyfluthrin are the insecticides mainly used in studied localities .
Bedrooms of farmers are used as storage place for half-used and un-used insecticides containers .
For a proper management of insecticides , cotton and vegetable plantations farmers receive assistance from the ministry of rural development .
Because of the importance of cotton production in the Republic of Benin , trainings on management of insecticides in agricultural settings are frequently organised by the ministry of rural development and are opened to farmers and their family members ( husbands , wives , children and relatives . . . ) .
In the long run , the whole family learns and becomes very versant with the use of insecticides , spraying frequencies , spraying devices and spraying techniques . | |
Score: 4.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2006 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16699096 | | Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility ( AID ) and standardized ileal digestibility ( SID ) of AA and DE , and to estimate ME and NE of rice protein concentrate , salmon protein hydrolysate , whey protein concentrate , and spray-dried plasma protein .
In Exp .
1 , 6 barrows ( initially 29 . 5 +/- 2 . 5 kg of BW ) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and fed each of 5 cornstarch-based diets in a balanced crossover design over 35 d .
During a given week , there were either 1 or 2 replications of each treatment , resulting in 6 total replications over 5 wk .
The 4 test diets ( fed from d 0 to 28 ) were formulated to contain 12 . 5% CP by using analyzed nutrient compositions of rice protein concentrate , salmon protein hydrolysate , whey protein concentrate , or spray-dried plasma protein .
The fifth ( N-free ) diet was fed from d 28 to 35 to estimate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA , which were used to calculate SID .
Ileal digesta were collected and analyzed , and AID and SID values were calculated .
Apparent ileal digestible Lys , Met , and Thr values were 80 . 0 +/- 3 . 3 , 65 . 6 +/- 3 . 1 , and 68 . 4 +/- 4 . 5% for rice protein concentrate ; 85 . 6 +/- 4 . 8 , 85 . 5 +/- 4 . 3 , and 69 . 8 +/- 8 . 5% for salmon protein hydrolysate ; 93 . 3 +/- 1 . 4 , 89 . 9 +/- 5 . 8 , and 83 . 6 +/- 5 . 3% for whey protein concentrate ; and 92 . 8 +/- 0 . 9 , 85 . 7 +/- 2 . 1 , 86 . 5 +/- 2 . 3% for spray-dried plasma protein , respectively .
In Exp .
2 , 6 barrows ( initially 37 . 6 +/- 1 . 7 kg of BW ) were fed each of 5 corn-based diets in a balanced crossover design over 35 d .
During a given week , there were either 1 or 2 replications of each treatment , resulting in 6 total replications over 5 wk .
The 4 diets containing the test ingredients were formulated to contain approximately 20% CP by using their analyzed nutrient compositions .
The fifth ( corn control ) diet containing 8 . 2% CP was also used to calculate energy values by difference .
Feces were collected to determine DE .
The ME and NE contents were estimated using published regression equations .
The DE , ME , and NE ( as-fed ) values were 4 , 724 +/- 461 , 4 , 226 +/- 437 , and 3 , 235 +/- 380 kcal/kg for rice protein concentrate ; 4 , 173 +/- 1 , 052 , 3 , 523 +/- 1 , 002 , and 2 , 623 +/- 872 kcal/kg for salmon protein hydrolysate ; 4 , 949 +/- 1 , 002 , 4 , 352 +/- 955 , and 3 , 344 +/- 831 kcal/kg for whey protein concentrate ; and 4 , 546 +/- 673 , 3 , 979 +/- 652 , and 3 , 020 +/- 567 kcal/kg for spray-dried plasma protein , respectively .
The excellent AA digestibility and relatively high DE , ME , and NE values indicate that these protein sources warrant further investigation as ingredients for growing pig diets . | |
Score: 4.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2007 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17428569 | | Abstract: A lack of effective , easily applied and stable formulation has been a major obstacle to widespread use of biocontrol agents for control of rice sheath blight .
In this study , effervescent fast-disintegrating granules containing endospores of Bacillus megaterium were developed for use either by broadcast or spray application .
The formulation composed of lactose , polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30 ( PVP , K-30 ) and effervescent base ( citric acid , tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate ) .
The number of living bacteria in effervescent granules that performed mycelial growth inhibition was in the range of 10 ( 9 ) CFU/g after 12 months storage at room temperature .
The number of viable bacteria after applying into the water and spraying on the rice seedling for 7 days in the greenhouse tests were also satisfactory high ( 10 ( 9 ) CFU/g of granules and 10 ( 6 ) CFU/g of plant , respectively ) .
The scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) was used to observe bacterial antagonist on the surface of leaf sheath and leaf blade after spraying with formulation .
Effervescent formulation applied either broadcasting or spraying reduced incidence of sheath blight disease in the greenhouse experiments .
| |
Score: 4.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2007 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17849869 | | Abstract: Insect hormones regulate growth and development and fecundity of insects .
The current study investigated changes in juvenile hormone ( JH ) and molting hormone ( MH ) levels in fourth instars and adult females of Chilo suppressalis ( Walker ) ( Lepidoptera : Pyralidae ) after imidacloprid application to rice , Oryza sativa L The results showed that JH level in fourth instars that developed feeding on Fengyouxiangzhan rice plants sprayed with 15 , 30 , and 60 ppm imidacloprid was significantly higher than that of larvae that developed on control plants , increasing by 5 . 04 , 6 . 39 , and 4 . 89 times , respectively .
The relationships between JH level and imidacloprid concentrations showed a significant negative correlation .
In contrast , molting hormone ( MH ) level in larvae fed on control plants was significantly higher than that on treated plants .
JH : MH values in fourth instars developed from larvae feeding on rice plants treated with 15 , 30 , 60 , 80 , and 100 ppm imidacloprid increased by 49 . 17 , 39 . 43 , 13 . 48 , 15 . 80 , and 0 . 2 times , respectively , compared with control .
JH and JH : MH ratio in larvae fed on Wujing 15 plants treated with imidacloprid were significantly lower than those fed on Fengyouxiangzhan under the same treatments .
JH level in adult females that developed from larvae feeding on rice plants sprayed with imidacloprid significantly decreased with increase in imidacloprid concentration , but it increased compared with control .
JH level in adult females was associated with times of imidacloprid application .
JH level in adult females developed from larvae feeding on rice plants after double spray with 30 ppm imidacloprid was significantly higher than control , increasing by 61 . 6 and 116 . 5% , respectively , compared with a single spray and the control .
Moreover , hormone levels in the larvae were related to the application method of imidacloprid .
JH level in fourth instars after root application and topical application of imidacloprid was significantly lower than in control .
Thus , the dynamics of JH and MH in insects after insecticide applications are an extremely interesting problem , because hormones are related to insect growth and development .
| |
Score: 4.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2008 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19038812 | | Abstract: A genetically modified maize ( Zea mays L ) line that contains the Optimum GAT trait ( event DP-O9814O-6 ; 98140 ) was produced by integration of the gat4621 and zm-hra genes .
The expressed GAT4621 and ZM-HRA proteins confer tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate and acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides , respectively .
The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional performance of 98140 maize grain to nontransgenic maize grain in a 42-d feeding trial in broiler chickens .
Diets were prepared using grain from untreated 98140 plants and from plants treated with an in-field application of herbicides ( 98140 + Spray ) .
For comparison , additional diets were produced with maize grain obtained from the nontransgenic near-isogenic control ( control ) and nontransgenic commercial reference Pioneer brand hybrids 33J56 , 33P66 , and 33R77 .
Diets were fed to Ross x Cobb broilers ( n = 120/group , 50% male and 50% female ) in 3 phases : starter , grower , and finisher containing 58 . 5 , 64 , and 71 . 5% maize grain , respectively .
No statistically significant differences were observed in mortality , growth performance variables , or carcass and organ yields between broilers consuming diets produced with maize grains from unsprayed or sprayed 98140 and those consuming diets produced with near-isogenic control maize grain .
Additionally , all performance and carcass variables from control , 98140 , and 98140 + Spray test maize treatment groups were within tolerance intervals constructed using data from reference maize groups .
Based on these results , it was concluded that 98140 maize grain ( unsprayed or sprayed with a herbicide mixture ) was nutritionally equivalent to nontransgenic control maize with comparable genetic background .
| |
Score: 3.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1999 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10028133 | | Abstract: Acute lateral ankle ligament sprains are common in young athletes ( 15 to 35 years of age ) .
Diagnostic and treatment protocols vary .
Therapies range from cast immobilisation or acute surgical repair to functional rehabilitation .
The lateral ligament complex includes 3 capsular ligaments : the anterior tibiofibular ( ATFL ) , calcaneofibular ( CFL ) and posterior talofibular ( PTFL ) ligaments .
Injuries typically occur during plantar flexion and inversion ; the ATFL is most commonly torn .
The CFL and the PTFL can also be injured and , after severe inversion , subtalar joint ligaments are also affected .
Commonly , an athlete with a lateral ankle ligament sprain reports having rolled over the outside of their ankle .
The entire ankle and foot must be examined to ensure there are no other injuries .
Clinical stability tests for ligamentous disruption include the anterior drawer test of ATFL function and inversion tilt test of both ATFL and CFL function .
Radiographs may rule out treatable fractures in severe injuries or when pain or tenderness are not associated with lateral ligaments .
Stress radiographs do not affect treatment .
Ankle sprains are classified from grades I to III ( mild , moderate or severe ) .
Grade I and II injuries recover quickly with nonoperative management .
A non-operative functional treatment programme includes immediate use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression , elevation ) , a short period of immobilisation and protection with a tape or bandage , and early range of motion , weight-bearing and neuromuscular training exercises .
Proprioceptive training on a tilt board after 3 to 4 weeks helps improve balance and neuromuscular control of the ankle .
Treatment for grade III injuries is more controversial A comprehensive literature evaluation and meta-analysis showed that early functional treatment provided the fastest recovery of ankle mobility and earliest return to work and physical activity without affecting late mechanical stability .
Functional treatment was complication-free , whereas surgery had serious , though infrequent , complications .
Functional treatment produced no more sequelae than casting with or without surgical repair .
Secondary surgical repair , even years after an injury , has results comparable to those of primary repair , so even competitive athletes can receive initial conservative treatment .
Sequelae of lateral ligament injuries are common .
After conservative or surgical treatment , 10 to 30% of patients have chronic symptoms , including persistent synovitis or tendinitis , ankle stiffness , swelling , pain , muscle weakness and giving-way .
Well-designed physical therapy programmes usually reduce instability .
For individuals with chronic instability refractory to conservative measures , surgery may be needed .
Subtalar instability should be carefully evaluated when considering surgery .
| |
Score: 3.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2001 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11385597 | | Abstract: Propanil is widely used as a postemergence herbicide in rice .
Because it is typically applied aerially , there is a potential for propanil to drift into and around homes of those living adjacent to rice fields .
Propanil has been shown to be immunotoxic in rodent models .
The objective of this study was to measure the levels of propanil to which families living adjacent to aerially sprayed rice fields may be exposed .
Air levels were sampled by actively and passively collecting propanil in and around the homes of volunteer families living in close proximity to rice fields sprayed with propanil .
Homes ranged from 73 m to 113 m from treated rice fields .
Sampling was conducted in the home , adjacent to the home ( within 5 m of the home ) , 30 m from the home , and at the edge of the rice field .
Concentrations were determined via gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy .
Propanil levels adjacent to the homes ranged from nondetectable to 1 , 106 . 4 microg per 400 cm2 collection surface ( 2 . 0 microg detection limit ) .
Wind direction and wind velocity were the primary determinants of propanil drift .
At sites where the prevailing wind was blowing away from the home , no propanil was detected except at the edge of the field .
Distance from the edge of the rice field also influenced the amount of drift with higher levels measured at 30 m from the house than adjacent to the house .
No propanil vapor was detected on absorbent media sampled in and around the homes .
The results indicate that individuals living adjacent to rice fields aerially sprayed with propanil are potentially exposed to variable amounts of propanil , and wind speed and direction are the most important factors that influence the concentration of aerially applied pesticide . | |
Score: 3.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2003 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14710748 | | Abstract: Because agricultural insecticides have potential to disrupt biological control of mosquitoes , we quantified whether an insecticide used in rice fields causes mortality of mosquitofish .
Laboratory studies have shown that lambda-cyhalothrin ( Warrior ) is toxic to fish ; however , some studies report low field toxicities of pyrethroids to fish because they degrade rapidly and adsorb to soil .
We tested whether Warrior kills mosquitofish under field conditions .
Replicated enclosures in a rice field were either sprayed with Warrior at 5 . 8 g active ingredient/ha or were untreated .
Mosquitofish were either added before the spray , or 7 days later .
Of those added before the spray , none survived .
Most fish added 7 days later survived .
| |
Score: 3.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2006 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16686134 | | Abstract: To clarify factors causing mortality of Leptocorisa chinensis Dallas ( Hemiptera : Alydidae ) eggs in rice fields , sentinel egg masses were exposed for seven days in two rice , Oryza sativa L ( Poaceae ) , fields .
An insecticide was sprayed to remove natural enemies in one-half of each field before exposing egg masses to predation .
An egg mass containing 14 eggs was glued to a plastic label , and 21 egg masses each were placed in the sprayed and unsprayed control plots .
During exposure , the number of hatched and missing eggs was observed daily .
Egg predators were sampled in the fields before and after insecticide application .
After the egg masses were retrieved from the fields , mortality factors of the unhatched eggs were assessed in the laboratory .
The mean number of hatched and missing eggs was not significantly different between the sprayed and control plots in field A In field B , however , the numbers were significantly different .
The percentage of missing eggs in damaged egg masses ranged from 80 to 100% .
In the laboratory , we observed that feeding marks caused by the grasshopper Conocephalus chinensis ( Redtenbacher ) were similar to those on the eggs exposed in the rice fields .
The density of C chinensis was low in control plots of field A In contrast , the density was high in those of field B These observations suggest that the density of egg predators , eg , C chinensis , is a mortality factor of L chinensis eggs in rice fields . | |
Score: 3.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17261177 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : The highlands of Madagascar present an unstable transmission pattern of malaria .
The population has no immunity , and the central highlands have been the sites of epidemics with particularly high fatality .
The most recent epidemic occurred in the 1980s , and caused about 30 , 000 deaths .
The fight against malaria epidemics in the highlands has been based on indoor insecticide spraying to control malaria vectors .
Any preventive programme involving generalised cover in the highlands will require very substantial logistical support .
We used multicriteria evaluation , by the method of weighted linear combination , as basis for improved targeting of actions by determining priority zones for intervention .
RESULTS : Image analysis and field validation showed the accuracy of mapping rice fields to be between 82 . 3% and 100% , and the Kappa coefficient was 0 . 86 to 0 . 99 . A significant positive correlation was observed between the abundance of the vector Anopheles funestus and temperature ; the correlation coefficient was 0 . 599 ( p < 0 . 001 ) .
A significant negative correlation was observed between vector abundance and human population density : the correlation coefficient was -0 . 551 ( p < 0 . 003 ) .
Factor weights were determined by pair-wise comparison and the consistency ratio was 0 . 04 .
Risk maps of the six study zones were obtained according to a gradient of risk .
Nine of thirteen results of alert confirmed by the Epidemiological Surveillance Post were in concordance with the risk map .
CONCLUSION : This study is particularly valuable for the management of vector control programmes , and particularly the reduction of the vector population with a view to preventing disease .
The risk map obtained can be used to identify priority zones for the management of resources , and also help avoid systematic and generalised spraying throughout the highlands : such spraying is particularly difficult and expensive . The accuracy of the mapping , both as concerns time and space , is dependent on the availability of data .
Continuous monitoring of malaria transmission factors must be undertaken to detect any changes .
A regular case notification allows risk map to be verified .
These actions should therefore be implemented so that risk maps can be satisfactorily assessed .
| |
Score: 3.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21733417 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Ankle sprains are usually treated with the RICE protocol often with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAID ) for pain reduction .
We evaluated the effect of diclofenac , an NSAID , versus paracematol in the reduction of pain and acute edema of severe ankle sprains .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Ninety patients , 18 to 60 years old , with Grade II acute ankle sprains were randomized into two groups .
Group A ( 45 patients ) received for the first 10 days diclofenac 75 mg orally twice per day .
Group B ( 45 patients ) received paracetamol 500 mg orally three times per day for the same period .
We evaluated ankle joint edema with the Figure-of-Eight method and with the volumetric method , as well as pain with the Visual Analogue Scale ( VAS ) in both groups .
RESULTS : The patients had no significant differences concerning their baseline values ( p > 0 . 05 ) .
The ankle joint edema was decreased in both groups ( p < 0 . 001 ) but there was more edema in group A than in group B at the third post-traumatic day with both measurement methods ( p = 0 . 028/0 . 025 ) .
By the tenth post-traumatic day no difference was found .
Pain decreased in both groups at the third day and at the tenth day ( p < 0 . 001 ) .
CONCLUSION : According to these results , diclofenac and paracetamol had the same effect on pain reduction of ankle sprains but more acute ankle edema was present in patients who were treated with diclofenac than in patients who were treated with paracetamol .
| |
Score: 3.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub3749959 | | Abstract: In 1953 , the Indian National Malaria Control Programme ( NMCP ) was started .
Encouraged by the results , and the fact that insecticide resistance in vector species may evolve and become an obstacle , in 1958 a control programme was converted to the National Malaria Eradication Programme ( NMEP ) .
By 1964 , malaria was eradicated from 88% of the area and it was in the advanced stage of spraying in the remaining parts .
At that time , focal outbreaks that occurred in 1965 and increased in later years , could not be contained due to the shortages of DDT .
As a result , large areas in consolidation and maintenance phases were reverted to the attack phase .
Besides , the infrastructure in general health services was not adequate and mature enough to take up surveillance and vigilance .
This produced a large number of secondary cases due to the re-introduction and relapse of malaria .
Added to this was the problem of urban malaria , the control of which was the responsibility of local bodies .
Malaria cases increased in towns , and started diffusing to the rural areas , due to inadequate staff and the shortages of malarial larvicidal oil ( MLO ) .
Later , it turned out , that while it was technically feasible to eradicate malaria from 91% of the population , the strategy of indoor spraying of DDT to interrupt transmission did not succeed in 9 . 0% of the population , despite more than 12-14 years of regular spraying .
During the years of resurgence , there was no research support to the programme , so that technical problems were not properly appreciated , understood and tackled .
The reservoir of parasites that were present throughout the country started multiplying and spreading to newer areas due to the presence of vectors in high densities .
Thus malaria resurged and re-established itself even in areas that were at one time freed from the disease .
The analysis of the pattern of malaria resurgence revealed that malaria outbreaks preceded the true problem of insecticide resistance .
It is noteworthy to mention that malaria resurgence occurred in towns where the control measures were non-insecticidal and in regions which were not under the influence of insecticide-resistant vectors .
The study also revealed that resurgence occurred before the introduction of high-yielding varieties programme in the country , and had no relationship to either the cotton or rice growing or intensive agriculture .
| |
Score: 3.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1997 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9200323 | | Abstract: Rest , ice , compression , elevation ( RICE ) is the most recommended treatment for acute traumatic soft it issue injuries .
A questionnaire was given to all Danish emergency rooms ( n = 5 ) regarding their routines for acute treatment of ankle sprains and muscle contusions .
Complete answers were received from 37 emergency rooms ( 73% ) , covering the treatment of 111 ankle sprains and 101 muscle contusions .
Treatment with RICE was given in a minority of injuries , ice ( 21% ) , compression ( 32% ) and elevation ( 58% ) similarly between injury types .
A complete RICE treatment was rarely applied ( 3% ) .
Verbal information on RICE and rehabilitation was given in less than half of the cases .
We conclude that the acute treatment of ankle sprains and muscle contusions in the Danish emergency rooms is not applied in accordance with consensus from international literature , and that the instruction in rehabilitation should be improved .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10738692 | | Abstract: Ascorbic acid ( AA ) was microencapsulated by spray drying , using gum arabic and rice starch as covering materials .
The AA was dissolved in solutions of the wall material prior to processing .
For the rice starch , gelatin was used as a binding agent and recovery was effected with calcium pectate .
The morphology of the materials was analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy , it thus being possible to verify the formation and evaluate the structural characteristics of the microcapsules .
The capsules produced with gum arabic were smaller ( d50% = 8 . 0 microns ) and with a multimode particle size distribution , whilst uncovered starch capsules containing 1-2% gelatin presented a distribution mainly in the range of 5-40 microns .
The capsules recovered with calcium pectate had average diameters 10-15 times greater than those obtained only by spray drying .
The stability of the encapsulated materials was studied at room temperature ( RH 60-65% ) and at 45 degrees C ( RH 60-65% and 90 . 7% ) .
AA microencapsulated in gum arabic was shown to be as stable as free crystalline AA under environmental conditions , whereas that encapsulated in rice starch was less stable .
Increasing the amount of the binding agent gelatin increased the stability of the uncovered starch encapsulated AA .
Recovery with calcium pectate notably increased the stability of the starch encapsulated AA , as compared to the uncovered samples .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2001 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11276181 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Passive joint mobilization is commonly used by physical therapists as an intervention for acute ankle inversion sprains .
A randomized controlled trial with blinded assessors was conducted to investigate the effect of a specific joint mobilization , the anteroposterior glide on the talus , on increasing pain-free dorsiflexion and 3 gait variables : stride speed ( gait speed ) , step length , and single support time .
SUBJECTS : Forty-one subjects with acute ankle inversion sprains ( <72 hours ) and no other injury to the lower limb entered the trial METHODS : Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups .
The control group received a protocol of rest , ice , compression , and elevation ( RICE ) .
The experimental group received the anteroposterior mobilization , using a force that avoided incurring any increase in pain , in addition to the RICE protocol .
Subjects in both groups were treated every second day for a maximum of 2 weeks or until the discharge criteria were met , and all subjects were given a home program of continued RICE application .
Outcomes were measured before and after each treatment .
RESULTS : The results showed that the experimental group required fewer treatment sessions than the control group to achieve full pain-free dorsiflexion .
The experimental group had greater improvement in range of movement before and after each of the first 3 treatment sessions .
The experimental group also had greater increases in stride speed during the first and third treatment sessions .
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Addition of a talocrural mobilization to the RICE protocol in the management of ankle inversion injuries necessitated fewer treatments to achieve pain-free dorsiflexion and to improve stride speed more than RICE alone .
Improvement in step length symmetry and single support time was similar in both groups .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2001 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11385596 | | Abstract: The rice herbicide propanil induces alterations in the mouse immune system , causing significant decreases in T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antibody responses .
This postemergent herbicide is used extensively in rice production in the Mississippi River delta region of the southern United States .
The aerial application and airborne drift of propanil may pose health concerns to exposed farm families living adjacent to sprayed rice fields .
To determine if aerial spraying of propanil increases risks of altered immune responses in families bordering rice fields , immune parameters were assessed during a 2-year study .
Families living within 100 yards of rice fields were compared in a case control study to farm families whose homes exceeded 1 mile from any rice field .
Blood was analyzed in adults ( n = 56 ) and children ( n = 52 ) at three time intervals : ( 1 ) preseason , prior to propanil application ; ( 2 ) 5-7 days after aerial application of propanil to rice fields ; and ( 3 ) postseason , following harvest Exposed adults and children were compared with controls for a number of immune parameters .
Total cell count and the percentage of various lymphocytes ( T cells , B cells , CD4+ helper cells , and CD8+ suppressor cells ) and natural killer ( NK ) cells , mitogen-induced cell proliferation , cytokine ( IL-2+ ) production , and NK cell function were assessed .
A comparison of immune function between exposed and nonexposed farm families showed no significant differences , possibly related to propanil exposure .
However , some immune test parameters changed as a function of season rather than propanil exposure .
The data indicate that individuals living next to rice fields are not at increased risk of altered immune function due to propanil exposure .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12014482 | | Abstract: Fusarium graminearum is the predominant pathogen causing fusarium head blight of cereals in North America .
Fifteen Canadian isolates of Fusarium graminearum were highly diverse in terms of vegetative compatibility grouping ( VCG ) and varied for production of ergosterol and mycotoxin production in rice culture .
Aggressiveness was assessed by scoring the disease severity incited in wheat spikes by each isolate .
Two inoculation methods , single-floret injection and spray of entire spikes , were used to screen 4 wheat varieties for reaction to the F graminearum isolates .
All isolates were of broadly similar aggressiveness , with disease severity ranging from 17 . 2 to 39 . 1 for single floret injection , and 39 . 1 to 69 . 0 for spray inoculation .
Disease severity , ergosterol production , and mycotoxin development were not correlated .
Using nitrate non-utilizing mutants the 15 isolates were grouped into 14 VCGs .
Deoxynivalenol ( DON ) was produced by all isolates in rice culture , at levels between 0 . 2 and 249 ppm .
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was produced by 14 of the 15 isolates at levels between 0 . 4 and 44 . 6 ppm .
These results reveal a high level of diversity for several characteristics among F graminearum isolates from Canada . | |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12078209 | | Abstract: AIM : To provide scientific basis for the popularization and application of molluscide bromoacetamide .
METHODS : Large scale application of bromoacetamide in twenty eight counties of four provinces was investigated and its molluscicidal effect in marshland and influence on marshland grass ( Cyperus ) and fishes were observed .
RESULTS : High molluscicidal effect of bromoacetamide was found against both snails and snail eggs in various environments .
According to the results observed in different fields , the applicable dosage of bromoacetamide is 1 . 5-2 g/m2 for spraying method , 1 . 5-2 g/m3 for immersing method and 1 . 5-2 g/m for immersing in combination with shovelling the turf along the bank .
When it was applied in fish-raising ponds or rivers at an applicable dosage , no toxic effect on fishes was found .
The spraying dosage of bromoacetamide did not affect the rice seedling but it did some damage to the leaf-tips of marshland grass , however , the grass did turn green and grow .
CONCLUSION : Bromoacetamide has proved to be a safe and effective mulluscicde against Oncomelania under various field conditions .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2003 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12729014 | | Abstract: The release characteristics of flavor in boiling water and the flavor retention in the rice after cooking were investigated by using spray dried powder in encapsulated in or emulsified with d-limonene or ethyl n-hexanoate in cyclodextrin and maltodextrin , or in gum arabic and maltodextrin .
The behavior of flavor release into the boiling water was well simulated by Avramis equation .
The retention of d-limonene and ethyl n-hexanoate in cooked rice was correlated in each case with the flavor amount of spray-dried powder added . | |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2003 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14994793 | | Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely used biopesticide among many methods available to control insects .
To make a saleable product , B thuringiensis must be substantially concentrated by removal of water and formulated to improve longevity , efficacy , and ease of transport of the product .
B thuringiensis subsp . aizawai culture broth as an active ingredient was mixed with various adjuvants and then spray dried .
The optimum conditions for spray drying were found to be an outlet temperature of 60-85 degrees C and an inlet temperature of 120-180 degrees C Various adjuvants had different effects on physical and biological properties of the dried product .
Gelatinized tapioca starch and milk powder improved suspensibility but adversely affected wettability of the dried formulated product .
Vegetable oil and Tween 20 enhanced wettability but resulted in poor suspensibility .
Silica fume was used to enhance flowability because it reduced clumping and caking of the powder resulting from the addition of vegetable oil .
Formulation containing 10% wt : wt B thuringiensis , 10% wt : wt gelatinized tapioca starch , 10% wt : wt sucrose , 38% wt : wt tapioca starch , 20% wt : wt milk powder , 10% wt : wt silica fume , 2% wt : wt polyvinyl alcohol , 5% vol : vol Tween 20 , 1% vol : vol refined rice bran oil , and 1% vol : vol antifoam solution was found to be optimum in terms of the physical and biological properties of the dried product .
This formulation had 55% suspensibility , 24 s for wetting time , and 5 . 69 x 10 ( 4 ) CFU/ml of LC50 value against Spodoptera exigua larvae .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2004 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15071831 | | Abstract: The anopheline vectors and malaria transmission were investigated in the Middle West of Madagascar , in the village of Ambohimena ( at the altitude of 940 meters ) during two years ( August 1996 to July 1998 ) .
This village is located outside the vector control area , where yearly DDT house spraying campaigns have been conducted between 1993 and 1998 .
Collection of mosquitoes was mainly based on all night man billing collections ( 650 man-nights ) , pyrethrum spray catches ( 224 bedrooms ) and direct collections in outdoor resting places ( 140 toilets , 61 pigsties , 33 holes , 19 sheds , 79 sisal hedges , 70 cart shelters ) .
Blood fed anophelines allowed analysis of the origin of blood with an ELISA method .
Presence of circum-sporozoite protein was assessed with another ELISA method .
The total number of collected anophelines was 14 , 280 .
Two malaria vectors were identified : Anopheles funestus Giles , 1900 and An . arabiensis Patton , 1902 .
An . funestus was the most abundant mosquito , especially during the hot rainy season .
Two peaks of abundance were observed ( in December and April ) .
Endophagic rate ( for mosquitoes aggressive for man ) of 35 . 3% , an endophilic rate ( for resting mosquitoes ) of 78 . 0% and an anthropophilic rate ( for indoor resting mosquitoes ) of 64 . 0% were calculated .
The average parity rate was relatively low ( 61 . 2% ) .
The Plasmodium falciparum immunological sporozoite rate was 0 . 20% .
An . funestus presented a higher vectorial capacity during the first round of rice cultivation ( January ) than during the second round ( April-May ) .
An . arabiensis was mostly abundant in December and January at the beginning of the rainy season .
This species was exophagic ( endophagic rate = 27 . 5% ) and zoophilic ( anthropophilic rate = 7 . 8% ) .
The sporozoitic index was determined as zero ( number of examined mosquitoes = 871 ) .
In this village , An . arabiensis presented only marginal importance for malaria transmission .
Malaria transmission occurred from December to April .
Annual entomological inoculation rate , only due to An . funestus , was 8 . 96 during the first year , and 3 . 17 during the second year .
In this area where transmission is moderately stable , we suggest an extension of vector imagocidal control activities up to the western fringes of the Highlands . | |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2005 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16096593 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVES : ( 1 ) To describe the incidence of inclusion of early mobilization components in emergency department ( ED ) discharge instructions ; ( 2 ) to describe the prescribed follow-up appointments ; and ( 3 ) to analyze the differences between the treatment of pediatric and adult patients .
METHODS : A 1-year retrospective chart review of ED records of a large urban hospital was performed .
Medical records of 374 ( 95% ) of the 397 adult and pediatric patients with ICD-9 code for ankle sprains were reviewed ( 213 males and 171 females , mean age 28 . 4 +/- 14 . 5 ; 291 adults , 93 pediatric ) .
RESULTS : Sixteen percent of records contained discharge instructions that included rest , ice , compression , elevation , and medications ( RICEM ) .
Twenty percent included RICE .
Pediatricians ( 33 . 7% ) were more likely than adult physicians ( 10 . 3% ) to have given RICEM ( P < 0 . 0001 ) and RICE ( P = 0 . 05 , pedi = 45 . 8% , adult = 13 . 1% ) .
Follow-up referrals were recommended as needed 50% of the time .
Follow-up referrals were made to community clinics ( 59% ) , orthopedic clinic ( 23% ) , the ED ( 14% ) , and others ( 4% ) .
Pediatricians were more likely to recommend routine scheduled follow up ( pedi = 62% , adult = 47% , P = 0 . 018 ) , suggest follow-up in a community clinic or doctors office ( pedi = 68 . 6% , adult = 51 . 2% , P < 0 . 0001 ) , and to recommend earlier follow up ( pedi = 1 . 6 weeks +/- 1 . 1 , adult = 2 . 0 weeks +/- 1 . 1 , P = 0 . 002 ) than adult physicians .
CONCLUSIONS : Programs that train physicians who work in the ED need to include education on the proper treatment , rehabilitation , and follow up of patients with acute ankle sprains .
Providing easy-to-complete discharge instruction templates can help providers give patients discharge instructions that may help patients minimize the risk of long-term sequelae .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2007 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17592758 | | Abstract: Rice brown spot , caused by Bipolaris oryzae , can be a serious disease causing a considerable yield loss .
Trichoderma harzianum is an effective biocontrol agent for a number of plant fungal diseases .
Thus , this research was carried out to investigate the mechanisms of action by which T harzianum antagonizes Bipolaris oryzae in vitro , and the efficacy of spray application of a spore suspension of T harzianum for control of rice brown spot disease under field conditions .
In vitro , the antagonistic behavior of T harzianum resulted in the overgrowth of B oryzae by T harzianum , while the antifungal metabolites of T harzianum completely prevented the linear growth of B oryzae .
Light and scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) observations showed no evidence that mycoparasitism contributed to the aggressive nature of the tested isolate of T harzianum against B oryzae .
Under field conditions , spraying of a spore suspension of T harzianum at 10 ( 8 ) spore ml ( -1 ) significantly reduced the disease severity ( DS ) and disease incidence ( DI ) on the plant leaves , and also significantly increased the grain yield , total grain carbohydrate , and protein , and led to a significant increase in the total photosynthetic pigments ( chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids ) in rice leaves .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2007 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17713601 | | Abstract: Acute oral consumption of various natural inhibitors of amylase ( bean and hibiscus extracts ) and sucrase ( L-arabinose ) reduce absorption of starch and sucrose respectively in rats and pigs measured by lessened appearance of circulating glucose levels .
The present subchronic study was designed to determine whether these selected inhibitors of gastrointestinal starch and sucrose absorption ( so-called "carb blockers" ) remain effective with continued use and to assess their metabolic influences after prolonged intake .
Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged twice daily over nine weeks with either water or an equal volume of water containing a formula that included bean and hibiscus extracts and L-arabinose .
To estimate CHO absorption , control and treated Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with either water alone or an equal volume of water containing glucose , rice starch , sucrose , or combined rice starch and sucrose .
Circulating glucose was measured at timed intervals over four hours .
The ability to decrease starch and sucrose absorption use .
No toxic effects ( hepatic , renal , hematologic ) were evident .
Blood chemistries revealed significantly lower circulating glucose levels and a trend toward decreased HbA1C in the nondiabetic rats receiving the natural formulation compared to control .
Subchronic administration of enzyme inhibitors was also associated with many metabolic changes including lowered systolic blood pressure and altered fluid-electrolyte balance .
We postulate that proper intake of natural amylase and sucrase inhibitors may be useful in the prevention and treatment of many chronic disorders associated with perturbations in glucose-insulin homeostasis secondary to the rapid absorption of refined CHO .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1786622 | | Abstract: A 3-year entomological study was carried out on the transmission of malaria in a village of 900 inhabitants in a rice-growing area of Burkina Faso .
In the study area inhabitants use bed nets to protect themselves from mosquito bites .
In the first year of the study , baseline data were collected ; in the second year , the village was divided in two parts and all the bed nets in the southern part were sprayed with deltamethrin ( 25 mg/m2 ) ; and in the third year , all the bed nets in both parts of the village were sprayed .
The inoculation rate was estimated by hand collection of mosquitos on human volunteers who were not protected by bed nets .
The overall inoculation rate in the first year was 55 infected bites per person and was higher in the southern than in the northern part of the village .
During the second year the rate increased to 70 bites per person on average ( but was slightly lower than this in the southern part of the village ) .
During the third year , the inoculation rate fell to three infected bites per year , ie , a reduction of 94% compared with the first year .
This reduction arose primarily because of a marked decrease in the sporozoitic index and a lower density of vectors .
Thus , use of pyrethroid-impregnated bed nets by all members of the community appears to be a major tool in preventing transmission of malaria .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1793263 | | Abstract: In the context of a large project for the socio-economic improvement of the Imbo area , measures were taken for the integration at all levels of malaria control : health centres for improvement of curative care ; hygiene and sanitation centres , communes and agricultural projects for vector control ; craftsmen , cooperatives and social centres for the manufacture and selling of impregnated bed-nets .
The adopted strategy for malaria control results from preliminary epidemiological studies .
The recommended measures are the improvement of medical care and vector control .
The latter is based on indoor spraying of malathion , once a year .
Malathion is only active during the period ( 2 months ) of highest transmission , which occurs at the end of the rainy season .
Occasionally other insecticides are used .
Impregnated bed-nets with deltamethrin and village draining are complementary methods .
In villages of the rice-growing area with good participation of the community , vector control activities have a considerable impact on malaria prevalence .
About 70% before the intervention , the prevalence does not exceed 10% in 1990 .
High parasitaemia ( greater than 2000 troph . /microliters ) , and hence morbidity , decreased considerably ( 35% in 1983 to less than 5% in 1990 ) .
In villages with poor community participation , the decrease of prevalence is less spectacular ( from 70% to 25% ) .
Drains are not kept in repair and constitute new breeding places of vectors in the populated areas .
The use of mosquito bed-nets is not common , a better information campaign should overcome this unpopularity .
In peri-urban villages , inhabitants are complaining about indoor spraying , but the results are satisfactory .
This programme demonstrates that reducing malaria prevalence and morbidity with conventional measures is feasible in particular biotopes .
Health education activities in the Imbo Centre must be pursued and adapted according to the professional activities of the community .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2008 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18488130 | | Abstract: Two rainfall simulations of 30 mm h ( -1 ) , with 48-h interval between two simulations , were performed on rice lysimeters at 24 , 48 , and 72 h after being sprayed with tricyclazole .
In the first simulated rainfall , wash-off concentration of tricyclazole was significant irrespective of the interval between the spray time and the rainfall simulation .
And from 20 . 5% to 24 . 2% of tricyclazole deposited on leaves was removed from the rice foliage .
In the second simulated rainfall , concentration of tricyclazole in wash-off water was significantly lower and less than 3 . 6% of the deposited tricyclazole was lost | |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20732294 | | Abstract: The strigolactones are internal and rhizosphere signalling molecules in plants that are biosynthesised through carotenoid cleavage .
They are secreted by host roots into the rhizosphere where they signal host-presence to the symbiotic arbuscular mycrorrhizal ( AM ) fungi and the parasitic plants of the Orobanche , Phelipanche and Striga genera .
The seeds of these parasitic plants germinate after perceiving these signalling molecules .
After attachment to the host root , the parasite negatively affects the host plant by withdrawing water , nutrients and assimilates through a direct connection with the host xylem .
In many areas of the world these parasites are a threat to agriculture but so far very limited success has been achieved to minimize losses due to these parasitic weeds .
Considering the carotenoid origin of the strigolactones , in the present study we investigated the possibilities to reduce strigolactone production in the roots of plants by blocking carotenoid biosynthesis using carotenoid inhibitors .
Hereto the carotenoid inhibitors fluridone , norflurazon , clomazone and amitrole were applied to rice either through irrigation or through foliar spray .
Irrigation application of all carotenoid inhibitors and spray application of amitrole significantly decreased strigolactone production , Striga hermonthica germination and Striga infection , also in concentrations too low to affect growth and development of the host plant .
Hence , we demonstrate that the application of carotenoid inhibitors to plants can affect S hermonthica germination and attachment indirectly by reducing the strigolactone concentration in the rhizosphere .
This finding is useful for further studies on the relevance of the strigolactones in rhizosphere signalling .
Since these inhibitors are available and accessible , they may represent an efficient technology for farmers , including poor subsistence farmers in the African continent , to control these harmful parasitic weeds .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20839964 | | Abstract: Sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani ( teleomorph : Thanatephorus cucumeris ) is a major cause of crop loss in intensive rice production systems .
No economically viable control methods have been developed .
We screened aqueous extracts of common herbal plants that could reduce sheath blight lesions and found that foliar spraying and seed soaking application of extracts of either fresh or dried leaves of Chromolaena odorata gave up to 68% reduction in sheath blight lesion lengths under controlled and semi-field conditions .
The observed reductions were not dependent on growth conditions of C odorata and rice cultivar .
The effect was observed until 21 days after inoculation and was not dependent on microbial activity .
Under semi-field conditions , extracts also reduced severity of other important rice diseases , ie , blast ( Pyricularia oryzae ) using foliar spray ( up to 45% ) , brown spot ( Bipolaris oryzae ) using seed treatment ( up to 57% ) , and bacterial blight ( Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ) using both application methods ( up to 50% ) .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub2100759 | | Abstract: Investigations to determine dermal contamination of rural farmers during pesticide application to tropical crops are described .
Contamination patterns and levels vary according to crop type and height , and application method .
Non-toxic model pesticides and tracer dyes were applied to rice , vegetable , mango , cotton and coffee crops in the Philippines , Thailand , Tanzania and Malawi , using knapsack and ULV spinning disc sprayers .
Tracer dye falling on the operator during application was measured for each type of crop sprayed .
Mean gross dermal deposits of dye were : rice 97 mg/hr ; mango 257 mg/hr ; vegetables 103 mg/hr ; cotton 220 mg/hr ; coffee 95 mg/hr .
The implications of these gross dermal deposit figures in relation to pesticide contamination and hazard are discussed . | |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2012 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21997963 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : The aim of this work is to prepare a controlled-release formulation of uniconazole using porous hollow silica nanoparticles ( PHSNs ) as carrier , and to investigate the biological effects on rice growth .
RESULTS : PHSNs with a shell thickness of 15 nm and a particle size of 80-100 nm were synthesised through a sol-gel route using nanosized calcium carbonate particles as templates .
Simple immersing ( SI ) and supercritical fluid drug loading ( SFDL ) technologies were employed to load uniconazole into PHSNs with loading efficiencies of 22 and 26% respectively .
The prepared uniconazole-loaded PHSNs ( UCZ-PHSNs ) by SI and SFDL both demonstrated sustained release properties , and the latter showed better controlled release ability with a slower release rate .
Compared with free uniconazole , UCZ-PHSNs exhibited a weaker growth retardation effect in the early stage but more significant retardation ability in later stages for agar-cultured rice seedlings .
For the rice that grew in clay , UCZ-PHSNs demonstrated a weaker plant height retardation effect than free uniconazole at the early jointing stage by foliar spraying , but exhibited a stronger retardation capacity than free uniconazole by being applied into soil before seedling transplantation .
CONCLUSION : The results indicated that the prepared UCZ-PHSNs possessed good controlled-release properties and had improved retardation effects on rice growth .
It is recommended that UCZ-PHSNs be applied into soil before seedling transplantation rather than administered by foliar spraying at the early jointing stage .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2012 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22495758 | | Abstract: A developmental toxicity bioassay was used in three experiments to evaluate water concentrates for suitability in multigenerational studies .
First , chlorinated water was concentrated 135-fold by reverse osmosis ; select lost disinfection by-products were spiked back .
Concentrate was provided as drinking water to Sprague-Dawley and F344 rats from gestation day 6 to postnatal day 6 .
Maternal serum levels of luteinizing hormone on gestation day 10 were unaffected by treatment for both strains .
Treated dams had increased water consumption , and increased incidences of polyuria , diarrhea , and ( in Sprague-Dawley rats ) red perinasal staining .
Pup weights were reduced .
An increased incidence of eye defects was seen in F344 litters .
Chemical analysis of the concentrate revealed high sodium ( 6 . 6 g/l ) and sulfate ( 10 . 4 g/l ) levels .
To confirm that these chemicals caused polyuria and osmotic diarrhea , respectively , Na ( 2 ) SO ( 4 ) ( 5-20 g/l ) or NaCl ( 16 . 5 g/l ) was provided to rats in drinking water .
Water consumption was increased at 5 and 10-g Na ( 2 ) SO ( 4 ) /l and with NaCl .
Pup weights were reduced at 20-g Na ( 2 ) SO ( 4 ) /l .
Dose-related incidences and severity of polyuria and diarrhea occurred in Na ( 2 ) SO ( 4 ) -treated rats ; perinasal staining was seen at 20 g/l .
NaCl caused polyuria and perinasal staining , but not diarrhea .
Subsequently , water was concentrated approximately 120-fold and sulfate levels were reduced by barium hydroxide before chlorination , yielding lower sodium ( | |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1993 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8250629 | | Abstract: Anopheles arabiensis and An . funestus were collected by pyrethrum spray sheet collections in houses and by human-bait catches at a village in western Kenya adjacent to the Ahero rice irrigation scheme ; and using the same methods , An . gambiae s . l . and An . funestus were collected at Miwani , a village in the sugar-cane belt .
Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates were determined by ELISA .
At Ahero the mean sporozoite rates were 1 . 1% and 4 . 3% in An . arabiensis and An . funestus , respectively , while at Miwani the rates were 6 . 0% in An . gambiae s . l . and 4 . 3% in An . funestus .
Entomolgoical inoculation rates ( EIR ) were derived from both human-bait collections ( IR-HBC ) and by the proportion of human blood-fed females caught resting indoors ( IR-HBF ) .
The IR-HBF appeared to be a more realistic index of EIR .
At Ahero and Miwani people were exposed to an average of 416 and 91 infective bites/person/year , respectively .
The main vectors were An . funestus at Ahero and An . gambiae s . l . at Miwani .
In view of the intense and perennial malaria transmission at Ahero , vector control by insecticides should be considered , while at Miwani , where transmission is seasonal , permethrin-impregnated bed nets could be an alternative to indoor spraying .
These measures must be augmented with availability of effective antimalarials .
| |
Score: 2.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8705134 | | Abstract: Since the 17th century , Europeans travelling in Madagascar described the contrast between the fever-free Plateau and the fever-ridden coasts .
The former were inhabited by people of Asiatic origins and the latter by African migrants .
At the end of the 18th century , "Merina" kings developed land irrigation and rice cultivation , using manpower from the coasts .
Since then , rice has become a monoculture covering most of the arable lands of the Highlands .
The first malaria epidemic occurred in the Tananarive area in 1878 , and rapidly spread throughout the Plateau .
The mortality rate was high .
A second epidemic in 1895 may have been a resurgence of the previous one .
Subsequently , malaria became meso-epidemic despite control measures , mainly consisting of larvivorous fishes , quinine treatment and prophylaxis .
In 1949 , an eradication program was launched based on DDT house-spraying and chloroquine prophylaxis in children .
It was very successful on the Highlands where malaria disappeared , in 1962 .
Spraying was cancelled and only three small foci remained under surveillance .
In 1987 and 1988 , a malaria outbreak devastated the plateau .
Subsequently , intensive spraying operations brought the situation under control by 1993 .
The main malaria vector on the Madagascar Highlands is An . funestus .
More than 95% of its breeding sites are in the rice fields just before the harvest and afterwards in the fallow lands .
The vector peak and the corresponding peak of malaria cases occur between February and May , depending on the farming calender .
The second but less important vector , An . arabiensis , breeds in the rice fields just after seeding when the surface water is sunlit .
Although rice fields remain the main source of this vector , it also breeds in rainwater pods and borow-pits .
Malaria vectors on the plateau are products of human activities of rice cultivation , which is the basis of the economy .
The epidemiological importance of rice fields varies greatly from one country to another .
In Southeast Asia , the rice fields harbor several anopheline species most of which are only vectors of P vivax .
In West Africa where malaria is holoendemic , they produce large populations of An . gambiae ; however , the malaria pattern is unaltered and remains at peak levels .
In the dry areas of southern Madagascar , the vector An . funestus and meso-hyperendemic malaria are restricted to areas of cultivated rice .
In West and Central Africa , An . funestus is never found in rice fields even though it is common in marshes .
In Madagascar , this vector breeds in irrigated rice fields .
Because it is practically impossible to control anophelines in rice fields by chemical , biological and ecological methods on the Highlands of Madagascar , house-spraying remains the best method for mass malaria control .
Bed-nets impregnated with pesticides may offer an alternative , but their use is resisted by the local population . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1999 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10688703 | | Abstract: Effects of methyl jasmonate ( MeJA ) on rice floret opening were investigated in seven cultivars or hybrid combinations covering various variety types .
Intact or excised panicles , judged to have florets just before anthesis , were soaked in 4 x 10 ( -5 ) - 4 x 10 ( -3 ) M MeJA solutions for 2 min at different temperatures .
The results indicated that MeJA significantly induced opening of rice florets within about 30 min , with the most rapid induction occurring just 6 min after treatment .
Numbers of induced opening florets are correlated with MeJA concentrations .
Higher concentrations of MeJA induced more florets . pH values had no influence on MeJA effect , but MeJA required less time and induced more florets at 34 degrees C than at 25 degrees C As far as we know , this is the first evidence that floret opening is induced by plant hormones .
CO ( 2 ) evolution from panicles was also increased by MeJA treatment .
Field experiments revealed that perfect flowering synchrony between the cytoplasmic male sterile ( CMS ) and restorer lines in hybrid seed production could be obtained by spraying MeJA solution on CMS line plants at the rate of 25 mg/m ( 2 ) .
As a result , many more hybrid seeds were harvested .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub10967968 | | Abstract: Twenty samples of unpolished ( rough ) rice collected in Arkansas and Texas during the 1995 harvesting season from fields exhibiting Fusarium sheath rot disease or panicle blight were previously shown to include 8 samples positive for fumonisin B1 ( FB1 ) in the range 2 . 2-5 . 2 ppm , and moniliformin ( MON ) , but no beauvericin ( BEA ) , deoxynivalenol , its derivatives or zearalenone were detected .
Fifteen cultures of F proliferatum were established from the 20 rough rice samples .
Single spore isolates of each culture were grown on rice and tested for the production of fumonisins ( FB1 , FB2 , FB3 , etc ) , MON and BEA .
All 15 isolates produced FB1 , FB2 , MON and BEA in culture on rice .
No deoxynivalenol , its derivatives or zearalenone were detected .
Seven cultures produced FB1 at > 50 ppm ( range 80-230 ppm ) , with the rest producing FB1 in the range 14-43 ppm .
FB2 was produced in the range 5-47 ppm , and those cultures which produced the most FB1 also produced the most FB2 .
Of the 15 cultures producing MON , 11 produced it at > 100 ppm in the range 188-6018 ppm , with the rest producing in the range 7-64 ppm .
BEA was produced in the range 109-1350 ppm .
Other derivatives of fumonisins , including FA1 , FA2 and partially hydrolyzed FB1 , as well as several unknown metabolites including a compound with MW 414 , were identified in culture extracts by continuous flow fast atom bombardment with ion spray mass spectrometry ( CF/FAB/MS ) .
Further study is needed to identify the factors that control production of FB1 , MON and BEA by F proliferatum in culture and in field samples . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2000 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11201662 | | Abstract: To determine whether low-dose oral administration of cadmium ( Cd ) induces renal toxicity , six groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing low amounts of CdCl2 or Cd-polluted rice at concentrations up to 40 ppm , and were killed after 12 , 18 , and 22 months ( experiment 1 ) .
In addition to the determination of cortical Cd levels and histopathological assessment of kidneys , labeling indices ( LIs ) for proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA ) in the renal cortical tubular epithelium of Cd-treated rats were determined as a measure of regenerative activity .
For comparison , the kidneys of rats given diets containing small to large amounts of CdCl2 up to 600 ppm for 4 months were similarly examined ( experiment 2 ) .
Animals in experiment 1 demonstrated spontaneous chronic nephropathy and fluctuation in the tubular PCNA LI , but these findings were not correlated with renal Cd levels at 22 months .
PCNA LI on the other hand , appeared to be linked to the severity of chronic nephropathy .
In experiment 2 , levels of CdCl2 of 200 ppm or more clearly induced degeneration and apoptosis of proximal tubules with high correlations between renal Cd levels , PCNA LI , and the severity of tubular degeneration .
The results demonstrated that , in contrast to high-dose Cd administration , treatment with 40 ppm or less for 22 months did not influence tubular regeneration as a component of nonspecific chronic nephropathy , suggesting that long-term oral administration of low levels of Cd does not injure renal tubules in female rats . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2001 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11392748 | | Abstract: Selenium ( Se ) content both in total and bioavailable forms were very low ( 25-35 and 9 . 5 micrograms/kg , respectively ) in waterlogged paddy soils in the central Yangtze River Delta .
This was due to changes in geochemistry and the inherent properties of the parent materials of these lowland paddy soils .
The very low Se content ( 23 micrograms/kg ) in the parent material resulted in low total Se content in the soil .
The main chemical changes under long-term waterlogged conditions are depletion of molecular oxygen , decrease of redox potential , and reduction of Fe ( III ) to Fe ( II ) and SeO3 ( 2- ) to Se0 .
This led to low availability of Se in soils , and subsequently low Se content ( 29 micrograms/kg ) in brown rice grain produced in this region .
It has been suspected that low Se content in staple food might be one of the major reasons for a high infection rate of the intestine and stomach cancers and the higher death rate caused by these diseases in the region .
Foliage spray of Na2SeO3 at early heading stage of rice plant growth improved the Se content of brown rice grain , hull , and straw , and would improve human and animal health . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2002 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11838287 | | Abstract: The mode of action of acibenzolar-S-methyl ( BTH ) was investigated against sheath blight of rice and its pathogen , Rhizoctonia solani .
BTH exhibited limited fungitoxicity against R solani , in the form of reduced mycelial growth , hyphal browning and sclerotia formation .
Parasite fitness of mycelia and sclerotia formed on BTH-amended media was also reduced .
When applied as soil drench or foliar spray , BTH inhibited both disease development on inoculated sheaths and its spread to the younger sheaths .
The degree of protection against sheath blight increased with increase in duration between BTH application and inoculation .
The curative effect of BTH was poor .
When applied through roots a protective effect of BTH was visible even with only a 1-h interval between application and inoculation .
However , in the case of foliar application , protective effect was recorded only when the gap between application and inoculation was 24 h .
BTH reduced the frequency of penetration by R solani , colonization of host it issue and spread of the hyphae from primary lesions to form secondary lesions .
BTH induced swelling of hyphal tips on the sheath surface , formation of papillae , browning of penetrated epidermal cells and degeneration of intra-cellular hyphae colonizing epidermal and mesophyll cells .
Therefore , the protective effect of BTH against sheath blight was due to combination of its host defence-inducing activity and its adverse effect on growth and vigor ( parasite fitness ) of the pathogen . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2001 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub11871130 | | Abstract: To clarify toxic effects of long-term oral administration of low dose cadmium ( Cd ) on the liver and kidney , six groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing Cd-polluted rice or CdCl2 at concentrations up to 40 ppm , and killed after 12 , 18 , and 22 months .
With toxicological parameters , including histopathology , there was no evidence of Cd-related hepato-renal toxicity , despite a slight decrease of mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin of red blood cells with 40 ppm CdCl2 .
Dose-dependent accumulation of Cd was observed in the liver and kidneys with peak levels of 130 +/- 42 micrograms/g and 120 +/- 20 micrograms/g , respectively , at 18 months in animals treated with 40 ppm CdCl2 .
A dose-dependent increase in urinary Cd levels became evident with time .
Induction of metallothionein ( MT ) was also observed in the liver and kidney with a high correlation to the corresponding Cd levels .
In the proximal renal tubular epithelia of 40 ppm CdCl2-treated rats at 22 months , prominent accumulation of Cd was observed in secondary lysosomes associated with MT deposits in their exocytotic residual bodies .
The results demonstrated that , in contrast to the case with high-dose Cd-administration , renal toxicity is not induced by long-term oral administration of low amounts of Cd , although it issue accumulation does occur .
Possible protective mechanisms may be operating . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2002 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12139222 | | Abstract: After more than 50 years of effective management , resurgent malaria threatens residents in the Menoreh Hills and the foothills of the Dieng Plateau of Central Java , Indonesia .
The Dieng Plateau dominates the highland center of Central Java .
The steep Menoreh Hills , surrounded by rice paddy habitats , cover approximately 500 km2 with no peaks greater than 1 , 000 m .
We studied epidemic malaria in Purworejo district , one of the three districts containing the Menoreh Hills .
Between 1986 and 1995 , the annual parasite incidence ( API ) in Purworejo ranged from 2 to 11 cases per 1 , 000 residents per year and was typically approximately 5 per 1 , 000 .
In 2000 the API was 44 . 5 .
This sharp increase was confined to subdistricts in and around the Menoreh Hills and Dieng Plateau foothills .
The primary vectors of malaria , those favoring steep , forested hillsides on Java , were Anopheles maculatus and Anopheles balabacensis .
Deterioration of vector control activity , followed by a severe economic downturn in 1997 , may explain the epidemic .
Malaria in the Menoreh Hills and lower Dieng Plateau threatens surrounding areas of rice paddy inhabited by Anopheles aconitus as well as a nearby coastal habitat where the even more efficient vector Anopheles sundaicus occurs in abundance .
Most of the 130 million people living on Java never experienced the hyper and holoendemic malaria that occurred throughout most of the island before the effective DDT spraying and chloroquine treatment campaigns of the 1950s .
Reintroduced endemic malaria threatens the island of Java .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2002 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12234149 | | Abstract: Cell number and cell division activity in rice ( Oryza sativa ) endosperms are possibly regulated by cytokinin levels in the endosperm and its source in the roots .
This study tried to find the possible correlations among them .
Six rice genotypes were grown in nutrient solution .
Two patterns of endosperm cell division , synchronous and asynchronous , were observed among the genotypes based on the cell division rate of superior and inferior spikelets .
Contents of zeatin ( Z ) + zeatin riboside ( ZR ) were much higher than those of N6-isopentenyladenine ( iP ) and N6-isopentenyladenosine ( iPR ) in both endosperms and roots .
Changes in Z + ZR levels in endosperms were significantly correlated with those in roots , and both were very significantly correlated with the cell division rate .
Changes in iP + iPR contents in the roots were not significantly correlated with those in the endosperms and the cell division rate .
When roots were treated with kinetin , endosperm cell number and grain weight were increased .
Such enhancement was more significantly achieved by the root kinetin treatment than by spraying kinetin on leaves and panicles .
The results suggest that the cell number and cell division activity in rice endosperms are regulated by cytokinin levels in the endosperm and that root-derived Z + ZR play a pivotal role . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12567689 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To determine the susceptibility of Anopheles anthropophagus and Anopheles sinensis to deltamethrin and DDT in an area where different counter-measures had been adopted .
METHODS : The mortality of the vectors was examined by using the standardised WHO test RESULTS : The mortality for tentative diagnostic dose in An . anthropophagus to deltamethrin were 83 . 8% , 83 . 7% and 84 . 7% , respectively in the areas where impregnated net had been used for 1 year or 3 years and DDT residual spraying had been carried out for 3 years , suggesting that An . anthropophagus was an initially resistant group .
The LT50 were 8 . 69 , 7 . 48 and 9 . 87 min , respectively .
The mortality for tentative diagnostic dose in An . sinensis to deltamethrin and DDT were 76 . 5% , 57 . 0% and 79 . 0% , respectively in three survey areas , suggesting that An . sinensis was a resistant group .
The LT50 were 12 . 0 , 15 . 4 and 11 . 2 min , respectively .
The mortality for tentative diagnostic dose in An . sinensis to DDT was 95 . 8% in impregnated net area , suggesting that An . anthropophagus was an initially resistant group .
The LC50 was 0 . 73% .
The mortality for tentative diagnostic dose in An . sinensis to DDT was 44% , suggesting that An . sinensis was a highly resistant group .
The LC50 was more than 4% .
CONCLUSION : A substantial use of insecticides in the rice paddy field has resulted in resistance of An . sinensis , whereas no apparent resistance of An . anthropophgus has been found .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12696411 | | Abstract: Two field experiments were conducted in 1999 and 2000 at Zeme ( Pavia , Italy ) to determine the effects of water managements and herbicide treatments on red rice control .
In the first experiment , all plots were flooded 10-13 cm deep from April 1 to May 17 in 1999 and from April 3 to May 6 in 2000 .
At the same time , in the second experiment , the plots were alternately drained-flooded .
At the end of water management , all plots of both experiments were drained and sprayed with herbicides to control the emerged red rice plants .
In both years were applied : Propaquizafop 78 g a . i . ha-1 , Cycloxydim at 300 and 400 g a . i . ha-1 ; Dalapon at 15 . 300 Kg a . i . ha-1 ; Quizalofop-ethyl at 100 g a . i . ha-1 .
Six days after the chemical treatments , all field plots were flooded 10 cm deep and three days later , an early variety of rice ( Loto ) was sown at 150 Kg ha-1 .
Seedling emergence was reduced by lack of oxygen ( especially from seeds covered with soil in flooded condition ) .
In alternately drained-flooded soil , the red rice emerged and developed from seeds located in the top 4-5 cm .
In flooded condition , no red rice plants emerged from seeds at more than 1 cm depth .
In both experiments , the density of red rice plants increased during the season in the untreated check and in the plots where treatments were ineffective or performed poorly .
The best red rice control , both in submerged and in alternately drained-flooded soil , was obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl ( 100 g a . i . /ha ) , Cycloxydim ( 300 and 400 g a . i . ha-1 ) and Propaquizafop ( 78 g a . i . ha-1 ) .
These herbicides controlled 90-99% of red rice .
Partial control of red rice resulted with the other chemical treatments .
The shattered grains of red rice were reduced in both experiments by the herbicide treatments .
Grain yield reflected the level of red rice control .
In fact , the highest commercial grain yields were obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl , Propaquizafop , and Cycloxydim ( 400 g a . i . ha-1 ) , in both years and experiments .
The red rice percentages of the total yields resulted about 3 . 6-5 . 7% with all chemical treatments except Dalapon , which was not much effective . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2003 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12742545 | | Abstract: To examine the effect of two types of resistant starch on blood glucose and insulin levels , colonic events , hypolipidemic actions and humoral immune responses , Sprague-Dawley streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were fed diet containing resistant starch from corn or rice .
The marked body weight loss by inducing diabetes was not recovered by feeding resistant starch , even though there are no differences in food intakes compared to the non-diabetic control rats .
No significant effect of resistant starch feeding on blood glucose and insulin was found .
Even though the length of small intestines , and cecum , colon and rectum together with the it issue weight of cecum were not affected by feeding resistant starch , the intestinal transit time was markedly shortened by both types of resistant starch and resistant starch from corn had a more pronounced effect .
The short chain fatty acids in the intestinal contents did not appear to be different among the groups .
Nonetheless , both of resistant starch from corn and rice significantly lowered plasma total lipid and cholesterol concentrations compared to the diabetic control .
The total liver cholesterol lowering effect was observed with resistant starch from rice .
Neither immunoglobulin G nor C ( 3 ) were influenced by resistant starch . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2003 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12784627 | | Abstract: Chitinase C ( ChiC ) is the first bacterial family 19 chitinase discovered in Streptomyces griseus HUT6037 .
In vitro , ChiC clearly inhibited hyphal extension of Trichoderma reesei but a rice family 19 chitinase did not .
In order to investigate the effects of ChiC as an increaser of plant resistance to fungal diseases , the chiC gene was introduced into rice plants under the control of the increased CaMV 35S promoter and a signal sequence from the rice chitinase gene .
Transgenic plants were morphologically normal Resistance to leaf blast disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea was evaluated in R1 and R2 generations using a spray method .
Ninety percent of transgenic rice plants expressing ChiC had higher resistance than non-transgenic plants .
Disease resistance of sibling plants within the same line was correlated with the ChiC expression levels .
ChiC produced in rice plants accumulated intercellularly and had the hydrolyzing activity against glycol chitin . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2003 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12825673 | | Abstract: The effects of fipronil and lambda-cyhalothrin , applied at rates labeled for control of the rice water weevil , Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus , on 3 nontarget indigenous insect species in Arkansas rice are described .
Three replicates of untreated control checks and fipronil and lambda-cyhalothrin-treated plots containing 3 sentinel cages each were performed .
Ten 4th-stage larvae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus , 10 adult Tropisternus lateralis , or 10 adult Notonecta indica were placed within individual cages in small rice plots treated with ICON 6 . 2 FS ( fipronil ) at 0 . 025 lb active ingredient ( AI ) /acre ( 0 . 028 kg/ha ) or KARATEZ 2 . 08 CS ( lambda-cyhalothrin ) at 0 . 03 lb AI/acre ( 0 . 033 kg/ha ) applied over vegetation and water with a single-boom sprayer .
At 24 h after treatment in fipronil plots , significantly higher control of An . quadrimaculatus and T lateralis ( 69 and 48% control , respectively ) was achieved , compared to N indica ( 18% ) .
In lambda-cyhalothrin plots 24 h after treatment , 100% reductions of both T lateralis and N indica were highly significant ( P < 0 . 05 ) from the lower level of control in An . quadrimaculatus ( 10% ) .
At 48 h after treatment , no significant , differences existed between all species within fipronil plots , with An . quadrimaculatus , T lateralis , and N indica obtaining 41 , 10 , and 7% control , respectively .
Significantly higher ( P < 0 . 05 ) control was obtained in lambda-cyhalothrin plots 48 h after treatment , with 93 and 53% control of T lateralis and N indica , respectively , compared to 7% control of An . quadrimaculatus .
A marked difference in susceptibility was found between selected nontarget organisms used in this study .
When using lambda-cyhalothrin to control adult L oryzophilus , populations of nontarget beneficial insects , such as T lateralis and N indica , could be adversely affected , whereas nontarget pestilent species , such as An . quadrimaculatus , could proliferate .
Fipronil achieved higher percentages of control against An . quadrimaculatus , compared to lambda-cyhalothrin , and was less harmful to both nontarget predators . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1984 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12891039 | | Abstract: This paper is the result of adult female mosquito and larval collection in US Army Installations in Korea from 1979 to 1983 .
New Jersey light traps ere operated for ault collection from May to October .
The primary concern of this surveillance is to determine when to recommend insecticide spraying for mosquito control in the Army areas .
The 5th Preventive Medicine Unit have developed an "index" level of female mosquitoes in a light trap similar to other USArmy Agencies in other parts of the world .
When 10 female mosquitoes are reached on two consecutive trap-night , or 5 known vector females are collected , fogging is recommended in the trap areas .
Mosquito collections were conducted in 12 US Army areas by operating 39 New Jersey light traps .
Mosquitoes collected from the areas were identified to be 17 species comprising 3 genera .
Anopheles sinensis ( 40% ) .
Culex tritaeniorhyncus ( 31% ) , Aedes vexans nipponii ( 19% ) , and Culex pipiens pallens ( 10% ) appeared to be the most common species in the area .
The species , population density and monthly appearance of adult mosquitoes were found to be almost the same in the all provinces involved .
And Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes , Culex tritaeniorhyncus , showed their seasonal fluctuation from July to September with a peak in August each year .
3 .
Larval habitats confirmed in the Army areas were categorized into 16 types as shown in Table The mosquito larvae collected in those habitats were identified to be 15 species representign 4 genera .
Most breeding sites in the Army areas were those which are activated during the wet season .
More mosquitoes were collected from the Kyungki province than from the other provinces .
The reason for more collection of mosquitoes from military installations in the Kyungki provinces appears to be the geographic characteritics surrounded by rice fields , marshes and other stagnant water areas .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1334301 | | Abstract: Japanese encephalitis ( JE ) remains endemo-epidemic in several countries in East , South-East and South Asia .
The disease has been under control in Japan since the 1970s owing to mass immunization using mouse-brain-derived inactivated vaccine and to reduced vector mosquito populations .
The vector density which was once reduced by wide spraying of insecticides in rice fields showed an increasing trend after the 1980s as a result of mosquito resistance .
In the Republic of Korea , the number of JE cases showed a significant decrease after 1983 also because of mass immunization using mouse-brain-derived vaccine .
On the other hand , large outbreaks of JE continued to occur in China , Viet Nam , Thailand , India , Nepal and Sri Lanka .
In China , a hamster-kidney cell-derived vaccine was developed and used for human immunization .
Besides human JE , the fatal outcome of equine JE is an economic problem in China .
Current JE vaccine derived from mouse brain is highly purified and its safety and efficacy have been proved by field-tests as well as laboratory experiments .
In spite of slight antigenic differences among JE virus isolates , JE vaccine produced by a classical Nakayama strain was effective in preventing overt JE in a field study in Thailand .
The technology of mouse-brain-derived inactivated JE vaccine production was transferred from Japan to India , Thailand and Viet Nam .
The production of JE vaccine in these countries is still on a pilot scale and insufficient for mass-immunization of susceptible target populations . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS ) | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1992 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1397032 | | Abstract: Recent evidence in primary neuronal cell culture implicates nitric oxide ( NO ) as a mediator of glutamatergic neurotoxicity acting via N-methyl-D-aspartate ( NMDA ) receptors .
We find that administration of the potent nitric oxide synthetase ( NOS ) inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine ( NO-Arg ) at 50 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg i . p . to 6-day old Sprague-Dawley rat pups results in prompt and long-lasting in vivo inhibition of NOS .
Fifteen hours after administration , NO-Arg produces essentially complete neuroprotection against hypoxic-ischemic in a standard ( Rice-Vanucci ) model .
These results support the hypothesis that NO may play a key mediatory role in brain damage attending focal ischemic stroke .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2003 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14717053 | | Abstract: To evaluate the determining factors of the malaria transmission in the northwest region of Madagascar , transversal studies were carried out through one year , from March 1997 to April 1998 , in two villages located near Mandritsara , at less than 300 meters above sea level .
The rice-growing region forms an intermediate zone between the central highlands with epidemic and instable malaria and the coastal zone with endemic and stable malaria .
Mosquitoes were collected when landing on humans during the night and by pyrethrum spray catches as regards endophilic mosquitoes .
Three vectors were identified : Anopheles arabiensis , An . gambiae and An . funestus .
An . arabiensis and An . gambiae were exophagic and zoophilic .
An . funestus was endo-exophagic and anthropophilic but this species shows also a zoophilic trophic deviation .
In both villages , An . funestus is the main vector of human malaria .
Malaria transmission was estimated to be around 50 and 70 infective bites/person/year in each village . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2004 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14732237 | | Abstract: Seven cross-sectional entomological surveys were carried out from September 1995 to February 1998 in three irrigated rice growing villages and three villages without irrigated agriculture in the area surrounding Niono , located 350km north-east of Bamako , Mali .
The transmission pattern differed markedly between the two zones .
In the irrigated zone , the transmission of malaria was fairly constant over the seasons at a low level .
In the non-irrigated zone , transmission was mostly below detection level during the dry season , whereas it was high toward the end of the rainy season .
In the irrigated zone , high densities of mosquitoes were correlated with low anthropophily , low sporozoite indices and probably low survival rates .
In the non-irrigated zone , mosquito densities were lower and these relationships were less pronounced .
Differential use of mosquito nets in the two zones may have been an important factor in the observed differences in transmission .
The presence of cattle may also have played an important role .
Two mosquito-catching methods ( human landing catch and spray catch ) were compared . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2004 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub14732241 | | Abstract: A 4-year entomological study was carried out in Southern Madagascar to identify malaria vectors , evaluate the transmission and compare the influence of irrigation in the sub-arid and adjacent humid regions .
Three villages were involved in this entomological survey : Androvasoa ( located in the natural sub-arid ecosystem ) , Ppinire ( sited at the centre of an irrigated rice scheme in the sub-arid region ) and Esana ( bordered with rice fields in the humid region ) .
Mosquitoes were collected inside and outside dwellings when landing on human beings , with light traps and with knockdown indoor sprays .
Anopheles arabiensis , Anopheles merus and Anopheles funestus were found in every village while Anopheles gambiae s . s . was only found in the village bordering the rice-fields ( Ppinire ) and Anopheles mascarensis , a mosquito native to Madagascar , was only found in the humid region ( Esana ) .
In Ppinire , the annual entomological inoculation rate ( EIR ) was low ( EIR=0 . 4 infective bites/man/year ( IBM ) ) .
In the irrigated scheme of the sub-arid region , malaria transmission was 150 times higher ( mean EIR=63 IBM ) than in the natural ecosystem and A funestus was the main vector , responsible for 90% of infective bites .
In Esana , the level of malaria transmission was high ( EIR=41 IBM ) and 2/3 of the infective bites were due to A mascarensis , despite the presence of A gambiae s . s . and A funestus .
These results are discussed with reference to the impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa ( "the paddies paradox" ) . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2004 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15548946 | | Abstract: The anticancer efficacy of tocotrienol-rich fraction ( TRF ) was evaluated during diethylnitrosamine ( DEN ) /2-acetylaminofluorene ( AAF ) -induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male Sprague-Dawley rats .
TRF treatment was carried out for 6 months , and was started 2 weeks before initiation phase of hepatocarcinogenesis .
Morphological examination of the livers from DEN/AAF rats showed numerous off-white patches and few small nodules , which were significantly reduced by TRF treatment .
Cytotoxic damage by DEN/AAF was estimated by alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) release into the plasma from the cell membranes .
DEN/AAF caused a twofold increase in the activity of ALP in plasma as compared with normal control rats , and this increase was prevented significantly by TRF treatment .
We observed an increase of 79% in liver ALP activity in DEN/AAF rats , which was further increased by another 48% after the administration of TRF .
Hepatic activity of glutathione S-transferase ( GST ) was also increased ( 3 . 5-fold ) during the induction of hepatic carcinogenesis .
Lipid peroxidation and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) oxidation increased threefold following initiation by DEN/AAF as compared with normal control rats .
However , TRF treatment to DEN/AAF-treated rats substantially decreased ( 62-66% ) the above parameters and thus limited the action of DEN/AAF .
We conclude that long-term intake of TRF could reduce cancer risk by preventing hepatic lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation damage due to its antioxidant actions .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2005 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15752174 | | Abstract: The dynamics of malaria transmission was studied comparatively in the villages of Zatta and Tiemelekro , central Cote dIvoire , from February 2002 to August 2003 .
Prominent agroecosystems in these villages are irrigated rice growing and vegetable farming , respectively .
Mosquitoes ( Diptera : Culicidae ) were collected on human bait at night and by pyrethrum knock-down spray sheet collections at four randomly selected sentinel sites in each village .
In 2002 , for a total of 96 man-nights per village , 7716 mosquitoes were collected in Zatta and 3308 in Tiemelekro .
In 2003 , with half the sampling effort , 859 and 2056 mosquitoes were collected in Zatta and Tiemelekro , respectively .
Anopheles gambiae Giles s . l . was the predominant mosquito and the key malaria vector throughout , followed by An . funestus Giles .
Anthropophily among adult female Anopheles exceeded 95% in both villages .
Comparison between years revealed that the biting rate of An . gambiae s . l . in Zatta decreased several-fold from 49 . 3 bites per person per night ( b/p/n ) in 2002 to 7 . 9 b/p/n in 2003 ( likelihood ratio test ( LRT ) = 1072 . 66 ; P < 0 . 001 ) .
Although the biting rate remained fairly constant in Tiemelekro , the difference between years was significant ( 16 . 1 vs 18 . 2 b/p/n ; LRT = 148 . 06 ; P < 0 . 001 ) .
These observations were paralleled by a marked decrease in the infective rate of An . gambiae s . l . in Zatta ( 4 . 6-1 . 2% ) , and an increase in Tiemelekro ( 3 . 1-7 . 6% ) .
Meanwhile , the entomological inoculation rate of An . gambiae s . l . decreased 21-fold in Zatta , from 789 to 38 infective bites per person per year ( ib/p/y ) , whereas it remained high in Tiemelekro ( 233 vs 342 ib/p/y ) .
The interruption of irrigated rice growing in Zatta in 2003 , consequential to a farmers conflict over land , might be the underlying cause for the significant reduction in malaria transmission , whereas more stable conditions occurred in Tiemelekro . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1992 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1609010 | | Abstract: Ankle injuries are the most frequent cause of physician evaluation in a sports-oriented environment .
The lateral ligaments are most commonly injured .
With a detailed history , physical and radiographic examination to avoid missing underlying pathology , the primary care physician can diagnose and treat the majority of ankle injuries .
Occasionally , stress radiographs , arthograms , or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) is needed .
The vast majority of ankle sprains can be treated with adhesive tape strapping or semirigid orthotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication followed by rehabilitation .
Key points of rehabilitation are control of pain and swelling acutely with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories and RICE ( rest , ice , compression , and elevation ) , then restoring normal range of motion , strengthening muscle groups , and retraining proprioception of the ankle joint .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2005 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16192749 | | Abstract: Extensive previous studies on taxonomy , behavior/bionomics and control of Anopheles sinensis are reviewed and summarized .
Recent molecular identification revealed that the population of An . sinensis complex includes An . sinensis , An . pullus , An . lesteri and at least two new species , and An . yatsushiroensis is synonmy of An . pullus .
An . sinensis is the main vector species of vivax malaria in Korea .
Larvae of An . sinensis breed in wide range of habitats which are naturally-made clean water , stagnant or flowing ; main habitats include rice fields , ditches , streams , irrigation canals , marshes , ponds , ground pools , etc Their host preferences are highly zoophilic .
Human blood rate is very low ( 0 . 7-1 . 7% ) ; nevertheless An . sinensis readily feeds on man when domestic animals are not found near by .
They feed on hosts throughout the night from dusk to dawn with a peak period of 02 : 00-04 : 00 hours ; they are slightly more exophagic ( biting outdoors ) ; much larger numbers come into the room when light is on .
Main resting places are outdoors such as grasses , vegetable fields and rice fields .
A mark-release-recapture study resulted that 37 . 1% was recaptured within 1 km , 29 . 4% at 1-3 km , 21 . 1% at 3-6 km , 10 . 3% at 6-9 km and 2 . 1% at 9-12 km distance .
An . sinensis hibernate outdoors ( mostly under part of dense grasses ) during October-March .
At the end of the hibernation period ( March-April ) they feed on cows at daytime .
Until today any single measure to effectively control An . sinensis population has not been found .
Indoor residual spray with a long-lasting insecticide can not reduce vector population densities , but shorten their life spans in some degree , so contributes to malaria control .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16353977 | | Abstract: The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of different polysulfonate resins and direct compression fillers on physical properties of multiple-unit sustained-release dextromethorphan ( DMP ) tablets .
DMP resinates were formed by a complexation of DMP and strong cation exchange resins , Dowex 50 W and Amberlite IRP69 .
The tablets consisted of the DMP resinates and direct compression fillers , such as microcrystalline cellulose ( MCC ) , dicalcium phosphate dihydrate ( DCP ) , and spray-dried rice starch ( SDRS ) .
Physical properties of tablets , such as hardness , disintegration time , and in vitro release , were investigated .
A good performance of the tablets was obtained when MCC or SDRS was used .
The use of rod-like and plate-like particles of Amberlite IRP69 caused a statistical decrease in tablet hardness , whereas good tablet hardness was obtained when spherical particle of Dowex 50 W was used .
The plastic deformation of the fillers , such as MCC and SDRS , caused a little change in the release of DMP .
A higher release rate constant was found in the tablets containing DCP and Dowex 50 W , indicating the fracture of the resinates under compression , which was attributable to the fragmentation of DCP .
However , the release of DMP from the tablets using Amberlite IRP69 was not significantly changed because of the higher degree of cross-linking of the resinates , which exhibited more resistance to deformation under compression .
In conclusion , the properties of polysulfonate resin , such as particle shape and degree of cross-linking , and the deformation under compaction of fillers affect the physical properties and the drug release of the resinate tablets .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2006 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16638685 | | Abstract: The influence of fillers and polymeric films on adhesive strength of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ( HPMC ) and Eudragit E100 films coated on ranitidine HCl tablets containing either spray-dried rice starch ( SDRS ) or lactose monohydrate as fillers after storage at 45 degrees C/75% RH for four weeks was investigated by the use of butt adhesion technique .
The adhesive strength of film-coated tablets of fillers without drug was found to slightly decrease after storage .
In contrast , the adhesive strength of drug-containing film-coated tablets significantly reduced , the degree of which was higher for Eudragit E100 than HPMC .
Physicochemical characterization by employing differential scanning calorimetry ( DSC ) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy ( DRIFTS ) revealed that the drug was obviously incompatible with lactose and possibly mild interaction with Eudragit E100 was suggested .
The results indicated that the adhesive strength of film-coated tablets would be affected not only by the drug-excipient interaction , but also by the drug-polymeric film interaction .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1989 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16666569 | | Abstract: A single-gene mutant ( rosette [ ros/ros ] ) in which shoot growth and development are inhibited was identified from a rapid cycling line of Brassica rapa ( syn campestris ) .
Relative to normal plants , the mutant germinated slowly , had delayed or incomplete floral development , and reduced leaf , petiole , and internode growth .
The exogenous application of GA ( 3 ) by foliar spray or directly to the shoot tip of rosette resulted in rapid flowering , bolting ( shoot elongation ) , and viable seed production .
Shoots of rosette contained endogenous levels of total gibberellin ( GA ) -like substances ( ; Tan-ginbozu dwarf rice assay ) of about one-tenth of that of the normal rapid-cycling line of B rapa which consisted almost entirely of a very nonpolar , GA-like substance which yielded GA ( 1 ) and GA ( 3 ) upon mild acid hydrolysis .
In a normal rapid-cycling B rapa line , the nonpolar putative GA ( 1 ) and GA ( 3 ) conjugates were present , but additionally , free GA ( 1 ) and GA ( 3 ) were abundant and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring .
The quantities of free GA ( 1 ) and GA ( 3 ) in the normal line and in rosette were quantified by GC-MS-SIM using [ ( 2 ) H ( 2 ) ] GA ( 1 ) as an internal standard .
Fourteen-day-old rosette and normal seedlings contained 5 . 3 and 23 . 2 ng GA ( 1 ) per plant , respectively .
At day 21 the rosette plants contained 7 . 7 and 26 . 1 nanograms per plant of GA ( 1 ) and GA ( 3 ) , while normal plants contained 31 . 1 and 251 . 5 nanograms per plant , respectively .
Thus , normal plants contained from four to ten times higher levels of total GA-like substances , GA ( 1 ) , or GA ( 3 ) , than rosette .
The ros allele results in reduced GA level , yielding the rosette phenotype whose delayed germination and flowering , and reduced shoot growth responses indicate a probable role for endogenous GA ( 1 ) and GA ( 3 ) in the regulation of these processes in Brassica .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16756645 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Control of the Anopheline mosquito vectors of malaria by use of insecticides has been shown to impact on both morbidity and mortality due to this disease .
Evidence of insecticide resistance in different settings necessitates surveillance studies to allow prompt detection of resistance should it arise and thus enable its management .
Possible resistance by Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes from Mwea rice irrigation scheme in Central Kenya to insecticides in the four classes of insecticides approved by WHO for indoor residual spraying was investigated .
METHODS : Susceptibility to DDT ( an organochlorine ) , fenitrothion ( an organophosphate ) , bendiocarb ( a carbamate ) , lambdacyhalothrin and permethrin ( both pyrethroids ) was tested using standard WHO diagnostic bioassay kits .
Bioassays were performed on non-blood fed mosquitoes one to three-day old .
Knockdown was recorded every 10 min and mortality 24 h post-exposure was noted .
RESULTS : Mortality 24 h post-exposure was 100% for all insecticides except for lambdacyhalothrin , which averaged 99 . 46% .
Knockdown rates at 10 min intervals were not significantly different between the Mwea population and the susceptible KISUMU strain of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto control .
The KDT50 and KDT95 values for the Mwea population were either lower than those for the control or higher by factors of no more than 2 for most comparisons and compared well with those of An . gambiae sensu lato categorized as susceptible in other studies .
CONCLUSION : These results suggest that the Mwea population of An . arabiensis is susceptible to all the insecticides tested .
This implies that vector control measures employing any of these insecticides would not be hampered by resistance .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2006 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16800384 | | Abstract: Abscisic acid ( ABA ) is one of the important plant hormones , which plays a critical role in seed development and adaptation to abiotic stresses .
The sensitivity of rice ( Oryza sativa L ) to exogenous ABA at seed germination and seedling stages was investigated in the recombinant inbred line ( RIL ) population derived from a cross between irrigated rice Zhenshan 97 and upland rice IRAT109 , using relative germination vigor ( RGV ) , relative germination rate ( RGR ) and leaf rolling scores of spraying ( LRS ) or culturing ( LRC ) with ABA as sensitivity indexes .
The phenotypic correlation analysis revealed that only RGV at germination stage was positively correlated to ABA sensitivity at seedling stage .
QTL detection using composite interval mapping ( CIM ) and mixed linear model was conducted to dissect the genetic basis of ABA sensitivity , and the single-locus QTLs detected by both methods are in good agreement with each other .
Five single QTLs and six pairs of epistatic QTLs were detected for ABA sensitivity at germination stage .
Eight single QTLs and five pairs of epistatic QTLs were detected for ABA sensitivity at seedling stage .
Two QTLs were common between LRS and LRC ; and one common QTL was detected for RGV , LRS and LRC simultaneously .
These results indicated that both single and epistatic loci were involved in the ABA sensitivity in rice , and the genetic basis of ABA sensitivity at seed germination and seedling stage was largely different . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2006 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16859101 | | Abstract: We conducted an entomological survey to determine the mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in the Mwea rice scheme , Kenya .
Adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor spraying of houses and outdoors by CDC light traps in three villages representing planned ( Mbuinjeru ) and unplanned ( Kiamachiri ) rice agroecosystems and a non-irrigated agroecosystem ( Murinduko ) .
During the 12-month sampling period , a total of 98 , 708 mosquitoes belonging to five genera and 25 species were collected .
The five most common species collected during this study were Anopheles arabiensis Patton ( 52 . 5% ) , Culex quinquefasciatus Say ( 36 . 7% ) , Anopheles pharoensis Theobald ( 5 . 2% ) , Anopheles coustani Laveran ( 1 . 4% ) , and Anopheles funestus Giles ( 1 . 3% ) .
Anopheles arabiensis , Cx quinquefasciatus , and An . pharoensis were more abundant in rice agroecosystems than in the non-irrigated agroecosystem , and in planned than in the unplanned rice agroecosystems .
In contrast , An . funestus was more abundant in the non-irrigated agroecosystem .
The mosquito species diversity ( H ) and evenness ( E ( H ) ) in the non-irrigated agroecosystem ( Shannon diversity Index , H = 1 . 507 , EH = 0 . 503 ) was significantly higher than in the rice agroecosystems ( H ) = 0 . 968 , E ( H ) = 0 . 313 , unplanned ; and H= 1 . 040 , E ( H ) = 0 . 367 planned ) .
Results of lag cross correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship between rainfall and the abundance of An . arabiensis , and C quinquefasciatus in the non-irrigated agroecosystem but not in the rice agroecosystems .
It is inferred from the data that different levels of habitat perturbations with regard to rice cultivation have different effects on mosquito diversity and abundance .
This provides an understanding of how mosquito diversity is impacted by different habitat management and rice cropping strategies . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2006 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16861793 | | Abstract: The mode of action of a potent elicitor , N-acetylchitooligosaccharide , in rice plants was examined .
In intact seedlings , no significant uptake of the elicitor via the roots was observed within 3 h , whereas rapid uptake was observed in excised leaves .
Rapid and transient expression of an elicitor-responsive gene , EL2 , was induced in the leaves of intact seedlings sprayed with the elicitor or in the roots and leaves of intact seedlings by immersing roots in the elicitor solution .
Histochemical analysis indicated that EL2 was expressed in cells exposed to the elicitor of root and leaves .
In seedlings treated with the elicitor for 1 d or longer , hyphal growth of rice blast fungus was significantly delayed , and an accumulation of auto-fluorescence around the infection site was observed .
Two defense-related genes , PR-1 and PR-10 ( PBZ1 ) , were induced in a systemic and local manner by elicitor treatment , in correlation with the induction of resistance against rice blast fungus .
N-Acetylchitoheptaose did not inhibit the hyphal growth of the fungi .
These results indicate the occurrence of systemic signal transmission from N-acetylchitooligosaccharide in rice plants . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2006 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16927205 | | Abstract: Development of hybrid rice has greatly contributed to increased yields during the past three decades .
Two bentazon-lethal mutants 8077S and Norin8m are being utilized in developing new hybrid rice systems .
When the male sterile lines are developed in such a mutant background , the problem of F1 seed contamination by self-seeds from the sterile lines can be solved by spraying bentazon at seedling stage .
We first determined the sensitivity of the mutant plants to bentazon .
Both mutants showed symptoms to bentazon starting from 100 mg/l , which was about 60-fold , lower than the sensitivity threshold of their wild-type controls .
In addition , both mutants were sensitive to sulfonylurea-type herbicides .
The locus for the mutant phenotype is bel for 8077S and bsl for Norin8m .
Tests showed that the two loci are allelic to each other .
The two genes were cloned by map-based cloning .
Interestingly , both mutant alleles had a single-base deletion , which was confirmed by PCR-RFLP .
The two loci are renamed bel ( a ) ( for bel ) and bel ( b ) ( for bsl ) .
The wild-type Bel gene encodes a novel cytochrome P450 monooxgenase , named CYP81A6 .
Analysis of the mutant protein sequence also revealed the reason for bel ( a ) being slightly tolerant than bel ( b ) .
Introduction of the wild-type Bel gene rescued the bentazon and sulfonylurea-sensitive phenotype of bel ( a ) mutant .
On the other hand , expression of antisense Bel in W6154S induced a mutant phenotype .
Based on these results we conclude that the novel cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP81A6 encoded by Bel confers resistance to two different classes of herbicides . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2006 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17103003 | | Abstract: Pathogenesis-related ( PR ) proteins associated with degradation of structural components of pathogenic filamentous fungi were overexpressed in the two-rowed malting barley ( Hordeum vulgare L ) cultivar Conlon .
Transgenes were introduced by co-bombardment with two plasmids , one carrying a rice ( Oryza sativa L ) chitinase gene ( chi11 ) and another carrying a rice thaumatin-like protein gene ( tlp ) .
Each gene was under the control of the maize ubiquitin ( Ubi1 ) promoter .
Fifty-eight primary transformants from three independent transformation events were regenerated .
T ( 1 ) plants with high rice chi11 and tlp protein expression levels were advanced to identify T ( 2 ) homozygotes by herbicide spray and subjected to further molecular analyses .
T ( 3 ) progeny from one event ( E2 ) had stable integration and expression of the rice chi11 and tlp while those from the other events ( E1 and E3 ) showed stable integration only of tlp .
The successful production of these lines overexpressing the antifungal chi and tlp proteins provides materials to test the effects of these genes on a variety of fungal diseases that attack barley and to serve as potential additional sources of disease resistance . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2004 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17168888 | | Abstract: Seven homozygous transgenic lines of two European commercial cultivars of rice ( Ariete ( A ) and Senia ( S ) ) , harbouring the cry1B or cry1Aa Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) delta-endotoxin genes , were field evaluated for protection from striped stem borer ( SSB ) ( Chilo suppressalis ) damage during the 2001 and 2002 summer crop seasons in the Delta de lEbre region , Spain .
The plant codon-optimized toxin gene was placed under the control of the promoter of either the constitutive ubi1 gene or the wound-inducible mpi gene from maize .
Stable , high-level , insecticidal protein accumulation was observed throughout root , leaf and seed it issues of field-grown plants harbouring the cry1B ( lines A64 . 1 , A33 . 1 , A3 . 4 and S98 . 9 ) or cry1Aa ( lines S05 . 1 and A19 . 14 ) genes under the control of the ubi1 promoter .
Conversely , no toxin was detected in unwounded vegetative it issues of the A9 . 1 line harbouring the cry1B gene controlled by the mpi promoter , indicating that natural environmental stresses did not trigger the activity of the wound-inducible promoter .
However , the toxin accumulated at 0 . 2% total soluble proteins in A9 . 1 sheath it issue exhibiting brown lesions resulting from SSB damage .
The agronomical traits and performance of the transgenic lines were generally comparable with parental controls , except in the two lines accumulating Cry1Aa , which exhibited a high frequency of plants non-true to type .
Natural infestation was assisted with manual infestations of L2/L3 SSB larvae in border control plants surrounding the experimental plots , which served as a reservoir for the second-cycle SSB population .
The observation of damage ( brown lesions and dead hearts ) during the crop season and dissection of plants at harvest stage revealed a range of protection amongst the transgenic lines , which was highly consistent with the level of toxin accumulation and with previous experience in greenhouse assays .
Lines A3 . 4 and S05 . 1 were found to exhibit stable and full protection against SSB attacks , mediated by the accumulation of Cry1B and Cry1Aa toxin , respectively , which was comparable with that afforded by the spraying of chemical insecticides on control plants .
The wound-induced A9 . 1 line exhibited a satisfactory level of protection , with a notably low level of penetration of SSB larvae in the stems , but higher external symptoms than constitutive lines , probably due to the time lag to benefit from the protective effect of Cry1B .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2007 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17359927 | | Abstract: Because free-insecticide treated net distribution is planned in Benin ( West Africa ) during the next few years , we investigated the type , frequency and distribution of insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in four localities selected on the basis of contrasting agricultural practices , use of insecticides and environment .
Bioassays with WHO diagnostic test kits were carried out using pyrethroid , carbamate , organophosphate and organochlorine insecticides .
An . gambiae mosquitoes were identified to species and to M or S molecular forms using PCR techniques .
Molecular and biochemical assays were carried out to identify kdr and Ace . 1 mutations in individual mosquitoes and to detect any increase in the activity of enzymes typically involved in insecticide metabolism ( oxidase , esterase and glutathion-S-transfrases ) .
WHO diagnostic tests showed high frequency of resistance in An . gambiae and Cx . quinquefasciatus to permethrin and DDT in three areas .
This was consistent with the presence of target site insensitivity due to kdr mutation and to increased metabolism through enzymatic activity .
Kdr was expressed in both M and S forms .
However , less than 1% of An . gambiae or Cx . quiqnuefasciatus showed the presence of the Ace . 1 ( R ) mutation .
Carbamate/OP resistance was present at higher frequency in Culex than in An . gambiae .
Dieldrin resistance was present in both species at all four localities .
A higher frequency of pyrethroid-resistance was found in An . gambiae mosquitoes collected in urban areas compared to those collected in rice growing areas .
The expansion of vegetable growing within urban areas probably contributed to selection pressure on mosquitoes .
The detection of multiple resistance mechanisms in both An . gambiae and Cx . quinquefasciatus in Benin may represent a threat for the efficacy of ITNs and other forms of vector control such as indoor residual spraying in the future .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2007 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17362859 | | Abstract: The type of water management and drainage system could be a potential reason for variation in malaria transmission in rice cultivation areas .
To investigate this we have compared the population dynamics of Anopheles mosquitoes ( Diptera , Culicidae ) in rice plots with controlled and uncontrolled water depth , ie casiers and hors-casiers , respectively in the Office du Niger , Mali .
We also compared malaria transmission in areas with mixed and casiers plots .
Larval collection was performed fortnightly with the standard WHO dipping technique .
Adult Anopheles were collected both by pyrethrum spray and landing catches .
During the dry season rice cultivation cycle , the larval density in the hors-casier was significantly higher than in the casier plots .
The larval peak in the casier plots was considerably smaller than the one in the hors-casier .
During the rainy season , no significant difference was observed between the two plot types .
However , larval densities begin to rise approximately one month earlier in the casier then in the hors-casier plots , and continued to increase trough the rice development phases until the grain filling/maturation phase , declining thereafter .
In contrast , in the hors-casier rice plots larval density increased throughout the rice development .
This difference was not significantly reflected in the adult vector density and man biting rate .
However , high relative frequencies of Anopheles funestus , survival and entomological inoculation rates of An . gambiae s . l . were observed in the mixed plot sector .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17385515 | | Abstract: Brown planthopper , Nilaparvata lugens Stal , ( BPH ) was the most devastating insect pest on rice in many partS of Asia .
The Outbreak of BPH?
which is resistant to many synthetic insecticides can cause total rice crop loss .
This research was done to evaluate the efficiency of mangostin from the pericarp of mangosteen fruit extract ( Garcina mangostana L ) as the alternative control of BPH .
The pericarp of mangosteen fruit was extracted by Soxhlet apparatus using ethanol as a solvent and purified by chromatography method then qualified structure by 2D-NMR , MS and IR .
The crude extracts contained mangostin ca 2 . 956% w/w .
This extract was trailed by the topical sprayer method with 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th and 5th nymph and adult BPH shows toxicity in term of LC50 ca 1 . 39 , 2 . 26 , 5 . 44 , 4 . 49 , 4 . 03 and 3 . 84 % w/v at 24 h exposure , respectively .
The in vitro enzyme activity from BPH survived after 24 h exposure and showed to inhibit the carboxylesterase ( CarE ) , acetylchoinesterase ( AchE ) and glutathione-S-transferase ( GST ) activities which the correction factors of CarE , AchE and GST indicated ca 1 . 21-2 . 05 fold , 1 . 24-2 . 50 fold and 1 . 01-3 . 34 fold , respectively .
Moreover , the data shows that the carboxylesterase may play an important role to detoxify this extract .
The results suggested that pericarp of mangosteen fruit extract which have mangostin as active ingredient compound shows mechanism as the inhibitor of detoxification enzymes .
Thus , it is likely to be uses this extract as an insecticide alternative to the control of BPH .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2007 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17458147 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To study the oxidative stress induced by consumption of mercury-contaminated rice in rats , and to assess the possible public health risk of mercury contamination in Wanshan mining area .
METHODS : Sprague Dawley rats were fed the mercury-contaminated rice produced from Wanshan area for 90 days .
The antioxidant status and the free radicals in rat serum were evaluated .
RESULTS : High mercury accumulation in organs of rats fed the mercury-contaminated rice confirmed the server pollution of mercury in Wanshan mining area .
The intensity of electron spin resonance ( ESR ) signal increased by 87 . 38% in rats fed the rice from Wanshan compared with that in the control rats fed the rice from Shanghai , suggesting that chronic dietary consumption of rice from mercury mining area could induce an aggravation of free radicals .
Feeding the mercury-contaminated rice was associated with significant decreases in the antioxidant enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) and concentration of serum nitric oxide ( NO ) , but it had no effect on serum nitric oxide synthase ( NOS ) activity .
Feeding the mercury-contaminated rice raised the level of serum malonyldialdehyde ( MDA ) , indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress .
CONCLUSION : The long-term dietary consumption of mercury-contaminated rice induces the aggravation of free radicals and exerts oxidative stress .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2007 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17706027 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : A recent study has suggested that hyperbaric oxygen ( HBO ) therapy administered within 3 hrs following hypoxic-ischemic brain damage ( HIBD ) may alleviate brain white matter damage ( WMD ) in neonatal rats .
However it is unclear whether a delayed HBO therapy ( more than 3 hrs following HIBD ) has neuroprotective effects in neonatal rats .
This study aimed to explore the effect of HBO therapy administered at different time points following HIBD on WMD in neonatal rats .
METHODS : The HIBD model was prepared according to the Rice-Vannucci procedure in 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats .
HBO therapy was administered at 3 , 6 , 12 , 24 or 72 hrs after HIBD , once daily for consecutive 7 days .
T-maze test , the foot-fault test and the radial arm maze test were performed after 14 days of HIBD .
Myelin basic protein ( MBP ) in the callositas and corpora striata was examined by immunohistochemical method 28 days after HIBD .
RESULTS : The rats receiving HBO therapy at 3 , 6 and 12 hrs after HIBD performed significantly better in the T-maze test , the radial arm maze test and the foot-fault test than the untreated HIBD rats .
There were no significant differences in the behavioral test results between the HBO-treated groups administered HBO at 24 and 72 hrs after HIBD and the untreated HIBD group .
The MBP expression in the HBO-treated groups treated within 12 hrs after HIBD was significantly higher than that in the untreated HIBD group ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
When the HBO therapeutic window was delayed to 24 hrs after HIBD , there were no significant differences in the MBP expression between the HBO-treated and the untreated HIBD groups .
CONCLUSIONS : HBO therapy administered within 12 hrs following HIBD can alleviate brain WMD in neonatal rats , but the efficacy of HBO therapy administered 24 hrs after HIBD does not appear to be satisfactory .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2007 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17978954 | | Abstract: Sorption and leaching of the organophosphate ( OP ) pesticides chlorpyrifos , profenofos , methyl parathion and malathion were investigated with four different types of biomass : coconut husk , rice husk , peat moss and peanut shell .
Organic carbon contents of the biomass were in the range of 35 . 4-45 . 4% .
Sorption studies were carried out by the batch ( equilibrium ) method at 4 different OP spike concentrations and at pH 3-7 .
Sorption isotherms conformed to a linear Freundlich equation and the Freundlich constant or sorption coefficient ( KD ) confirmed that biomass organic carbon content was the principal sorbent factor affecting OP sorption .
For a given sorbent , correlation of the extent of sorption with sorbate chemical properties was examined .
Column leaching experiments involving different masses of coconut husk and peanut shell pre-spiked with OPs at the level equivalent to actual spraying concentrations in some Thai tangerine orchards were conducted .
These experiments included repeated spikings and leaching .
A water flow rate of 20 mL min ( -1 ) was employed corresponding to the current average watering regime .
Retardation and biodegradation with these sorbents were also examined .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2008 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18295810 | | Abstract: Cross-sectional entomological surveys were carried out during the 2006 dry and rainy seasons in Lagdo , Cameroon to measure the impact of rice cultivation on malaria transmission and to monitor vector susceptibility to insecticides .
Adult anopheline mosquitoes were captured on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray collections .
A total of 4740 mosquitoes was collected during the study .
Anopheles arabiensis was the major species and the main malaria vector in all study sites , followed by A funestus .
Malaria transmission was high in the non-irrigated zone of Mayo Mbocki , whereas in the irrigated area of Gounougou it was below detection level during the dry season and high during the rainy season .
Insecticide susceptibility tests performed on A gambiae s . l . populations detected resistance to lambdacyhalothrin and to a lower extent to deltamethrin .
All survivors were A arabiensis .
None of the surviving mosquitoes carried the kdr mutation , suggesting an alternative resistance mechanism .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2008 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18350155 | | Abstract: Plant transgenic technology has been widely utilized for engineering crops for trait improvements and for production of high value proteins such as pharmaceuticals .
However , the unintended spreading of commercial transgenic crops by pollination and seed dispersal is a major concern for environmental and food safety .
Simple and reliable containment strategies for transgenes are highly desirable .
Here we report a novel method for creating selectively terminable transgenic rice .
In this method , the gene ( s ) of interest is tagged with a RNA interference cassette , which specifically suppresses the expression of the bentazon detoxification enzyme CYP81A6 and thus renders transgenic rice to be sensitive to bentazon , a herbicide used for rice weed control .
We generated transgenic rice plants by this method using a new glyphosate resistant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase ( EPSPS ) gene from Pesudomonas putida as the gene of interest , and demonstrated that these transgenic rice plants were highly sensitive to bentazon but tolerant to glyphosate , which is exactly the opposite of conventional rice .
Field trial of these transgenic rice plants further confirmed that they can be selectively killed at 100% by one spray of bentazon at a regular dose used for conventional rice weed control .
Furthermore , we found that the terminable transgenic rice created in this study shows no difference in growth , development and yield compared to its non-transgenic control .
Therefore , this method of creating transgenic rice constitutes a novel strategy of transgene containment , which appears simple , reliable and inexpensive for implementation .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2008 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18356938 | | Abstract: An efficient system was developed , and several variables tested , for generating a large-scale insertional-mutagenesis population of rice .
The most important feature in this improved Ac/Ds tagging system is that one can conveniently carry out large-scale screening in the field and select transposants at the seedling stage .
Rice was transformed with a plasmid that includes a Basta-resistance gene ( bar ) .
After the Ds element is excised during transposition , bar becomes adjacent to the ubiquitin promoter , and the rice plant becomes resistant to the herbicide Basta .
In principle , one can plant up to one million plants in the field and select those plants that survive after spraying with Basta .
To test the utility of this system , 4 Ds starter lines were crossed with 14 different Ac plants , and many transposants were successfully identified after planting 134 , 285 F2 plants in the field .
Over 2 , 800 of these transposants were randomly chosen for PCR analysis , and the results fully confirmed the reliability of the field screening procedure .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2008 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18438960 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : This study was initiated to search for fungal candidates for microbial control of brown planthopper ( BPH ) Nilaparvata lugens Stal , to which little attention has been paid in the past two decades . RESULTS : Thirty-five isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae ( Metschnikoff ) Sorokin and M flavoviride Gams & Rozsypal from different host insects worldwide were bioassayed for their lethal effects against third-instar BPH nymphs at 25 degrees C and a 14 : 10 h light : dark photoperiod at ca 1000 conidia mm ( -2 ) .
On day 9 post-treatment , mortality attributable to mycosis ranged from 6 . 5 to 64 . 2% and differed significantly among the tested isolates with no apparent relationship to their host origin .
Only two BPH-derived M anisopliae isolates from the Philippines ( ARSEF456 ) and Indonesia ( ARSEF576 ) killed > 50% of the nymphs .
Both isolates were further bioassayed for time-concentration-mortality responses of the nymphs to the sprays of 19-29 , 118-164 and 978-1088 conidia mm ( -2 ) in repeated bioassays .
The resultant data fitted a time-concentration-mortality model very well .
Their LC ( 50 ) values were estimated as 731 and 1124 conidia mm ( -2 ) on day 7 and fell to 284 and 306 conidia mm ( -2 ) , respectively , on day 10 . CONCLUSION : The two M anisopliae isolates are potential biocontrol agents of BPH for further research .
This is the first report of the lethal effects of global Metarhizium isolates on the rice pest Copyright ( c ) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2008 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18464639 | | Abstract: To investigate the feasibility of using exogenous salicylic acid ( SA ) to regulate the allelopathic weed suppression of rice , this paper studied the effects of different concentrations exogenous SA on the weed-suppression and physiological-biochemical characteristics of allelopathic rice PI312777 , and the relative expression quantity of gene ZB8 in the rice by real time quantitative RT-PCR ( FQ-PCR ) .
The results showed that exogenous SA induced the enhancement of the allelopathic potential of donor rice in suppressing target weed plants , and this inducing effect was SA dose and treatment time dependent .
After foliar spraying SA , the inhibitory effect of PI312777 on barnyardgrass increased significantly , and the root vigor and superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and perocidase ( POD ) activities of PI312777 increased , while its catalase ( CAT ) activity decreased .
The reverse was true for the target weed barnyardgrass .
At the same time , the phenylalanine ammonialyase ( PAL ) activity of PI312777 increased significantly , leading to an increase of the total content of phenols .
Among the test concentrations of SA , 0 . 2 mmol x L ( -1 ) had the best inducing effect , under which , the relative expression quantity of ZB8 increased first and decreased then , with a peak at 24 hours after treatment .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2008 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18667091 | | Abstract: ABSTRACT : BACKGROUND : Malaria transmission in most agricultural ecosystems is complex and hence the need for developing a holistic malaria control strategy with adequate consideration of socio-economic factors driving transmission at community level .
A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in an irrigated ecosystem with the aim of investigating vector control practices applied and factors affecting their application both at household and community level .
METHODS : Four villages representing the socio-economic , demographic and geographical diversity within the study area were purposefully selected .
A total of 400 households were randomly sampled from the four study villages .
Both semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to gather both qualitative and quantitative data .
RESULTS : The results showed that malaria was perceived to be a major public health problem in the area and the role of the vector Anopheles mosquitoes in malaria transmission was generally recognized .
More than 80% of respondents were aware of the major breeding sites of the vector .
Reported personal protection methods applied to prevent mosquito bites included ; use of treated bed nets ( 57% ) , untreated bed nets ( 35% ) , insecticide coils ( 21% ) , traditional methods such as burning of cow dung ( 8% ) , insecticide sprays ( 6% ) , and use of skin repellents ( 2% ) .
However , 39% of respondents could not apply some of the known vector control methods due to unaffordability ( 50 . 5% ) , side effects ( 19 . 9% ) , perceived lack of effectiveness ( 16% ) , and lack of time to apply ( 2 . 6% ) .
Lack of time was the main reason ( 56 . 3% ) reported for non-application of environmental management practices , such as draining of stagnant water ( 77% ) and clearing of vegetations along water canals ( 67% ) .
CONCLUSION : The study provides relevant information necessary for the management , prevention and control of malaria in irrigated agro-ecosystems , where vectors of malaria are abundant and disease transmission is stable .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2008 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub18943742 | | Abstract: To test the hypothesis that silicon ( Si ) confers resistance against appressorial penetration of the rice blast fungus , the proportion of appressorial penetration into the leaf epidermis to total appressoria formed was compared among rice plants amended with various rates of silica gel to those plants nonamended .
The amounts of Si in the youngest leaves were consistent with the amounts of silica gel applied to the rice plants .
Relative Si levels on the adaxial surface of leaves as detected by energy dispersive X-ray analysis also increased with the amounts of silica gel applied .
Based on light microscopic observation of the adaxial surface of rice leaves , the proportion of appressorial penetration was reduced by increasing amounts of silica gel applied and increased with the length of period after spray inoculation .
Consequently , these results strongly support the hypothesis and suggest that Si in the leaf epidermis may confer resistance against appressorial penetration .
Meanwhile , the number of lesions per leaf also decreased with the amount of Si applied , while only a certain part of penetrated appressoria could become sporulating susceptible lesions .
This suggests that Si also confers physiological resistance against blast infection after the penetration .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub1933066 | | Abstract: Epidemiological studies undertaken in an area of low altitude in Burundi , revealed microgeographic variations of malaria endemicity , naturally unstable in the area .
However transmission is relatively high near rice fields .
The transmission increases at the end of the rainy season , period of natural decrease of the vector population combined with an increase of their longevity .
Indoor spraying with short acting insecticides during that period of the year , reduced considerably the transmission and high parasitaemia in children , without changing the susceptibility of the vector to the insecticide .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2009 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19454025 | | Abstract: ABSTRACT : BACKGROUND : Simple modifications of typical rural house design can be an effective and relatively inexpensive method of reducing indoor mosquito vector densities and consequently decreasing malaria transmission .
Public health scientists have shown the potential for house design to protect people against malaria , yet this type of intervention remains virtually ignored .
A randomized-controlled study was , therefore , undertaken to determine the effects of this method of vector control on the density of indoor resting malaria vectors in a rice irrigation scheme area in lowlands of western Kenya .
METHODS : Ten treatment houses were modified with ceilings of papyrus mats and insecticide-treated netting ( ITN ) and tested against ten control houses without papyrus ceilings .
To determine densities of mosquitoes resting in homes , the pyrethrum spray method was used to simultaneously collect indoor resting malaria vectors in intervention and control houses .
Each house was sampled a total of eight times over a period of four months , resulting in a total of 80 sampling efforts for each treatment .
Community response to such intervention was investigated by discussions with residents .
RESULTS : Papyrus mats ceiling modification reduced house entry by Anopheles gambiae s . l and Anopheles funestus densities by between 78-80% and 86% respectively compared to unmodified houses .
Geometric mean density of Anopheles gambiae s . l . and Anopheles funestus in modified houses were significantly lower ( t18 = 7 . 174 , P < 0 . 0001 and t18 = 2 . 52 , P = 0 . 02 , respectively ) compared to controls .
Unmodified houses were associated with relatively higher densities of malaria vectors .
There was a 84% ( OR 0 . 16 , 95% CI 0 . 07-0 . 39 , P < 0 . 0001 ) and 87% ( OR 0 . 13 , 95% CI 0 . 03-0 . 5 , P = 0 . 0004 ) reduction in the odds of Anopheles gambiae s . l . and Anopheles funestus presence in modified houses , respectively , compared with unmodified houses .
Residents responded favourably to this mode of vector control .
CONCLUSION : House modifications involving insect screen ceilings made from locally available materials and small ITN incorporated in house construction have the potential to reduce human exposure to malaria vectors , and thus parasite infection , in a rice irrigation scheme area of western Kenya .
Ceiling modification is likely to be acceptable and is expected to be of greatest benefit when used in combination with other malaria control strategies .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19464858 | | Abstract: This study is carried out to determine the potential of phytic acid extracted from rice bran in the suppression of colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane ( AOM ) in rats .
Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups with 12 rats in each group .
The intended rats for cancer treatment received two intraperitoneal injections of AOM in saline ( 15mg/kg bodyweight ) over a 2-week period .
The treatments of phytic acid were given in two concentrations : 0 . 2% ( w/v ) and 0 . 5% ( w/v ) during the post-initiation phase of carcinogenesis phase via drinking water .
The colons of the animals were analyzed for detection and quantification of aberrant crypt foci ( ACF ) after 8 weeks of treatment .
The finding showed treatment with 0 . 2% ( w/v ) extract phytic acid ( EPA ) gave the greatest reduction in the formation of ACF .
In addition , phytic acid significantly suppressed the number of ACF in the distal , middle and proximal colon as compared to AOM alone ( p<0 . 05 ) .
For the histological classification of ACF , treatment with 0 . 5% ( w/v ) commercial phytic acid ( CPA ) had the highest percentage ( 71% ) of non-dysplastic ACF followed by treatment with 0 . 2% ( w/v ) EPA ( 61% ) .
Administration of phytic acid also reduced the incidence and multiplicity of total tumors even though there were no significant differences between groups .
In conclusion , this study found the potential value of phytic acid extracted from rice bran in reducing colon cancer risk in rats .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2009 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19545510 | | Abstract: Molinate has been widely used as a pre emergent herbicide in the rice fields of Californias Central Valley .
In rat studies , the metabolite molinate sulfoxide is suspected of causing testicular toxicity after exposure to molinate .
The sulfoxide is generated in the liver and can circulate in the blood , eventually reaching the testis .
Man qualitatively produces the same molinate metabolites as the rat .
To extrapolate the reproductive risk to man , the present study outlines the development of a preliminary PBPK ( Physiologically-based Pharmacokinetic ) model , validation in the rat and extrapolation to man .
The preliminary seven-compartment PBPK model for molinate was constructed for the adult , male Sprague-Dawley rat that employed both flow-limited ( blood , kidney , liver , rapid-perfused it issues and slowly perfused it issues ) and diffusion-limited ( fat ) rate equations .
The systemic circulation connects the various compartments .
The simulations predict the molinate blood concentrations of the rat blood and testes compartment favorably with the profiles obtained from 10 and 100 mg/kg po or 1 . 5 and 15 mg/kg iv doses .
Human physiological parameters were substituted into the oral dosed model and the simulations closely predicted the molinate blood concentration obtained from 5 . 06 mg oral dose .
A sensitivity analysis determined for an oral dose that peak blood molinate concentrations were most responsive to the blood flows to kidney and fat compartments while testicular molinate sulfoxide concentrations depended on molinate sulfoxide partition coefficients for the testes compartment and the Km for glutathione conjugation of molinate sulfoxide in the liver compartment .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2009 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19967358 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Surgisis ( ( R ) ) and AlloDerm ( ( R ) ) , two biosynthetic materials , have been previously used with success in abdominal wall repairs in the setting of contaminated fields .
Historically , Vicryl Woven Mesh ( ( R ) ) , a synthetic material , has also been used in such settings as a temporary bridge for abdominal wall reconstruction .
This study compares Surgisis and AlloDerm with Vicryl Woven Mesh with respect to tensile strength , collagen remodeling , and neovascularization using a rat hernia model .
METHODS : A prospective randomized trial of 54 Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to the Surgisis , AlloDerm , or Vicryl Woven Mesh group with baseline , 30-day , and 60-day end points .
A 1 . 5-cm x 5 . 0-cm defect was created in the right abdominis rectus muscle and repaired with an underlay bridge graft using the different treatment materials .
Tensile strength was measured using an Instron tensiometer .
Histologic specimens were evaluated for neovascularization , collagen deposition , and collagen organization at the 30 and 60-day time points .
RESULTS : Surgisis had significantly greater tensile strength compared to Vicryl Woven Mesh at the baseline time point ( 0 . 142 vs 0 . 091 MPa , p < 0 . 05 ) .
There were no differences between groups tensile strength at 30 or 60 days postoperatively .
The Vicryl Woven Mesh and AlloDerm groups showed increases in tensile strength at 30 days postoperatively versus baseline ( p < 0 . 05 ) .
Vicryl Woven Mesh , Surgisis , and AlloDerm all showed increases in tensile strength at 60 days postoperatively compared to 30 days postoperatively and at baseline ( p < 0 . 05 ) .
Surgisis and AlloDerm had significantly greater ( p < 0 . 05 ) amounts of collagen deposition and organization at 30 and 60 days compared to Vicryl Woven Mesh .
There was no significant difference between AlloDerm and Surgisis with respect to collagen deposition and organization .
Surgisis and AlloDerm showed a significantly greater amount ( p < 0 . 05 ) of neovascularization than Vicryl Woven Mesh at both time points .
In addition , Surgisis had a significantly greater amount ( p < 0 . 05 ) of neovascularization than AlloDerm at both 30 and 60 days .
CONCLUSION : Surgisis has increased baseline tensile strength compared to Vicryl Woven Mesh .
Tensile strength in Vicryl Woven Mesh is equal to biosynthetic grafts after it issue incorporation .
Biosynthetic grafts showed superior collagen deposition and organization .
Surgisis mesh showed increased neovascularization over both AlloDerm and Vicryl Woven Mesh .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2009 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20041794 | | Abstract: The effects of a preparation of combined glutathione-enriched yeast ( GEY ) and rice embryo/soybean ( RES ) extracts ( 20 : 1 ) , GEY/RES , on experimentally induced ethanol hangover were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats .
To evaluate the preventive effects on hangover , rats were orally administered GEY/RES ( 50/2 . 5 , 100/5 , or 200/10 mg/kg ) for 2 weeks .
At 30 minutes after the final treatment , they were challenged with 3 mL/kg ethanol ( 15 mL of 20% in water/kg ) .
The blood concentrations of alcohol and acetaldehyde were analyzed up to 7 hours postchallenge .
Hepatic mRNA expression levels of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes , alcohol dehydrogenase ( ADH ) , cytochrome P450 type 2E1 ( CYP2E1 ) , and aldehyde dehydrogenase ( ALDH ) , were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction .
Additional rats were challenged with ethanol and , 60 minutes later , administered GEY/RES to evaluate alcohol clearance .
Pretreatment with GEY/RES for 2 weeks reduced the blood concentrations of alcohol and acetaldehyde in a dose-dependent manner , lowering by 29 . 5% and 54 . 6% at the highest dose ( 200/10 mg/kg ) , respectively .
The expressions of mRNAs for ADH and ALDH , the major alcohol-metabolizing enzymes , were markedly increased in the livers of rats administered GEY/RES for 2 weeks , whereas CYP2E1 mRNA was suppressed .
Postchallenge treatment with GEY/RES enhanced the alcohol clearance rate by lowering blood concentrations of alcohol and acetaldehyde by 24% and 26 . 6% , respectively , for the highest dose group .
GEY/RES remarkably eliminated 2 , 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate radical and FeCl ( 3 ) -mediated lipid peroxidation in vitro and attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation following ethanol administration in vivo .
Therefore , it is suggested that GEY/RES reduces the blood concentrations of alcohol and acetaldehyde not only by modulating alcohol-metabolizing enzymes , but also by exerting its antioxidant activity , and that GEY/RES could be a promising candidate for improvements of alcoholic hangover .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2009 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20052428 | | Abstract: INTRODUCTION : Malaria control measures such as early diagnosis and treatment , intermittent treatment of pregnant women , impregnated bed nets , indoor spraying and larval control measures are difficult to target specifically because of imprecise estimates of risk at a small-scale level .
Ways of estimating local risks for malaria are therefore important .
METHODS : A high-resolution satellite view from the SPOT 5 satellite during 2008 was used to generate a land cover classification in the malaria endemic lowland of North-Western Burkina Faso .
For the area of a complete satellite view of 60 x 60 km , a supervised land cover classification was carried out .
Ten classes were built and correlated to land cover types known for acting as Anopheles mosquito breeding sites .
RESULTS : According to known correlations of Anopheles larvae presence and surface water-related land cover , cultivated areas in the riverine vicinity of Kossi River were shown to be one of the most favourable sites for Anopheles production .
Similar conditions prevail in the South of the study region , where clayey soils and higher precipitations benefit the occurrence of surface water .
Besides pools , which are often directly detectable , rice fields and occasionally flooded crops represent most appropriate habitats .
On the other hand , forests , elevated regions on porous soils , grasslands and the dryer , sandy soils in the north-western part turned out to deliver fewer mosquito breeding opportunities .
CONCLUSIONS : Potential high and low risks for malaria at the village level can be differentiated from satellite data .
While much remains to be done in terms of establishing correlations between remotely sensed risks and malaria disease patterns , this is a potentially useful approach which could lead to more focused disease control programmes .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20346115 | | Abstract: Chemoprevention has become an important area in cancer research due to the failure of current therapeutic modalities .
Epidemiological and preclinical studies have demonstrated that nutrition plays a vital role in the etiology of cancer .
This study was conducted to determine the chemopreventive effects of germinated brown rice ( GBR ) in rats induced with colon cancer .
GBR is brown rice that has been claimed to be richer in nutrients compared to the common white rice .
The male Sprague Dawley rats ( 6 weeks of age ) were randomly divided into 5 groups : ( G1 ) positive control ( with colon cancer , unfed with GBR ) , ( G2 ) fed with 2 . 5 g/kg of GBR ( GBR ( g ) /weight of rat ( kg ) ) , ( G3 ) fed with 5 g/kg of GBR , ( G4 ) fed with 10 g/kg of GBR and ( G5 ) negative control ( without colon cancer , unfed with GBR ) .
GBR was administered orally once daily via gavage after injection of 15 mg/kg of body weight of azoxymethane ( AOM ) once a week for two weeks , intraperitonially .
After 8 weeks of treatment , animals were sacrificed and colons were removed .
Colonic aberrant crypt foci ( ACF ) were evaluated histopathologically .
Total number of ACF and AC , and multicrypt of ACF , and the expression of beta-catenin and COX-2 reduced significantly ( p < 0 . 05 ) in all the groups treated with GBR ( G2 , G3 and G4 ) compared to the control group ( G1 ) .
Spearman rank correlation test showed significant positive linear relationship between total beta-catenin and COX-2 score ( Spearmans rho = 0 . 616 , p = 0 . 0001 ) .
It is demonstrated that GBR inhibits the development of total number of ACF and AC , and multicrypt of ACF , reduces the expression of beta-catenin and COX-2 , and thus can be a promising dietary supplement in prevention of colon cancer .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20433928 | | Abstract: Human lactoferrin ( hLF ) is a multifunctional milk protein which could be utilized for promoting human health .
Transgenic rice has been used as a bioreactor for mass production of recombinant hLF .
However , one major concern over such transgenic rice is the risk of its unintended spreading into environment and into our food supplies .
Here we report the development of selectively terminable transgenic rice expressing human lactoferrin in seeds .
These transgenic rice plants could be selectively terminated by bentazon , a common herbicide used for rice weed control .
The hLF expression cassette was constructed into a T-DNA containing the RNA interference cassette suppressing the expression of the rice gene CYP81A6 which detoxifies herbicide bentazon , and the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase ( EPSPS ) cassette which confers to glyphosate tolerance .
A transgenic line , named as G281 , was identified for its high sensitivity to bentazon , high tolerance to glyphosate , and high expression of hLF .
Southern analysis suggested G281 is a single copy insertion event .
Field tests demonstrated that G281 plants can be completely killed by a single spray of bentazon at 1000 mg/L , which is safe to regular rice and represents only half of the dose recommended by manufacturer for rice field weed control .
Therefore , any G281 contaminations in regular rice could be selectively terminated to make sure it will not enter food or feed supplies .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20534332 | | Abstract: This study was undertaken to investigate the hypothesis that whole grain consumption would have beneficial effects on lipid profiles , antioxidant status , and the inflammation state of hyperlipidemic rats compared to those resulting from a white rice ( WR ) diet .
Forty-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 24 ) were fed a high-fat diet ( 188 . 3 kJ% energy as fat ) for 8 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia and were then randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 6 each ) that were fed diets containing WR ( control ) , sorghum , foxtail millet ( FM ) , or proso millet for the next 5 weeks .
Blood lipid profiles , hepatic antioxidant parameters , and inflammation-related measurements were determined in all of the groups .
The concentrations of serum triglycerides were significantly lower in the FM and proso millet groups compared to those of the WR and sorghum groups .
The concentrations of serum total , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) -cholesterol were significantly higher in the sorghum group than in the WR , FM , and proso millet groups .
Hepatic catalase , superoxide dismutase , and glutathione activities , as well as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels were not significantly different between the groups .
Levels of C-reactive protein were significantly lower in the FM group than in the WR , sorghum , and proso millet groups .
Inhibitor kappaB-alpha was expressed in the liver cytosolic fraction , and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB ( p65 ) into the liver nucleus was blocked in all groups .
In conclusion , FM and proso millet may prevent cardiovascular disease by reducing plasma triglycerides in hyperlipidemic rats ; in contrast , sorghum increases total cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , and LDL-cholesterol concentrations .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20619399 | | Abstract: Twelve novel 2-hydroxylfurylchalcones have been synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation with galactosylisomaltol , a reagent prepared from lactose .
The procedures are environmentally benign and economical All the compounds are identified by IR , ( 1 ) H NMR and ( 13 ) C NMR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry .
Preliminary bioassays indicate that all the title compounds show moderately high herbicidal activities against the height and/or the fresh weight of the seedlings of cucumber , rape , amaranth , wheat , sorghum and Chinese sprangletop at 7 . 5g of active ingredient per hm ( 2 ) .
However , the compounds exhibit weak fungicidal activities against cucumber powdery mildew , and no activities against rice blast , cucumber grey mould and cucumber downy mildew .
The structure-activity relationships are discussed .
The present work demonstrates that 2-hydroxylfurylchalcones could be used as potential lead compounds for further study of novel herbicides .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20667909 | | Abstract: In order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying effects of feeding rice protein on lipid and glucose homeostasis , weanling rats were fed AIN-93G diets made with casein or rice protein isolate ( RPI ) for 14 d .
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ( PPAR ) alpha genes and proteins involved in fatty acid degradation were upregulated by feeding RPI ( P < 0 . 05 ) , accompanied by increased promoter binding and nuclear expression of PPARalpha and its heterodimerization partner retinoid X receptor ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
Effects of RPI feeding on hepatic PPARgamma signaling were significant but less robust Feeding RPI also increased hepatic genes involved in cholesterol metabolism and transport .
However , feeding RPI had no effect on binding of liver X-receptor ( LXR ) alpha to the cytochrome P450 ( CYP ) 7A1 promoter .
The effect of RPI feeding on PPARalpha signaling appeared to be direct and was reversed when RPI diets were switched to casein .
In another experiment , male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed casein diets from postnatal day ( PND ) 24 to PND64 or were fed high fat Western diets containing 0 . 5% cholesterol made with either casein or RPI .
Increased liver triglyceride content , hypercholesterolemia and insulin resistance in the Western diet-fed rats were partially prevented by feeding RPI ( P < 0 . 05 ) . mRNA and protein expression of hepatic enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis were suppressed by feeding Western diets containing RPI ( P < 0 . 05 ) , despite a lack of effects on nuclear concentrations of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c .
These data suggest that attenuation of metabolic syndrome observed in RPI-fed rats after consumption of diets high in fat and cholesterol occur as a result of improved lipid and glucose homeostasis partly as a result of activation of PPARs .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20735154 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Enzyme-treated rice fiber ( ERF ) is a recently developed prebiotic product made from rice bran by heat-resistant amylase , protease and hemicellulase treatment .
Although the detailed mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) is still unclear , the role of the resident luminal bacteria and its interaction on the mucosal barrier seem to be an important factor in the development of IBD and its chronicity .
With the objective of manipulating the intestinal microbiota in IBD , this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of ERF on IBD with using experimental colitis models .
METHODS : Three colitis models were used and they were induced by the oral administration of dextran sodium sulfate in male Sprague-Dawley rats or BALB/c mice and transferring CD4+ CD45RB ( high ) T cells to female SCID mice , sequentially their CD4+ T cells were retransferred to new SCID mice .
The evaluation included the measurement of body weight , spleen weight , colon length , histological examination , serum and mucosal cytokine ( tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) , an interferon-gamma ( IFN-gamma ) , interleukin-12 p70 ( IL-12p70 ) , IL-1beta , IL-6 , IL-4 ) analysis , mucosal serotonin ( 5HT ) , and organic acid production and a microbiota analysis of the cecal contents .
The characteristics of T cell surface markers including CD4 , CD69 , CD45RB of spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes ( MLN ) were also analyzed .
In addition , the effects of ERF on the change in the induction of dendritic cells ( DCs ) were evaluated .
RESULTS : The preventive effect of ERF on colitis was significantly superior to that of raw material rice bran or control group .
An overexpression of inflammatory cytokine production was attenuated by ERF treatment , which was accompanied with a decrease in both the colonic mucosal damage and 5HT production .
Furthermore , ERF significantly attenuated the T cell activation ( CD4+CD69+ ) of spleen and MLN , and this characteristic was inherited by the retransferred mice .
ERF significantly suppressed the growth of Clostiridium , and increased short-chain fatty acids ( acetate , propionate and butyrate ) content in colitis .
The relatively hydrophilic fraction of ERF ( ethanol-methanol soluble fraction ) is therefore considered to have a potent ability to attenuate the induction of DCs .
CONCLUSION : A new prebiotic , ERF , reduced inflammation by modulating the colonic environment and regulating immune cell differentiation .
Although a more detailed study is required , this study showed the promising anti-inflammatory effects of an adjunctive prebiotic treatment for IBD .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20850003 | | Abstract: Chlorfenapyr is a pyrrole insecticide with a unique non-neurological mode of action .
Laboratory bioassays of chlorfenapyr comparing the mortality of pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant Anopheles gambiae s . s . and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes indicated that operational cross-resistance is unlikely to occur ( resistance ratio ranged between 0 and 2 . 1 ) .
Three trials of chlorfenapyr indoor residual spraying were undertaken in experimental huts in an area of rice irrigation in northern Tanzania that supports breeding of A arabiensis .
Daily mosquito collections were undertaken to assess product performance primarily in terms of mortality .
In the second trial , 250mg/m ( 2 ) and 500mg/m ( 2 ) chlorfenapyr were tested for residual efficacy over 6 months .
Both dosages killed 54% of C quinquefasciatus , whilst for A arabiensis 250mg/m ( 2 ) killed 48% compared with 41% for 500mg/m ( 2 ) ; mortality was as high at the end of the trial as at the beginning .
In the third trial , 250mg/m ( 2 ) chlorfenapyr was compared with the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin dosed at 30mg/m ( 2 ) .
Chlorfenapyr performance was equivalent to the pyrethroid against A arabiensis , with both insecticides killing 50% of mosquitoes .
Chlorfenapyr killed a significantly higher proportion of pyrethroid-resistant C quinquefasciatus ( 56% ) compared with alpha-cypermethrin ( 17% ) .
Chlorfenapyr has the potential to be an important addition to the limited arsenal of public health insecticides for indoor residual control of A arabiensis and pyrethroid-resistant species of mosquito .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20854666 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Based on recent studies in Israel demonstrating that attractive toxic sugar bait ( ATSB ) methods can be used to decimate local anopheline and culicine mosquito populations , an important consideration is whether the same methods can be adapted and improved to attract and kill malaria vectors in Africa .
The ATSB approach uses fruit or flower scent as an attractant , sugar solution as a feeding stimulant , and an oral toxin .
The ATSB solutions are either sprayed on vegetation or suspended in simple bait stations , and the mosquitoes ingesting the toxic solutions are killed .
As such , this approach targets sugar-feeding female and male mosquitoes .
This study examines the attractiveness of African malaria vectors to local fruits/seedpods and flowering plants , key biological elements of the ATSB approach for mosquito control .
METHODS : Three field experiments were conducted at sites in Mali .
The attraction of Anopheles gambiae s . l . to 26 different local fruits and seedpods was determined at a site in the semi-arid Bandiagara District of Mali .
Wire mesh glue traps with fruits/seedpods suspended on skewers inside were set along a seasonal lagoon .
Seven replicates of each fruit/seedpod species were tested , with a water-soaked sponge and a sugar-soaked sponge as controls .
The attraction of An . gambiae s . l . to 26 different types of flowering plants was determined at a site near Mopti in Mali .
The flowering plants held in a water-filled buried container were tested using the same glue traps , with controls including water only and sugar solution .
Six replicates of each selected plant type were tested on transects between rice paddies .
Additional studies using CDC light traps were done to determine the relative densities and periodicity of An . gambiae s . l . attraction to branches of the most highly attractive flowering plant , branches without flowers , human odor , and candescent light .
RESULTS : Of the 26 fruits and seedpods tested , 6 were attractive to An . gambiae s . l . females and males , respectively .
Guava ( Psidium guajava ) and honey melon ( Cucumis melo ) were the two most attractive fruits for both females and males .
Of the 26 flowering plants tested , 9 were significantly attractive for females , and 8 were attractive for males .
Acacia macrostachya was the most attractive flowering plant .
Periodicity studies using this plant showed peaks of An . gambiae s . l . attraction between 1930 and 2200 h and 0400-0500 h , which differed considerably from the response to human odors , which expectedly peaked at around midnight .
CONCLUSION : These field experiments in Mali highlight that female and male An . gambiae s . l . have pronounced differences in attraction for diverse types of indigenous fruits/seedpods and flowering plants .
The identification of attractive fruits and seedpods shows that a variety of indigenous and locally abundant natural products could potentially be used as juices to make ATSB solution for mosquito control .
As well , the simple methods used to identify the most attractive flowering plants provide valuable insights into the natural history of sugar feeding for An . gambiae s . l .
These observations can be used to guide future strategies for employing ATSB methods for malaria vector control in Africa .
They also provide a basis for subsequent chemical analysis and development of attractive baits for mosquito control .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21076489 | | Abstract: Although resveratrol has been proven to possess diverse health benefits , several recent reports have demonstrated conflicting results on some aspects of its effects , including its anti-aging properties .
Considerable debate appears to exist on the dose and bioavailability of resveratrol , leading to the controversies on its effectiveness .
To resolve the problem , we designed a study with a resveratrol formulation that contained resveratrol supplemented with 5% quercetin and 5% rice bran phytate ( commercially known as Longevinex ) .
These ingredients were micronized to increase the bioavailability .
Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with either Longevinex or vehicle ( 5% quercetin plus 5% rice bran phytate ) , and rats were sacrificed after 1 or 3 months , when isolated working hearts were subjected to 30 min ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion .
Longevinex-treated hearts , irrespective of the duration of treatments , revealed superior cardiac performance , reduced infarct size , and induction of survival signals as evidenced by increased Bcl2/Bax ratio and enhanced Akt phosphorylation .
In contrast , LC3-II and Beclin were enhanced significantly after 3 months of Longevinex treatment , suggesting that autophagy occurred only after feeding Longevinex to rats for a prolonged period of time .
Corroborating with the results of autophagy , Sirt1 and Sirt3 increased significantly only after 3 months of Longevinex treatment , suggesting that enhanced expression of Sirts correlated with induction of autophagy .
In concert , Longevinex caused phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of FoxO1 , FoxO3a , and FoxO4 , indicating involvement of FoxOs with autophagy .
Since Sirts and FoxOs are reliable markers of longevity , the results appear to suggest that Longevinex induces longevity after prolonged feeding via induction of autophagy , while it converts death signals into survival signals and provides cardioprotection within a relatively shorter period of time .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21184451 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Protein hydrolysate has more efficient peptide absorption and less hypertonic protein absorption .
This study aims to investigate the influences of rice dreg ( RD ) protein and its hydrolysate on growth and somatropic axis in early-weaned Sprague-Dawley rats in comparison with soybean ( SB ) protein . RESULTS : Compared with a SB diet control , a rice dregs protein hydrolysate ( RD-H ) diet decreased average daily feed intake and feed/gain in weeks 1 ( P < 0 . 01 ) and 2 ( P < 0 . 05 ) , while an RD diet decreased average daily feed intake and feed/gain in week 1 ( P < 0 . 01 ) .
Average daily body gain exhibited no significant differences between either treatment during the 28-day period .
After 28 d , villus height and lamina propria depth of jejunum and duodenum were greater in the RD-H treatment than in RD and control treatments ( P < 0 . 01 ) , while serum urea nitrogen concentration was lower in RD and RD-H treatments than in the control ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
There were no differences in serum growth hormone concentration , hepatic and muscle insulin-like growth factor-1 expression , and muscle growth hormone receptor expression at 7 and 28 d ( P > 0 . 05 ) , but hepatic growth hormone receptor expression was higher in RD-H treatment than in RD and control treatments after 7 d ( P < 0 . 05 ) . CONCLUSION : Results showed that RD and RD-H diets improved feed utilisation efficiency in the first 2 weeks post-weaning and small intestine morphology at 28 d post-weaning for an early-weaned mammal compared with a SB diet .
Copyright ( c ) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21226009 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner ( Bt ) were first commercialised in 1996 .
The risk that pests have the potential to evolve resistance to Bt toxins is one of the most serious challenges to this technology .
Gene stacking , pyramiding two Bt genes into one variety , is considered to be an effective insect resistance management ( IRM ) strategy .
In this study , insect-resistant rice expressing two Bt genes was developed by sexual crossing , and then characterised . RESULTS : Homozygous rice lines of two pyramided Bt genes were obtained in the F ( 3 ) generation .
Quantification of Bt toxin showed that protein concentrations of Cry1Ab , Cry1Ac and Cry2A in the two-gene lines were comparable with their single-gene parents , while the expression of cry1C gene decreased after gene stacking .
Four two-gene lines showed higher activity to striped stem borer ( Chilo suppressalis Walker ) than parental lines in the laboratory bioassay .
All pyramided lines and their hybrids exhibited excellent efficacy against stemborers and leaffolders in field evaluation , while most pyramided lines had no significant differences from original variety in yield under spraying of insecticide . CONCLUSION : These results demonstrate that the two-gene lines have commercial potential and could serve as a valuable IRM strategy .
Copyright ( c ) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21560145 | | Abstract: To assess the risk of mixtures of six paddy insecticides and their transformation products ( TPs ) to aquatic organisms in the Sakura River , Japan , their concentrations in the river water were monitored during the rice cultivation season in 2008 and 2009 , and acute toxicity tests for Cheumatopsyche brevilineata ( caddisflies ) and Daphnia magna ( daphnids ) , surrogate test species for caddisflies and cladocerans , respectively , were conducted .
The mixture of fipronil , applied in the rice nursery box , and its desulfinyl , sulfide , and sulfone TPs were detected in the river for several months after transplanting , and they were more toxic to C brevilineata than the other tested compounds .
The toxicities of the parent compound and its TPs , such as fipronil and its TPs , may be related to their hydrophobicities .
Risk quotients for mixtures ( RQ ( mix ) ) of only parent compounds did not exceed 1 , but , in mid-June 2009 , the RQ ( mix ) of parent compounds and TPs for caddisflies exceeded 1 .
Diazinon , fenitrothion , and fenthion sprayed on the rice crop and their TPs posed a sporadic risk for cladocerans , depending on the application timing , whereas fipronil TPs contributed to the RQ ( mix ) for caddisflies for several months after transplanting .
The risk of mixtures of insecticides and their TPs differed seasonally between caddisflies and cladocerans , depending on insecticide application timing and the persistence and toxicity of TPs .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21584867 | | Abstract: Drugs that selectively inhibit the serotonin transporter ( SERT ) are widely used in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders .
These agents are associated with a range of extrapyramidal syndromes such as akathisia , dystonia , dyskinesia and parkinsonism , suggesting an effect on dopaminergic transmission .
We studied the time course of changes in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra ( SN ) after initiation of two different SERT inhibitors , citalopram and fluoxetine .
In the first experiment , groups of Sprague-Dawley rats received daily meals of rice pudding either alone ( N = 9 ) or mixed with citalopram 5 mg/kg/day ( N = 27 ) .
Rats were sacrificed after 24 h , 7 days or 28 days of treatment .
Sections of SN were processed for tyrosine hydroxylase ( TH ) immunohistochemistry .
Citalopram induced a significant decrease in TH-positive cell counts at 24 h ( 44% ) , 7 days ( 38% ) and 28 days ( 33% ) .
No significant differences among the citalopram treatment groups were observed in the SN .
To determine whether these changes would occur with other SERT inhibitors , we conducted a second experiment , this time with a 28 day course of fluoxetine .
As was observed with citalopram , fluoxetine induced a significant 21% reduction of TH cell counts in the SN .
Immunoblot analysis showed that fluoxetine also induced a 45% reduction of striatal TH .
To investigate a possible role for the innate immune system in mediating these changes , we also studied the microglial marker OX42 after administration of fluoxetine and noted a significant 63% increase in the SN of fluoxtine-treated animals .
These results indicate that SERT inhibition can activate microglia and alter the regulation of TH , the rate limiting enzyme for dopamine biosynthesis .
These changes may play a role in mediating the extrapyramidal side effects associated with SERT inhibitors .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21725032 | | Abstract: To identify genes involved in the response to the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora in apple ( Malusxdomestica ) , expression profiles were investigated using an apple oligo ( 70-mer ) array representing 40 , 000 genes .
Blossoms of a fire blight-susceptible apple cultivar Gala were collected from trees growing in the orchard , placed on a tray in the laboratory , and spray-inoculated with a suspension of E amylovora at a concentration of 10 ( 8 ) cfu ml ( -1 ) .
Uninoculated detached flowers served as controls at each time point .
Expression profiles were captured at three different time points post-inoculation at 2 , 8 , and 24 h , together with those at 0 h ( uninoculated ) .
A total of about 3500 genes were found to be significantly modulated in response to at least one of the three time points .
Among those , a total of 770 , 855 , and 1002 genes were up-regulated , by 2-fold , at 2 , 8 , and 24 h following inoculation , respectively ; while , 748 , 1024 , and 1455 genes were down-regulated , by 2-fold , at 2 , 8 , and 24 h following inoculation , respectively .
Over the three time points post-inoculation , 365 genes were commonly up-regulated and 374 genes were commonly down-regulated .
Both sets of genes were classified based on their functional categories .
The majority of up-regulated genes were involved in metabolism , signal transduction , signalling , transport , and stress response .
A number of transcripts encoding proteins/enzymes known to be up-regulated under particular biotic and abiotic stress were also up-regulated following E amylovora treatment .
Those up or down-regulated genes encode transcription factors , signaling components , defense-related , transporter , and metabolism , all of which have been associated with disease responses in Arabidopsis and rice , suggesting similar response pathways are involved in apple blossoms .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21725757 | | Abstract: Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia ( HI ) is an important cause of mortality and disability in newborns .
It is a result of insufficient oxygen and glucose circulation to the brain , initiating long-term cerebral damage and cell death .
Emerging evidence suggests that endothelin receptor-A ( ETA ) activation can play an important role in mediating brain damage .
In this study , we investigated the role of ETA receptor inhibition using ABT-627 in neonatal HI injured rats .
Postnatal day 10 Sprague-Dawley rat pups ( n=91 ) were assigned to the following groups : sham ( n=28 ) , HI ( vehicle , n=32 ) , and HI with ABT-627 at 3 mg/kg ( n=31 ) .
The Rice-Vannucci model was used to induce ischemia by ligating the right common carotid artery , followed by a 2 h hypoxic episode using 8% oxygen in a 37 degrees C chamber .
Postoperative assessment was conducted at 48 h after injury and again at 4 weeks .
At the acute time point , investigative markers included cerebral edema , infarction volume , and body weight change .
Neurobehavioral testing was measured at 4 weeks post-injury .
Our findings indicated that ABT-627 had no effect on the measured parameters .
This study suggests that ETA receptor blockade using ABT-627 post-treatment fails to improve neurological outcomes in neonatal HI injured rats .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21818678 | | Abstract: An assessment of the sensitivity of Anopheles gambiae s . l . to three pyrethroids ( alphacypermethrin , permethrin , deltamethrin ) and DDT has been carried out with a laboratory strain ( Kisumu reference sensitive strain ) and a wild strain ( Tiassalekro strain ) using larvae from an irrigated rice-growing area of Tiassalekro , located in the southern forest of Ivory Coast The sensitivity tests were performed according to the standard WHO cylinder tests with adult female A gambiae s . l . aged 2 to 4 days .
The results showed that the strain of Tiassalekro is resistant to the three tested pyrethroids and DDT .
The molecular forms M and S were identified , with a predominance of M form .
The resistance mechanism involved is the Kdr mutation .
In this region , control measures against malaria vectors by using bed nets impregnated with these insecticides or household sprays could be compromised .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21854659 | | Abstract: This multidisciplinary guideline has been developed as an aid to diagnosis and treatment of patients , especially athletes , with an acute inversion trauma of the ankle .
Diagnosis of an acute inversion trauma is by means of a combination of location of the swelling , palpation and executing an anterior drawer test X-rays are only indicated if weight-bearing is not possible and palpation of specific areas according to the Ottawa ankle rules causes pain .
Physical diagnostic examination 4-5 days post-trauma is a reliable method for discriminating between ankle sprain and lateral ligament rupture . - Rest , application of ice , compression and elevation ( RICE ) during the first days post-trauma is recommended .
Analgesic therapy , with paracetamol as medication of choice , should be restricted to 2-7 days post-trauma .
Conservative treatment is preferential to surgical treatment .
A semi-rigid brace protection should become a standard treatment procedure .
Exercise therapy results in a faster recovery and a faster resumption of work and sporting activities .
Exercises to improve proprioception , coordination and muscle strength are indicated .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2012 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21903154 | | Abstract: Open field , variability of climatic and working conditions , and the use of complex mixtures of pesticides makes biological and environmental monitoring in agriculture , and therefore risk assessment and management , very complicated .
A need of pointing out alternative risk assessment approaches , not necessarily based on measures , but simple , user-friendly and reliable , feasible also in the less advanced situations and in particular in small size enterprises , arises .
This aim can be reached through a combination of environmental monitoring , biological monitoring and computational modelling .
We have used this combination of methods for the creation of "exposure and risk profiles" to be applied in specific exposure scenarios , and we have tested this approach on a sample of Italian rice and maize herbicide applicators .
We have given specific "toxicity scores" to the different products used and we have identified , for each of the major working phases , that is mixing and loading , spraying , maintenance and cleaning of equipment , the main variables affecting exposure and inserted them into a simple algorithm , able to produce "exposure indices" .
Based on the combination of toxicity indices and exposure indices it is possible to obtain semiquantitative estimates of the risk levels experienced by the workers in the exposure scenarios considered .
Results of operator exposure data collected under real-life conditions can be used to validate and refine the algorithms ; moreover , the AOEL derived from pre-marketing studies can be combined to estimate tentative biological exposure limits for pesticides , useful to perform individual risk assessment based on technical surveys and on simple biological monitoring .
A proof of principle example of this approach is the subject of this article .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21967780 | | Abstract: A transgenic rice line ( TRS ) with high amylose level has been developed by antisense RNA inhibition of starch branching enzymes .
Compositional analysis of TRS demonstrated that the content of resistant starch ( RS ) was significantly higher compared to conventional non-transgenic rice .
High level of RS is an important raw material in food industry and has various physiological effects for human health .
In order to provide the reliable theory basis for field release of TRS rice , we evaluated the potential health effects of long-term consumption of the TRS .
The 90-day toxicology feeding experiment was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with diets containing 70% of either TRS rice flour , its near-isogenic rice flour or the control diet .
The clinical performance variables ( body weight , body weight gain and food consumption ) were measured and pathological responses ( hematological parameters and serum chemistry at the midterm and the completion of the experiment , urinalysis profile and serum sex hormone response at the completion of the experiment ) were performed .
Besides , clinical signs , relative organ weights and microscopic observations were also compared between TRS group and its near-isogenic rice group .
The combined data indicates that high-amylose TRS grain is as safe as the conventional non-transgenic rice for rat consumption .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub21994523 | | Abstract: Takju is a Korean alcoholic beverage made from rice , and is brewed with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae .
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of exercise training and moderate Takju consumption on learning ability in 6-week old Sprague-Dawley male rats .
The rats were treated with exercise and alcohol for 4 weeks in six separate groups as follows : non-exercised control ( CC ) , exercised control ( EC ) , non-exercised consuming ethanol ( CA ) , exercised consuming ethanol ( EA ) , non-exercised consuming Takju ( CT ) , and exercised consuming Takju ( ET ) .
An AIN-93M diet was provided ad libitum .
Exercise training was performed at a speed of 10 m/min for 15 minutes per day .
Ethanol and Takju were administered daily for 6-7 hours to achieve an intake of about 10 ml after 12 hours of deprivation , and , thereafter , the animals were allowed free access to deionized water .
A Y-shaped water maze was used from the third week to understand the effects of exercise and alcohol consumption on learning and memory .
After sacrifice , brain acetylcholinesterase ( AChE ) activity was analyzed .
Total caloric intake and body weight changes during the experiment were not significantly different among the groups .
AChE activity was not significantly different among the groups .
The number of errors for position reversal training in the maze was significantly smaller in the EA group than that in the CA and ET groups , and latency times were shorter in the EA group than those in the CC , EC , CT , and ET groups .
The latency difference from the first to the fifth day was shortest in the ET group .
The exercised groups showed more errors and latency than those of the non-exercised groups on the first day , but the data became equivalent from the second day .
The results indicate that moderate exercise can increase memory and learning and that the combination of exercise and Takju ingestion may enhance learning ability .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22023205 | | Abstract: The colon and rectum are the parts of digestive system of human beings .
Cancer affecting either of these organs may be called colorectal cancers .
Conventional cancer chemotherapy is not very effective for treatment of colorectal cancer , as the drug molecule does not reach the target site at therapeutic concentration , on the other side they produces sever systemic toxic effect .
Aim of this study was to develop a novel colon targeted Assam Bora rice starch compression coated tablet for site specific delivery of 5-FU to the colon without the drug being released in stomach or small intestine .
Core tablet of 5-FU was prepared using microcrystalline cellulose ( MCC ) and spray dried lactose by direct compression method .
The in vitro drug release study in different physiological environment confirmed insignificant release of 5-FU in physiological condition of stomach and small intestine further fast and major drug release in caecal content .
In vivo drug absorption of optimized formulation was performed in order to establish its targeting potential in colon .
It is concluded from the present study that Assam Bora rice starch can be used as a drug carrier for an effective colon targeted delivery system for drugs effective against the large intestine resident disease condition .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2012 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22209251 | | Abstract: Chlorpyrifos is the most common organophosphate insecticide registered for use in Vietnam and is widely used in agriculture , particularly rice farming .
However , chlorpyrifos exposure to and adverse effects on farmers has not been evaluated .
In this study , biological monitoring of chlorpyrifos exposure in a group of rice farmers was conducted after a typical application event using back-pack spraying .
Urine samples ( 24 h ) were collected from the rice farmers before and post insecticide application .
Samples were analysed for 3 , 5 , 6-trichloropyridinol ( TCP ) , the major urinary metabolite of chlorpyrifos , using an enzymatic pre-treatment before extraction followed by HPLC-MS/MS .
Absorbed Daily Dose ( ADD ) of chlorpyrifos for farmers were then estimated from urinary TCP levels , expressed as mug g ( -1 ) creatinine .
The analytical method for urinary TCP had a low detection limit ( 0 . 6 mug L ( -1 ) ) , acceptable recovery values ( 80-114% ) , and low relative percentage differences in duplicate and repeated samples .
Post-application chlorpyrifos ADD of farmers varied from 0 . 4 to 94 . 2 mug kg ( -1 ) ( body weight ) d ( -1 ) with a mean of 19 . 4 mug kg ( -1 ) d ( -1 ) which was approximately 80-fold higher than the mean baseline exposure level ( 0 . 24 mug kg ( -1 ) d ( -1 ) ) .
Hazard Quotients ( ratio of the mean ADD for rice farmers to acute oral reference dose ) calculated using acute oral reference doses recommended by United States and Australian agencies varied from 2 . 1 ( Australian NRA ) , 4 . 2 ( US EPA ) to 6 . 9 ( ATSDR ) .
Biological monitoring using HPLC-MS/MS analysis of urinary TCP ( 24 h ) was found to be an effective method for measuring chlorpyrifos exposure among farmers .
This case study found that Vietnamese rice farmers had relatively high exposures to chlorpyrifos after application , which were likely to have adverse health effects .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22233571 | | Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) , a gram positive soil bacteria was first identified and named by Japanese Microbiologist Shigetane Ishiwata in 1901 .
During sporulation Bt produces proteinaceous parasporal crystal proteins called delta-endotoxins , or Cry proteins , which are insecticidal Numerous Cry proteins have been isolated and characterized from different Bt strains with activity against insects , mites and nematodes .
Sprayable formulations containing these Cry proteins as active ingredients have contributed significantly in the field of insect pest management .
Since the first cloning of cry genes from Bt , 1 scientists have successively demonstrated that plants could be genetically engineered to express these cry genes for the control of dreadful insect pests .
Eventually , the first transgenic crop expressing Btcry1Ac gene in cotton was approved in 1996 for commercial cultivation in the USA to manage bollworms .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2012 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22340075 | | Abstract: Several lines of evidence suggest that there may be a shared vulnerability to acquire behaviors motivated by strong incentive stimuli .
Non-food restricted male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 78 ) underwent place conditioning with Oreos , and were subsequently tested on cocaine self-administration ( SA ) on fixed and progressive ratios , as well as extinction and reinstatement by cocaine primes and by consumption of Oreos .
Although there was a group preference for the Oreo-paired compartment , at the individual level some rats ( 69% ) displayed a preference and others did not .
In cocaine SA , preference rats achieved higher break points on a progressive ratio , and displayed greater responding during extinction and cocaine-induced reinstatement .
Within the context of this study , Oreo-cocaine cross-reinstatement was not observed .
In a control study , rats ( n = 29 ) conditioned with a less palatable food ( rice cakes ) also displayed individual differences in place preference , but not on subsequent cocaine tests .
These findings indicate that there is a relationship between incentive learning promoted by palatable foods and by cocaine .
This supports the hypothesis that co-morbid food-drug addictions may result from a shared vulnerability to acquire behaviors motivated by strong incentives .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2012 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22359609 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : The major challenge of cultivating genetically modified ( GM ) rice ( Oryza sativa ) at the commercial scale is to prevent the spread of transgenes from GM cultivated rice to its coexisting weedy rice ( O sativa f . spontanea ) .
The strategic development of GM rice with a built-in control mechanism can mitigate transgene spread in weedy rice populations .
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS : An RNAi cassette suppressing the expression of the bentazon detoxifying enzyme CYP81A6 was constructed into the T-DNA which contained two tightly linked transgenes expressing the Bt insecticidal protein Cry1Ab and the glyphosate tolerant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase ( EPSPS ) , respectively .
GM rice plants developed from this T-DNA were resistant to lepidopteran pests and tolerant to glyphosate , but sensitive to bentazon .
The application of bentazon of 2000 mg/L at the rate of 40 mL/m ( 2 ) , which is approximately the recommended dose for the field application to control common rice weeds , killed all F ( 2 ) plants containing the transgenes generated from the Crop-weed hybrids between a GM rice line ( CGH-13 ) and two weedy rice strains ( PI-63 and PI-1401 ) .
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE : Weedy rice plants containing transgenes from GM rice through gene flow can be selectively killed by the spray of bentazon when a non-GM rice variety is cultivated alternately in a few-year interval The built-in control mechanism in combination of cropping management is likely to mitigate the spread of transgenes into weedy rice populations .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2012 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22648014 | | Abstract: As the crucial members of the cold-regulated ( COR ) gene family , KIN genes are involved in diverse abiotic stress responses in plants .
In the present study , KIN genes from the widespread plant Capsella bursa-pastoris were identified and analyzed to better understand the powerful adaptation of this species .
Two KIN genes were cloned and sequenced by 3 RACE .
As some COR genes are homologous to LEA genes , three KIN-homologous LEA genes were also identified .
We deduced the amino acid sequences of the five proteins to estimate their phylogenetic relationships , and grouped them into three subfamilies ( CI , CII , and CIII ) .
Variable 3 UTRs were found in CI , CII , and CIII genes .
Using qPCR , we evaluated the transcriptional levels of the five genes in different organs and embryonic stages .
Two CI genes were exclusively expressed in early embryos and flowers .
The CII and CIII genes showed obvious up-regulation in young leaves after heat stress , cold stress , and ABA treatment .
Two of the CI genes , however , rarely responded to those stresses in young leaves .
In contrast , all five genes showed differential responses in flowers when C bursa-pastoris plants were sprayed with ABA .
Furthermore , the expression of these genes in C bursa-pastoris was compared to that of the corresponding Arabidopsis genes , and similar gene expression profiles were found in both species .
Our findings suggest that these five genes play different roles in development and the responses to abiotic stresses in C bursa-pastoris .
Key message We characterized two KIN and three KIN-homologous LEA genes , and analyzed their variable 3UTR and organ-specific , embryo-developmental , stress-induced gene expression in Capsella bursa-pastoris .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2012 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22729719 | | Abstract: Cyhalofop-butyl is a recently registered herbicide from the aryloxyphenoxy propionate group in India to control a wide range of grass weed species at various growth stages in rice crop .
Field experiment with rice variety Pusa Sugandh 5 was conducted at IARI , New Delhi .
Rice crop was sprayed thrice with cyhalofopa-butyl at 40 , 60 and 80 g ha ( -1 ) at the 10 , 20 and 30 DAS .
Harvest soil samples were extracted and analysed for cyhalofop-butyl and cyhalofop acid residues by HPLC using CH ( 3 ) OH : H ( 2 ) O ( 80 : 20 ) mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL min ( -1 ) at 240 nm wavelength using PDA detector .
In harvest soil the residues were below the detectable limits .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2012 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22743236 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : To describe the epidemiology of competition and training-based surf sport-related injury in Australia in the years 2003-2011 .
DESIGN : A retrospective epidemiological review .
METHOD : Information on surf sport-related injuries was obtained from Surf Life Saving Australias SurfGuard Incident Reporting Database during 1 January 2003 to 20 August 2011 .
RESULTS : There were 2645 surf sport-related competition or training-related incidents .
Males and females experienced similar proportions of injury by activity type , with older individuals experiencing a higher proportion of injuries during training than younger individuals .
Minor first aid was required for 54 . 5% of the competition and 43 . 7% of the training-related incidents , with major first aid required in just over 10% of both incident types .
Overall , inflatable rescue boats , beach flags , and surf boats were the most common activities performed at the time of the incident , with returning to shore and negotiating the break the most common possible contributing factors to surf boat incidents .
Bruises/contusions , strains , inflammation/swelling , and sprains were the most common types of injuries that occurred during both competition and training .
RICE - Rest-Ice-Compression-Elevation - was the most common form of initial treatment for the injury during both competition and training .
CONCLUSIONS : Participation in surf sports is not without risk of injury .
Information from this study will inform injury prevention efforts for surf sport and act as a guide for future research in this area , and towards improved injury surveillance for surf sport-related injuries .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub2623758 | | Abstract: Within a large project for the socio-economic development of the rice growing area of the Rusizi valley in Burundi , a malarial control programme has been set up .
This programme has several components : improvement of curative services , promotion of use of impregnated mosquito nets , and use of environmental engineering and indoor spraying with residual insecticides to control infection . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1988 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub3042162 | | Abstract: Although the incidence of soft-tissue injury is high in the young athlete , one must be constantly aware of the tendency toward epiphyseal and apophyseal injuries in individuals with open growth plates .
After the diagnosis of a soft-tissue injury ( sprain , strain , or contusion ) has been made , treatment must include an initial 24 to 48-hour period of RICE .
Appropriate splinting may be required .
Rehabilitation then proceeds aggressively , with early restoration of strength , flexibility , and joint range of motion .
Prior to return to full athletic activity , the athlete should meet the criteria outlined in this article .
Protective taping or bracing may be necessary upon return to full activity .
The treatment of soft-tissue injuries should start with prophylaxis .
All predisposing factors to the development of injury should be sought on preparticipation physical examinations and corrected prior to allowing the young athlete to compete .
Using the program described as a guide to treating the injured athlete should result in early return to function with low recurrence rates of injury .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub3351705 | | Abstract: Sixty children less than 2 years of age suffering from mild acute gastroenteritis with less than 5% dehydration were randomly assigned to two different isocaloric feeding regimens , viz . , a locally prepared milk-free formulation ( group A ) of rice , lentil , sugar , and coconut oil and a spray dried commercial cows milk formula ( group B ) .
There were two treatment failures in group A and one in group B The postintervention duration of diarrhea ( days ) in group A ( 11 . 0 +/- 10 . 0 ) was higher than in group B ( 7 . 6 +/- 10 . 8 ) , but these differences were not significant ( p greater than 0 . 05 ) .
The energy intake ( kcal/kg/24 h ) on postintervention day 4 was 78 . 7 +/- 31 . 7 in group A and 101 . 3 +/- 41 . 1 in group B ( p greater than 0 . 05 ) .
The corresponding values for day 7 were 74 . 2 +/- 29 . 1 and 110 . 0 +/- 41 . 1 , respectively ( p less than 0 . 05 ) .
The mean weight gain ( g/kg/24 h ) between admission and the day of recovery in group A ( 2 . 0 +/- 4 . 2 ) was significantly lower ( p less than 0 . 05 ) than in group B ( 5 . 8 +/- 7 . 8 ) .
Similar trends in weight gain were observed at days 4 and 7 .
These findings suggest that a cows milk-based formula is well tolerated by majority of the infants with mild acute gastroenteritis after initial rehydration with ORS .
The infants who were fed the milk-free cereal-based diet showed significantly less energy intake and gained weight less rapidly than those who were fed the cows milk-based formula .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1987 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub3624378 | | Abstract: A procedure for high-performance liquid chromatographic ( HPLC ) determination of triflumizole and its metabolite ( Met ) in crops was examined .
Triflumizole and Met in sample crops were extracted with methanol and re-extracted into methylene chloride .
After clean-up of the extract on a Florisil column , triflumizole and Met were determined by HPLC with UV detection at 238 nm .
The HPLC column was packed with Nucleosil 5 C18 ( ODS , 5 micron ) and the eluent was acetonitrile-3 mM carbonate buffer ( 7 : 3 , v/v , pH 9 . 0 ) .
The detection limit was 0 . 01-0 . 02 ppm and the recoveries from spiked crops ( 0 . 5 ppm ) were 73-99% for triflumizole and 74-94% for Met .
Triflumizole and Met were determined simultaneously and the method was shown to be applicable to residue analysis of these compounds in crops sprayed with Trifmine in fields . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1986 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub3804139 | | Abstract: Injury to the metatarsophalangeal joints in sports has become an increasing problem with the advent of more flexible shoewear and artificial playing surfaces .
These injuries vary from mild sprains to severe tearing of the capsuloligamentous complex including avulsion fractures .
This may include a compression fracture of the metatarsal head in the more severe cases .
At the extreme , dislocation or fracture-dislocation of the metatarsophalangeal joint occurs .
The findings in 62 cases of these injuries in Rice University athletes from 1971 to 1985 are presented .
Treatment follows a standard regimen of ice , taping and anti-inflammatory medication with gradual return to sports activity as symptoms allow .
Recommendations for preventive therapy include stiffening the forefoot in athletic shoes or the use of an orthotic device .
This should reduce the incidence of long-term sequelae .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1985 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub3880248 | | Abstract: The Beecomist spray head was evaluated for aerial application of Bacillus thuringiensis var . israelensis ( serotype H-14 ; Bti ) at various ultra low volume ( ULV ) rates against natural populations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae in rice fields .
Deposits on Kromekote cards indicated that 0 . 54 liter/ha of neat Bti penetrated the dense canopy of the rice field .
Mean number of droplets 65 cm below canopy level was 4 . 9 +/- 5 . 0/100 cm2 .
At 1 day posttreatment , applications of 0 . 54 , 0 . 27 , 0 . 11 , 0 . 07 and 0 . 04 liter of Bti/ha resulted in reductions of 97 . 9 , 94 . 4 , 93 . 0 , 71 . 1 and 21 . 8% , respectively , of An . quadrimaculatus larvae/dip .
Calculated lethal field dosages ( LFD50 and LFD90 ) were 0 . 05 and 0 . 16 liter/ha , respectively .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1985 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub3921369 | | Abstract: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were daily given orally for 22 days a regimen consisting of polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) , 1 mg/day ; polychlorinated quaterphenyls ( PCQs ) , 1 mg/day ; polychlorinated dibenzofurans ( PCDFs ) , 10 micrograms/day ; or a mixture of PCBs , PCQs and PCDFs ( Mix-1 , 1 mg + 1 mg + 10 micrograms/day ) .
Female Cynomolgus monkeys were daily administered PCBs ( 5 mg ) , PCQs ( 5 mg ) or a mixture ( Mix-2 ) containing 5 mg PCBs + 20 micrograms PCDFs for 20 weeks .
The PCBs , and PCDFs had the components of PCBs , PCQs and PCDFs similar to those contained in Japanese yusho oils , respectively .
The PCB-treated rats and monkeys showed hepatic hypertrophy , immunosuppression and increased drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in hepatic microsomes , but were devoid of the dermal symptoms characteristic of yusho .
PCQs caused an increase in drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in hepatic microsomes and immunosuppression in monkeys , but these effects were much smaller than those found with PCBs treatment .
On the other hand , treatment with PCDF or Mix-1 or Mix-2 caused hypertrophy of the liver , immunosuppression , increase in drug-metabolizing enzyme activities of hepatic microsome to much greater extent than observed with PCBs , being more than 100 times as effective as PCBs .
In addition PCDFs and the mixtures containing PCDFs caused weight loss and thymic atrophy .
PCDFs and Mix-2-treated monkeys showed the dermal symptoms that are characteristic of yusho patients but were not observed in monkeys treated with PCBs and PCQs alone .
These results suggest that PCDFs are the primary causative agent of yusho . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1985 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub3938938 | | Abstract: An infant food , a mixture of soy , rice and banana was biologically evaluated in three studies carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats .
In the first assay , the caloric supplementation and milk protein complementation effect on the nutritive value of the product was studied .
Results indicated that an equal nutritive value as that of milk is obtained when 50% of the vegetable protein is replaced by animal protein .
The fact that caloric supplementation does not exert any positive effect on the nutritive value of the infant food , under the conditions of the study , was also confirmed .
In the second assay , the effect of amino acid ( lysine and methionine ) supplementation was evaluated .
Results revealed a significant improvement of the product quality with lysine supplementation , a finding that implies thermal protein damage caused by industrial processing .
In the third study , whole milk supplementation effect at the levels that the product could be offered in school lunch programs and Nutrition and Education Centers was investigated .
Such values , as determined , correspond to 343 to 655 ml of fluid milk per 100 g of the cereal product .
It was also found that milk complements and improves the nutritive value of the product at equal statistical ( P less than 0 . 05 ) values as those of milk . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1978 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub567522 | | Abstract: Among 11 epiphytic microorganisms one species each of Pseudomonas , Erwinia , and Aspergillus were antagonistic to Xanthomonas translucens subsp . oryzicola .
Symptoms of bacterial leaf streak did not develop when the antagonists were sprayed on rice leaves 24 h before inoculation .
Although the symptoms developed when the antagonists were applied 24 h after inoculation , the number of lesions and their length was significantly reduced over control .
When the mixture of each antagonist and the pathogen was applied , no symptoms developed with Pseudomonas and Aspergillus sp .
However , the symptoms could develop with Erwinia sp . although the number and length of the lesions was reduced over control . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1983 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub6844215 | | Abstract: Spray-dried leaf protein concentrate prepared from Red Clover and alfalfa with low or high saponin content were evaluated by studying their effect on growth and feed efficiency of broiler chicks at the 40% level .
Excellent growth and feed efficiency were recorded when 40% of low saponin alfalfa protein concentrate ( APC ) prepared from fresh alfalfa was incorporated in the diets .
Saponin in APC estimated by hemolysis test was an important factor affecting the growth , feed efficiency , and mortality of chicks .
Analysis of variance showed no significant ( P less than . 05 ) difference in body weight gain between Red Clover protein concentrate and low saponin APC .
A significant reduction in body weight gain of both broiler and egg type chicks was observed when 40 parts of wet alfalfa protein concentrate were incorporated in the diets .
A combination of 30 parts of wet alfalfa protein concentrate ( wet APC ) and rice bran in a broiler diet did not adversely affect growth .
Supplementation of additional vitamins did not improve gain in body weight when 40 parts of wet APC and rice bran were included in the diet .
Supplementation of vitamin E seems to be crucial when higher levels of wet APC and rice bran are included in broiler diets .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1977 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub70078 | | Abstract: Emulsifiable concentrates of DursbanR ( chlorpyrifos ) and Dowco 214 ( chlorpyrifos-methyl ) were tested as mosquito larvicides using Hudson knapsack sprayers on small plots of rice-fields on Penang Island .
The mosquitoes found in these rice-fields are predominantly Anopheles campestris and Culex tritaeniorhynchus .
At dosages of 14 , 28 and 56 gm hectare-1 , Dursban is effective in maintaining the rice-fields free of Anopheles larvae for at least 2 , 3 and 7 days respectively .
Dowco 214 at 56 gm hectare-1 is able to keep the fields free of all mosquito larvae for at least 2 days . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1982 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub7097359 | | Abstract: The average serum cholesterol level of rats fed a human-type diet that contained 28% ( wt/wt ) beef fat and 0 . 5% added cholesterol and that was low in non-digestible constituents was lower than that of rats fed an equivalent diet prepared from purified ingredients , 94 mg/dl and 163 mg/dl , respectively .
In order to identify the hypocholesterolemic ingredients in the human-type diet , the sources of protein and carbohydrate in the purified diet , casein and cornstarch , were substituted for the corresponding sources in the human-type diet , beef tenderloin , bread , and rice .
These prepared diets were fed to female Sprague-Dawley rats for 10 weeks .
Diets containing casein were hypercholesterolemic compared to stock rat diet , but rats fed the bread with the casein had the lowest serum cholesterol level , 112 mg/dl , of any casein diet group .
The cholesterolemic response of rats fed the beef and bread diet was the same as that of stock-fed rats , 94 mg/dl and 86 mg/dl , respectively .
The level of cholesterol in the liver of rats fed the beef and bread diet was lower than that of rats fed the purified diet , 7 . 7 mg/g and 28 . 5 mg/g , respectively , but it was higher than that of rats fed the stock diet , 3 . 8 mg/g .
The hypocholesterolemic effect of beef and bread may be related to reduced cholesterol absorption .
These data demonstrate the sensitive control on cholesterol metabolism of nonlipid diet ingredients .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8149823 | | Abstract: The concept of development is reviewed in terms of sustainability .
Food production in India driven by pressure from an increasing human population uses 90 , 000 t per year of technical-grade pesticide : 12% of this is fungicide and a good part is insecticide for the control of vectors of plant viruses .
A change in the cropping pattern and irrigation have provided a summer green bridge along Tamil Nadu/Andhra Pradesh border areas for the tungro virus that affects rice and its vector .
Epidemics occur along the coramandal coast , if the weather is suitable .
Red rot disease of sugarcane is promoted by poor drainage , river widening , ratooning , contaminated planting material and variation in the pathogen throughout the Indo-Gangetic plain .
Apple production uses large amounts of fungicide .
For every 1000 t of apples produced 1t of fungicide is sprayed 8-10 times sequentially .
Systemic application of fungicides has led to pesticide resistance and resurgence of other diseases .
70-80% of the Nagpur Mandrin produce reaches the market by trucks that have to traverse 1000 km .
10 . 6% of fruits are lost to post-harvest diseases ; culling , sunburn and injuries account for another 11 . 6% .
In the control of leaf rust of wheat in North India , the use of varietal mosaics , resistance genes and extra-late wheat sowings that do not coincide with favourable weather have all collectively contributed to loss reduction .
The drop in the production of exportable crops such as peppers and coconuts because of diseases needs attention .
The traditional wisdom on crop mixtures , organic manuring , shifting sowings , etc , needs scientific re-evaluation . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1993 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8160069 | | Abstract: Field surveys conducted at Echague , Isabela and San Pablo , Laguna revealed that Lymnaea ( Bullastra ) cumingiana , the natural second snail intermediate host of Echinostoma malayanum in the Philippines , exhibits a moderate degree of diversity in its choice of habitats .
Rice fields of all stages of development , stagnant shallow streams and springs are the main areas where the snail can be collected from at Echague , Isabela .
However , they were absent in rice fields that had been extensively sprayed with molluscicides to control the "golden apple snail" ( Ampullarius canaliculatus ) .
In contrast , they were also very abundant in the highly eutrophic waters of Sampaloc lake , San Pablo , Laguna .
L cumingiana co-exists with various species of insects , snails , fish and plants in these habitats .
Information on ecological characteristics affecting its distribution will be useful for those who wish to collect and study this species in the future . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8186931 | | Abstract: Studies on the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae to insecticides were carried out in rice field areas of Cte-dIvoire . An . _gambiae larvae populations from Cte-dIvoire were resistant to DDT but susceptible to organophosphorous insecticides .
Adult populations from the surroundings of Bouake were resistant to DDT and permethrin .
Resistance to propoxur was strongly suspected .
The knock-down effect of both deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin was delayed and strongly decreased .
The control strain from Bobo-Dioulasso and populations from rice fields of Katiola located far from the city were still susceptible to the three pyrethroids .
It is likely that resistance to pyrethroids in Bouake has been promoted by the intensive use of domestic aerosol sprays .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1993 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8233612 | | Abstract: Studies on the ecology of Anopheles gambiae s . s . and the transmission of malaria were undertaken in a high rainfall forested area in southern Sierra Leone .
Anopheles gambiae s . s . , identified by chromosomal techniques as the Forest form , was the only malaria vector in the study village .
Surprisingly , rice fields or swamps were not favoured breeding places for this species ; breeding mainly occurred in temporary pools .
The mean annual sporozoite rate of An . gambiae s . s . determined by ELISA was 3 . 9% .
Pyrethrum spray , human bait , and exit trap collections , as well as identification of mosquito blood-meals using the ELISA method , showed that the forest chromosomal form of An . gambiae s . s . was highly anthropophagic and exophilic .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1993 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8497907 | | Abstract: Chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy during long-term cyclosporine A ( CsA ) use has led to a search for equally effective but safer analogues .
In this study we evaluated one of these analogues , cyclosporine G ( CsG ) , in a rat model of chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity .
CsG has immunosuppressive effects equivalent to CsA when dosed on a weight basis .
Pair-fed Sprague-Dawley rats kept on a low-salt rice diet were given CsA 15 mg/kg , CsG 15 mg/kg , CsG 25 mg/kg , or vehicle subcutaneously .
After 21 days , CsA animals had a lower glomerular filtration rate , measured by inulin clearance ( 0 . 16 +/- 0 . 04 ml/min/100 g ) and higher serum creatinine ( 0 . 94 +/- 0 . 06 mg/dl ) than CsG 15 mg/kg ( GFR : 0 . 41 +/- 0 . 10 ml/min/100 g and serum creatinine : 0 . 68 +/- 0 . 09 mg/dl ) , CsG 25 mg/kg ( GFR : 0 . 39 +/- 0 . 16 ml/min/100 g ) or control rats ( GFR : 0 . 62 +/- 0 . 06 ml/min/100 g ; serum creatinine : 0 . 56 +/- 0 . 03 mg/dl ) , respectively ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
The CsA group had considerable cortical and medullary injury ( interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy ) , whereas both groups of CsG animals had more limited changes .
Despite the same or larger doses of CsG on a weight basis , cyclosporine blood levels were significantly lower in CsG than CsA rats .
We conclude that CsG , an analogue of cyclosporine with immunosuppressive activity equivalent to that of CsA , produced less nephrotoxicity in a model of chronic renal injury in rats , using both functional and structural parameters .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub874579 | | Abstract: The nutritional quality of rice protein was compared with that of whole egg protein by slope ratio assay .
Diets for each food at four levels of protein , 4 , 6 , 10 and 15% and a protein-free diet were given to male weanling rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain for 21 days .
The slopes of the regression lines of the whole egg and rice groups calculated from the changes of body weight ( Y in g/21 days ) with nitrogen intake ( X in g/21 days ) , including and ( excluding ) zero protein group were , respectively , Y=27 . 39 X-12 . 26 ( Y=24 . 41 X-1 . 86 ) and Y = 13 . 86 X-8 . 06 ( Y = 12 . 54 X +0 . 50 ) .
Assuming a potency of 100 for the egg protein , the relative potency of rice estimated from body weight gain with nitrogen intake was 51 ( 51 ) .
The values for rice calculated from body water gain and nitrogen retention with nitrogen intake were , respectively , 51 ( 47 ) and 46 ( 44 ) .
These values were compared with RNV of several varieties of conventional rice and high-protein rice . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8784545 | | Abstract: The first factor is the malaria parasite , for which the species P falciparum and P vivax are important .
Secondly , the transmission determines the disease stability and challenges the hosts immunity .
The third factor is the human host , consisting of people of both African and Asiatic origin , the latter of whom are more susceptible to P vivax .
Human activities such as cultivating rice fields are of paramount importance for the proliferation of the vectors .
The vectors A gambiae , A arabiensis and A funestus are very similar to those of the African continent .
These vectors are not endemic on Madagascar , suggesting that they were recently introduced to the island where 95% of the fauna species are endemic .
On the Plateau and in the South , the rice fields provide most of the breeding places for A gambiae s . l . and A funestus .
Five epidemiological belts are found in Madagascar which are very similar to their analogs on continental Africa ( fig 1 ) .
These facies include the equatorial belt on the east coast and the tropical belt on the west coast north of Morondava , the Plateau belt analogous to the southern African continent , the southern Madagascar belt which is similar to the Sahelian areas , and finally the zones above 1 , 500m , which are essentially free of malaria .
The first two facies have a stable type of malaria , and in the following two , malaria is unstable .
These areas include the Plateau , the area of the severe epidemics which occurred between 1985 and 1988 with more than 50 , 00 deaths .
Malaria control is based on a variety of strategies to respond to the epidemiological heterogeneity of the disease .
Spraying within the homes with DDT , used on the Plateau after 1988 , was and still is very successful .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub888169 | | Abstract: Research on malaria , which was endemic in several parts of Portugal at the beginning of this century , was intensified in the 1940s and led to the development of better control methods , especially in the rice-growing areas of the country .
In the 1950s residual DDT spraying was introduced and followed by extensive detection of cases of malaria and their treatment .
Plans for eradication of the disease were made , and by 1958 the transmission of the infection was interrupted in nearly all areas of European Portugal The country was placed in the maintenance phase of malaria eradication and the certification of malaria eradication was confirmed by the WHO in 1973 .
The political and military events of the past five years greatly increased the number of cases of malaria imported into Portugal from tropical Africa and indicated the need for much vigilance to prevent the resumption of transmission by the local vectors .
It appears that the measures put into action have succeeded in this respect .
This was due to the high degree of effective surveillance and also to the fact that Anopheles atroparvus does not readily transmit the exotic strains of Plasmodium falciparum and P vivax .
However , further vigilance must be maintained and intensified .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1996 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub8906633 | | Abstract: The effects of a rice protein isolate ( RPI ) on 7 , 12-dimethylbenz [ alpha ] anthracene ( DMBA ) -induced mammary tumor progression were investigated in female Sprague-Dawley rats .
At 6 weeks of age , rats were fed a casein , RPI or soybean protein isolate ( SPI ) diet , respectively .
After 1 week , DMBA was administered orally at the dose of 30 mg/kg body weight .
The mean tumor number per tumor-bearing rat at autopsy was significantly lower only in rats fed RPI than in those fed casein .
Palpable tumors at the mid point of the experiment were significantly lower in rats fed RPI and SPI than in those fed casein .
Serum estradiol-17 beta concentrations were lower in rats fed the SPI ( but not in those fed RPI ) than in those fed casein .
In a further experiment , no differences were found in hepatic microsomal DMBA-arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase activity after 7 days of feeding the respective diets .
These results suggest that RPI exerts its inhibitory effect on DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis irrespective of changes in circulating estrogens or modulation of hepatic DMBA metabolism . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1997 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9151491 | | Abstract: Three villages in the Senegal River basin were selected to study the biting and resting behavior of Anopheles gambiae s . l . in relation to human habits , rainfalls , and rice culture irrigation .
All inhabitants sleep outside throughout the year , mainly under poor quality bednets .
Mosquitoes were collected host-seeking during the night on human bait outside and resting during the day inside and outside in pit shelters .
An . gambiae s . s . and An . arabiensis fed mainly outside , the only place where hosts are available ; fed and gravid females resting indoors fed outside .
The proportions of An . gambiae s . s . and An . arabiensis in outdoor biting catches and in indoor spray catches were not significantly different , but they differed from year to year with the latter sampling method , An . gambiae s . s . predominated in 1990 , a more wet and humid year , whereas An . arabiensis was more common in 1991 , which was an arid year .
Both species are highly endophilic in this arid area where outdoor-resting places are limited .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1997 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9263053 | | Abstract: Appetite stimulants were extracted and partially isolated from high-grain concentrate .
The stimulants were fed daily and were palatable to sheep and goats used in the experiments .
The stimulative effects were tested by comparing the intake of two types of hay : with or without the extracts .
Diethylether and n-pentane extracts of the concentrate stimulated feeding in sheep ( P < . 01 and P < . 05 , respectively ) .
However , methanol extracts had no significant stimulative effect on selective feeding in sheep .
Goats also preferentially fed on hay sprayed with the diethyl ether extracts ( P < . 01 ) .
The diethyl ether extracts were divided into acid , neutral , and basic fractions .
Sheep and goats had a marked preference for the acid fraction only ( P < . 01 and P < . 05 , respectively ) .
These results suggest that specific chemicals to increase palatability of hay are present in high-grain concentrate and that the chemical are nonpolar , acidic substances . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1997 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9357170 | | Abstract: Significant reduction ( 68 . 38% ) in sheath blight disease of rice was noticed when foliar spray of a systemic fungicide , kitazin ( 480 micrograms mg-1 ) , was applied twice at an interval of 2 days before inoculation .
SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins of Rhizoctonia-infected rice leaf sheaths revealed the presence of 16 proteins ranging from 20 to 90 kDa ( approx . ) .
Six were identified as constitutive defense proteins ( increased after infection ) , 6 as secondary defense proteins ( formed de novo ) and the rest 4 appeared non-defense proteins .
Non-inoculated kitazin-treated leaf sheaths showed 15 proteins of which 5 were constitutive and 4 secondary defense proteins ( both are PR-proteins ) .
Among the PR-proteins , five beta-1 , 3-glucanases and one chitinase was identified and characterized .
One rice chitinase ( MW 20 kDa ) and 2 glucanases ( 60 & 69 kDa ) showed serological relationships with tobacco chitinase ( 32 kDa ) and tobacco glucanase ( 33 kDa ) respectively .
The implications of results have been discussed in relation to biotic and abiotic induction of PR-proteins in rice . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1998 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9571992 | | Abstract: Molinate , a herbicide widely used on rice , has been previously shown to cause testicular toxicity when a single dose is administered to Sprague-Dawley rats .
The sulfoxide metabolite of molinate also was capable of eliciting testicular damage but at lower dose levels than molinate , suggesting that metabolic activation via sulfoxidation could be important in testicular toxicity .
Both the sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites of molinate are electrophilic and molinate covalent binding to cellular macromolecules has been attributed to formation of these reactive metabolites .
The present study has investigated the nature of the binding reaction of 14C-molinate as well as 14C-molinate sulfoxide and 14C-molinate sulfone in liver and testis microsomal preparations .
All three compounds in preparations from both it issues bound extensively and tightly to only one protein of approximately 60 kDa molecular weight on SDS-PAGE .
Isoelectric focusing PAGE revealed a pI of approximately 6 . 0 and native PAGE analysis revealed a native molecular weight of 180 kDa .
These data , along with the ability of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride to block binding of the 14C-molinate , suggested the molinate-bound protein was an esterase .
The protein was purified to homogeneity and MALDI-TOF mass spectral analysis was consistent with Hydrolase A , a carboxylesterase present in both liver and testis .
N-terminal sequence analysis revealed 100% homology with Hydrolase A for the first 17 residues .
The effect of molinate administration on in vivo esterase activity was assessed both by enzymatic measurement and by histochemical measurement .
Molinate treatment caused a marked inhibition of nonspecific esterase activity in both liver and testis .
In the testis , histochemical staining showed the esterase activity inhibited by molinate was localized primarily to the Leydig cell , consistent with the localization of Hydrolase A From these data , it is proposed that molinate-induced inhibition of esterase activity in the Leydig cell could inhibit the mobilization of cholesterol esters required for testosterone biosynthesis .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1998 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9653741 | | Abstract: Malarias epidemiological importance in Mexico greatly exceeded that of hookworm , but the Rockefeller Foundation ( RF ) paid far more attention to hookworm .
Although the RF collaborated with malaria campaigns around the world , malaria was only incidental to the RFs activities in Mexico The hookworm campaign , on the other hand , involved the RF at every stage , from conceptualization and design to financing , hiring , and day-to-day administration .
This paper seeks to understand why the RFs involvement in Mexico differed for the two diseases and what the organizational , political , and health implications were for these divergent approaches .
Beginning in the mid 1920s the Mexican government developed a modest anti-larval service , periodically draining and filling ditches and swamps , dusting Paris green , petrolizing stagnant water , and administering quinine .
Following the RFs 1927 shift towards scientific investigation , it began to sponsor small-scale malaria research , collecting climatological , entomological , epidemiological , and clinical information .
The Mexican government eagerly petitioned the RF to join a national effort , but it was reluctant to become involved .
A National Malaria Campaign was established in 1935 under President Lzaro Crdenas to coordinate education , sanitary engineering , and treatment .
The popular Campaign followed RF strategies even without its direct participation .
Meanwhile , the RF avidly pursued modest malaria research in Mexico , funding US investigators to conduct experiments on pesticides , mosquito-trapping , and controversially , watering methods for rice .
These efforts culminated in the worlds first field trial of DDT against louse-borne typhus and later as a residual spray for malaria .
In the end the RF used Mexico as a convenient locale for scientific research that had global implications but only an incidental relationship to Mexicos own Malaria Campaign .
Likewise , the RFs much more active hookworm program was more a means than an end , leading not to eradication of the disease , but to Mexicos commitment to modern public health organization and methods .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1998 | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub9806425 | | Abstract: We wished to clarify the relationship between the sensitivity to induce hepato-renal toxicity and the level of cadmium ( Cd ) in the organs of rats exposed to minimum to large amounts of cadmium chloride ( CdCl2 ) .
For this purpose , groups of female Sprague-Dawley ( SD ) rats , each consisting of 24 animals , were fed diet containing CdCl2 at concentrations of 0 , 8 , 40 , 200 , and 600 ppm for 2 , 4 , and 8 months from 5 weeks of age .
All surviving rats given 600 ppm Cd were killed at 4 months because of deterioration of their general condition .
Animals of this group showed anemia and decreased hematopoiesis in the bone marrow , in addition to reduction of cancellous bone in their femurs .
Hepatotoxicity was observed after 2 months in the groups treated with > or = 200 ppm .
By 4 months , the rats in the 600 ppm group had developed periportal liver cell necrosis .
Renal toxicity characterized by degeneration of proximal tubular epithelia was apparent in the groups treated with > or = 200 ppm from 2 months , becoming more prominent in the high-dose rats at 4 months .
Hepatic accumulation of Cd increased linearly with the duration of treatment .
In contrast , the concentration of Cd in the renal cortex of rats treated with 600 ppm reached a plateau level of approximately 250 microg/g within the first 2 months .
The renal concentration of Cd in the 200 ppm group when renal toxic lesions were first detected at 2 months ranged from 104 to 244 microg/g .
No renal lesions were observed in the 40 ppm group after 8 months , despite the presence of 91-183 microg/g of Cd in the kidneys .
The results thus suggest that renal toxicity would not be induced by treatment with minimum amounts of CdCl2 for periods longer than 8 months , although accumulation of Cd might gradually progress .
A further 2-year feeding study of CdCl2 and Cd-polluted rice is now in progress .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2000 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub10964269 | | Abstract: We conducted a community-randomized controlled trial in Pakistan to determine the efficacy of indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin ( Fendona , Cyanamid , NJ , USA ) , applied at 25 mg/m2 , to prevent falciparum and vivax malaria .
Wettable powder ( WP ) and suspension concentrate ( SC ) formulations were tested against an unsprayed control in an irrigated rice-growing area of Sheikhupura district , Punjab province .
The study area of 180 km2 was divided into nine sectors , which were assigned at random to control , WP , or SC treatments in replicates of 3 .
Sentinel villages were selected from each sector for entomological and disease monitoring .
Malaria was monitored by fortnightly active case detection ( ACD ) and by cross sectional parasite surveys on schoolchildren .
Mosquito populations were monitored by space spraying of rooms and by cattle-landing catches .
The spray campaign took place in June 1997 and covered 96% of compounds .
During the 7 months after spraying , the incidence of falciparum malaria was 95% lower and that of vivax malaria 80% lower in WP-sprayed than unsprayed sectors .
Similar results were obtained for sectors sprayed with the SC formulation .
Cross-sectional surveys gave estimates of efficacy comparable to those obtained by ACD .
Anopheles culicifacies was 80% less abundant and Astephensi , the predominant anopheline , was up to 68% less abundant in sprayed areas over the 7-month period .
Reductions in anopheline parous rates indicated that the single-spray treatment was effective for the entire transmission season .
Sprayed surfaces lacked odour , which contributed to the popularity of the campaign .
Alphacypermethrin is a promising insecticide for the control of malaria in Pakistan and South Asia generally .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2001 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub11195774 | | Abstract: Without adequate care , acute ankle trauma can result in chronic joint instability .
Use of a standardized protocol enhances the management of ankle sprains .
In patients with grades I or II sprains , emphasis should be placed on accurate diagnosis , early use of RICE ( rest , ice , compression and elevation ) , maintenance of range of motion and use of an ankle support .
Sprains with complete ligament [ corrected ] tears ( grade III ) may require surgical intervention .
Although early motion and mobility are recommended , ligamentous strength does not return until months after an ankle sprain .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2000 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub11206976 | | Abstract: In this study , floral spray and floral dip were used to replace the vacuum step in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) gene into Arabidopsis .
The transgene was constructed by using a CaMV 35S promoter to drive a rice cytosolic CuZnSOD coding sequence in Arabidopsis .
The transgene construct was developed in binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium .
When Arabidopsis plants started to initiate flower buds , the primary inflorescence shoots were removed and then transformed by floral spray or floral dip .
More than 300 transgenic plants were generated to assess the feasibility of floral spray used in the in planta transformation .
The result indicates that the floral spray method of Agrobacterium can achieve rates of in planta transformation comparable to the vacuum-infiltration and floral dip methods .
The floral spray method opens up the possibility of in planta transformation of plant species which are too large for dipping or vacuum infiltration . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2001 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub11276181 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Passive joint mobilization is commonly used by physical therapists as an intervention for acute ankle inversion sprains .
A randomized controlled trial with blinded assessors was conducted to investigate the effect of a specific joint mobilization , the anteroposterior glide on the talus , on increasing pain-free dorsiflexion and 3 gait variables : stride speed ( gait speed ) , step length , and single support time .
SUBJECTS : Forty-one subjects with acute ankle inversion sprains ( <72 hours ) and no other injury to the lower limb entered the trial METHODS : Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups .
The control group received a protocol of rest , ice , compression , and elevation ( RICE ) .
The experimental group received the anteroposterior mobilization , using a force that avoided incurring any increase in pain , in addition to the RICE protocol .
Subjects in both groups were treated every second day for a maximum of 2 weeks or until the discharge criteria were met , and all subjects were given a home program of continued RICE application .
Outcomes were measured before and after each treatment .
RESULTS : The results showed that the experimental group required fewer treatment sessions than the control group to achieve full pain-free dorsiflexion .
The experimental group had greater improvement in range of movement before and after each of the first 3 treatment sessions .
The experimental group also had greater increases in stride speed during the first and third treatment sessions .
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Addition of a talocrural mobilization to the RICE protocol in the management of ankle inversion injuries necessitated fewer treatments to achieve pain-free dorsiflexion and to improve stride speed more than RICE alone .
Improvement in step length symmetry and single support time was similar in both groups .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2001 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub11385597 | | Abstract: Propanil is widely used as a postemergence herbicide in rice .
Because it is typically applied aerially , there is a potential for propanil to drift into and around homes of those living adjacent to rice fields .
Propanil has been shown to be immunotoxic in rodent models .
The objective of this study was to measure the levels of propanil to which families living adjacent to aerially sprayed rice fields may be exposed .
Air levels were sampled by actively and passively collecting propanil in and around the homes of volunteer families living in close proximity to rice fields sprayed with propanil .
Homes ranged from 73 m to 113 m from treated rice fields .
Sampling was conducted in the home , adjacent to the home ( within 5 m of the home ) , 30 m from the home , and at the edge of the rice field .
Concentrations were determined via gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy .
Propanil levels adjacent to the homes ranged from nondetectable to 1 , 106 . 4 microg per 400 cm2 collection surface ( 2 . 0 microg detection limit ) .
Wind direction and wind velocity were the primary determinants of propanil drift .
At sites where the prevailing wind was blowing away from the home , no propanil was detected except at the edge of the field .
Distance from the edge of the rice field also influenced the amount of drift with higher levels measured at 30 m from the house than adjacent to the house .
No propanil vapor was detected on absorbent media sampled in and around the homes .
The results indicate that individuals living adjacent to rice fields aerially sprayed with propanil are potentially exposed to variable amounts of propanil , and wind speed and direction are the most important factors that influence the concentration of aerially applied pesticide . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2003 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub12729014 | | Abstract: The release characteristics of flavor in boiling water and the flavor retention in the rice after cooking were investigated by using spray dried powder in encapsulated in or emulsified with d-limonene or ethyl n-hexanoate in cyclodextrin and maltodextrin , or in gum arabic and maltodextrin .
The behavior of flavor release into the boiling water was well simulated by Avramis equation .
The retention of d-limonene and ethyl n-hexanoate in cooked rice was correlated in each case with the flavor amount of spray-dried powder added . | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2003 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub14994793 | | Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely used biopesticide among many methods available to control insects .
To make a saleable product , B thuringiensis must be substantially concentrated by removal of water and formulated to improve longevity , efficacy , and ease of transport of the product .
B thuringiensis subsp . aizawai culture broth as an active ingredient was mixed with various adjuvants and then spray dried .
The optimum conditions for spray drying were found to be an outlet temperature of 60-85 degrees C and an inlet temperature of 120-180 degrees C Various adjuvants had different effects on physical and biological properties of the dried product .
Gelatinized tapioca starch and milk powder improved suspensibility but adversely affected wettability of the dried formulated product .
Vegetable oil and Tween 20 enhanced wettability but resulted in poor suspensibility .
Silica fume was used to enhance flowability because it reduced clumping and caking of the powder resulting from the addition of vegetable oil .
Formulation containing 10% wt : wt B thuringiensis , 10% wt : wt gelatinized tapioca starch , 10% wt : wt sucrose , 38% wt : wt tapioca starch , 20% wt : wt milk powder , 10% wt : wt silica fume , 2% wt : wt polyvinyl alcohol , 5% vol : vol Tween 20 , 1% vol : vol refined rice bran oil , and 1% vol : vol antifoam solution was found to be optimum in terms of the physical and biological properties of the dried product .
This formulation had 55% suspensibility , 24 s for wetting time , and 5 . 69 x 10 ( 4 ) CFU/ml of LC50 value against Spodoptera exigua larvae .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2005 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub16096593 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVES : ( 1 ) To describe the incidence of inclusion of early mobilization components in emergency department ( ED ) discharge instructions ; ( 2 ) to describe the prescribed follow-up appointments ; and ( 3 ) to analyze the differences between the treatment of pediatric and adult patients .
METHODS : A 1-year retrospective chart review of ED records of a large urban hospital was performed .
Medical records of 374 ( 95% ) of the 397 adult and pediatric patients with ICD-9 code for ankle sprains were reviewed ( 213 males and 171 females , mean age 28 . 4 +/- 14 . 5 ; 291 adults , 93 pediatric ) .
RESULTS : Sixteen percent of records contained discharge instructions that included rest , ice , compression , elevation , and medications ( RICEM ) .
Twenty percent included RICE .
Pediatricians ( 33 . 7% ) were more likely than adult physicians ( 10 . 3% ) to have given RICEM ( P < 0 . 0001 ) and RICE ( P = 0 . 05 , pedi = 45 . 8% , adult = 13 . 1% ) .
Follow-up referrals were recommended as needed 50% of the time .
Follow-up referrals were made to community clinics ( 59% ) , orthopedic clinic ( 23% ) , the ED ( 14% ) , and others ( 4% ) .
Pediatricians were more likely to recommend routine scheduled follow up ( pedi = 62% , adult = 47% , P = 0 . 018 ) , suggest follow-up in a community clinic or doctors office ( pedi = 68 . 6% , adult = 51 . 2% , P < 0 . 0001 ) , and to recommend earlier follow up ( pedi = 1 . 6 weeks +/- 1 . 1 , adult = 2 . 0 weeks +/- 1 . 1 , P = 0 . 002 ) than adult physicians .
CONCLUSIONS : Programs that train physicians who work in the ED need to include education on the proper treatment , rehabilitation , and follow up of patients with acute ankle sprains .
Providing easy-to-complete discharge instruction templates can help providers give patients discharge instructions that may help patients minimize the risk of long-term sequelae .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub17261177 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : The highlands of Madagascar present an unstable transmission pattern of malaria .
The population has no immunity , and the central highlands have been the sites of epidemics with particularly high fatality .
The most recent epidemic occurred in the 1980s , and caused about 30 , 000 deaths .
The fight against malaria epidemics in the highlands has been based on indoor insecticide spraying to control malaria vectors .
Any preventive programme involving generalised cover in the highlands will require very substantial logistical support .
We used multicriteria evaluation , by the method of weighted linear combination , as basis for improved targeting of actions by determining priority zones for intervention .
RESULTS : Image analysis and field validation showed the accuracy of mapping rice fields to be between 82 . 3% and 100% , and the Kappa coefficient was 0 . 86 to 0 . 99 . A significant positive correlation was observed between the abundance of the vector Anopheles funestus and temperature ; the correlation coefficient was 0 . 599 ( p < 0 . 001 ) .
A significant negative correlation was observed between vector abundance and human population density : the correlation coefficient was -0 . 551 ( p < 0 . 003 ) .
Factor weights were determined by pair-wise comparison and the consistency ratio was 0 . 04 .
Risk maps of the six study zones were obtained according to a gradient of risk .
Nine of thirteen results of alert confirmed by the Epidemiological Surveillance Post were in concordance with the risk map .
CONCLUSION : This study is particularly valuable for the management of vector control programmes , and particularly the reduction of the vector population with a view to preventing disease .
The risk map obtained can be used to identify priority zones for the management of resources , and also help avoid systematic and generalised spraying throughout the highlands : such spraying is particularly difficult and expensive . The accuracy of the mapping , both as concerns time and space , is dependent on the availability of data .
Continuous monitoring of malaria transmission factors must be undertaken to detect any changes .
A regular case notification allows risk map to be verified .
These actions should therefore be implemented so that risk maps can be satisfactorily assessed .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2008 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub18488130 | | Abstract: Two rainfall simulations of 30 mm h ( -1 ) , with 48-h interval between two simulations , were performed on rice lysimeters at 24 , 48 , and 72 h after being sprayed with tricyclazole .
In the first simulated rainfall , wash-off concentration of tricyclazole was significant irrespective of the interval between the spray time and the rainfall simulation .
And from 20 . 5% to 24 . 2% of tricyclazole deposited on leaves was removed from the rice foliage .
In the second simulated rainfall , concentration of tricyclazole in wash-off water was significantly lower and less than 3 . 6% of the deposited tricyclazole was lost | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2009 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub20048489 | | Abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of periarticular hyaluronic acid ( HA ) injections in acute lateral ankle sprain .
A randomized , controlled , prospective trial in a primary sports medicine and emergency practice involved 158 competitive athletes who suffered an acute grade 1 or 2 lateral ankle sprain , and who were randomly assigned within 48 hours of injury .
Patients were randomly assigned at baseline to periarticular injection with HA + standard of care ( rest , ice , elevation , and compression [ RICE ] ) or placebo injection ( PL ) + standard of care ( RICE ) treatment at baseline assessment and day 4 after injury .
Follow-up was at 30 , 90 , and 712 days after treatment .
Assessments at baseline and days 4 , 8 , 30 , 90 , and 712 included visual analogue scale ( VAS ) ( 0-10 cm ) pain on weight bearing and walking 20 m , patient global assessment of ankle injury ( 5-point categorical scale ) , patient satisfaction with treatment ( 5-point categorical scale ) , time to return to pain-free and disability-free sport , recurrent ankle sprain , total number of days missing from primary sport activity , and adverse events ( AEs ) .
Time to intervention was 39 +/- 4 hours with no difference between groups .
A significant reduction in VAS pain on both weight bearing and walking was observed at all follow-up assessments for HA compared with PL ( P < 0 . 001 ) .
Time to pain-free and disability-free return to sport was 11 ( +/- 8 ) versus 17 ( +/- 8 ) days for HA and PL , respectively ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
At 24 months , in the PL versus HA group , there were 2 versus 0 lower limb fractures , 16 versus 7 second ankle sprains ( P < 0 . 05 ) , 3 versus 1 third ankle sprains , and a significantly greater number of days missing primary sport activity ( 41 vs 21 ; P < 0 . 002 ) .
Significantly greater patient satisfaction was also observed for HA versus PL at all follow-up assessments .
No serious AEs were recorded throughout follow-up .
Periarticular HA treatment for acute ankle sprain was highly satisfactory in the short and long term versus PL .
This was associated with reduced pain , more rapid return to sport , fewer recurrent ankle sprains , fewer missed days from sport , and with few associated AEs to 24 months .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub20610448 | | Abstract: 2010 | |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2010 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub20850003 | | Abstract: Chlorfenapyr is a pyrrole insecticide with a unique non-neurological mode of action .
Laboratory bioassays of chlorfenapyr comparing the mortality of pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant Anopheles gambiae s . s . and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes indicated that operational cross-resistance is unlikely to occur ( resistance ratio ranged between 0 and 2 . 1 ) .
Three trials of chlorfenapyr indoor residual spraying were undertaken in experimental huts in an area of rice irrigation in northern Tanzania that supports breeding of A arabiensis .
Daily mosquito collections were undertaken to assess product performance primarily in terms of mortality .
In the second trial , 250mg/m ( 2 ) and 500mg/m ( 2 ) chlorfenapyr were tested for residual efficacy over 6 months .
Both dosages killed 54% of C quinquefasciatus , whilst for A arabiensis 250mg/m ( 2 ) killed 48% compared with 41% for 500mg/m ( 2 ) ; mortality was as high at the end of the trial as at the beginning .
In the third trial , 250mg/m ( 2 ) chlorfenapyr was compared with the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin dosed at 30mg/m ( 2 ) .
Chlorfenapyr performance was equivalent to the pyrethroid against A arabiensis , with both insecticides killing 50% of mosquitoes .
Chlorfenapyr killed a significantly higher proportion of pyrethroid-resistant C quinquefasciatus ( 56% ) compared with alpha-cypermethrin ( 17% ) .
Chlorfenapyr has the potential to be an important addition to the limited arsenal of public health insecticides for indoor residual control of A arabiensis and pyrethroid-resistant species of mosquito .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub21733417 | | Abstract: BACKGROUND : Ankle sprains are usually treated with the RICE protocol often with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAID ) for pain reduction .
We evaluated the effect of diclofenac , an NSAID , versus paracematol in the reduction of pain and acute edema of severe ankle sprains .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Ninety patients , 18 to 60 years old , with Grade II acute ankle sprains were randomized into two groups .
Group A ( 45 patients ) received for the first 10 days diclofenac 75 mg orally twice per day .
Group B ( 45 patients ) received paracetamol 500 mg orally three times per day for the same period .
We evaluated ankle joint edema with the Figure-of-Eight method and with the volumetric method , as well as pain with the Visual Analogue Scale ( VAS ) in both groups .
RESULTS : The patients had no significant differences concerning their baseline values ( p > 0 . 05 ) .
The ankle joint edema was decreased in both groups ( p < 0 . 001 ) but there was more edema in group A than in group B at the third post-traumatic day with both measurement methods ( p = 0 . 028/0 . 025 ) .
By the tenth post-traumatic day no difference was found .
Pain decreased in both groups at the third day and at the tenth day ( p < 0 . 001 ) .
CONCLUSION : According to these results , diclofenac and paracetamol had the same effect on pain reduction of ankle sprains but more acute ankle edema was present in patients who were treated with diclofenac than in patients who were treated with paracetamol .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 2011 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub21967780 | | Abstract: A transgenic rice line ( TRS ) with high amylose level has been developed by antisense RNA inhibition of starch branching enzymes .
Compositional analysis of TRS demonstrated that the content of resistant starch ( RS ) was significantly higher compared to conventional non-transgenic rice .
High level of RS is an important raw material in food industry and has various physiological effects for human health .
In order to provide the reliable theory basis for field release of TRS rice , we evaluated the potential health effects of long-term consumption of the TRS .
The 90-day toxicology feeding experiment was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with diets containing 70% of either TRS rice flour , its near-isogenic rice flour or the control diet .
The clinical performance variables ( body weight , body weight gain and food consumption ) were measured and pathological responses ( hematological parameters and serum chemistry at the midterm and the completion of the experiment , urinalysis profile and serum sex hormone response at the completion of the experiment ) were performed .
Besides , clinical signs , relative organ weights and microscopic observations were also compared between TRS group and its near-isogenic rice group .
The combined data indicates that high-amylose TRS grain is as safe as the conventional non-transgenic rice for rat consumption .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1988 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub3293757 | | Abstract: As has been previously discussed , the incidence and resultant associated disabilities of ankle sprains have been well documented in the literature .
The staggering statistics on long-term disability show that there is no such thing as a simple ankle sprain .
The degree of disability is related to the extent of the initial injury as well as the follow-up medical care provided .
It is this fact that requires a complete understanding of the injury as well as a proper treatment and rehabilitation program .
One of the reasons cited for the long-term disability or lack of consistently good results in treating ankle sprains is the lack of uniformity in treatment .
One possible reason is the lack of agreement in diagnostic techniques as well as the end diagnosis of a particular grade of ankle sprain .
If a sprain is managed correctly , resultant disability will be kept to a minimum .
A proper rehabilitation program may be the most important factor in preventing chronic instability .
The acronym RICE falls short of complete ankle management .
RICE primarily addresses the ankle edema .
Thus , the patients ankle is only partially rehabilitated .
A rational approach to the management of ankle sprains is given .
Upon reviewing a complete protocol for ankle sprain rehabilitation , the acronym TEMPER can be used judiciously to remember the key steps in the treatment plan .
Through the use of this acronym , one can institute a complete rehabilitation program .
| |
Score: 1.00 |
|---|
| | Year: 1972 | | Literature: oryza Field: title Doc ID: pub5008976 | | Abstract: | |
