%D 1993 %0 ARTICLE %T Anopheline mosquito ( Diptera : Culicidae ) ecology in relation to malaria transmission in the inner and outer terai of Nepal , 1987-1989 . %J J Med . Entomol . %V 30 ( 4 ) %P 664-82 %A Reisen WK %A Pradhan SP %A Shrestha JP %A Shrestha SL %A Vaidya RG %A Shrestha JD %M pub8360891 %X The ecology of Anopheles mosquitoes in relation to malaria transmission was studied at sprayed and unsprayed villages and two unsprayed cattle sheds in the inner terai of Sindhuli District , Central Region , and at two unsprayed villages and one cattle shed in Kanchanpur , Far Western Region of Nepal , from August 1987 to August 1989 . Anopheles maculatus was the most abundant of 26 anopheline species collected in Sindhuli District ; however , An . fluviatilis was collected most frequently at human bait and was infected most frequently with malaria sporozoites . Residual house spray controlled the indoor resting abundance of the endophilic resting species and protected the population from malaria during midsummer , but had less effect on exophilic resting species and those abundant after and before spray application during the fall and spring , respectively . Malaria at the unsprayed village was detected predominantly in adults of both sexes , perhaps because young children retired early and frequently slept indoors under bed nets during the early evening period of elevated anopheline host-seeking activity . Malaria transmission was verified by the collection of sporozoite infected An . fluviatilis and An . maculatus during spring at cattle sheds in the forested Churia Hills and during the summer monsoon season within the unsprayed village . An . culicifacies was the most abundant of 12 anopheline species collected in Kanchanpur District . Few females of all species were collected at human bait positioned in or out of houses or had human positive blood meals ; none were infected with sporozoites . Malaria incidence was higher in the study village positioned along the forest-rice field ecotone than in the cleared rice growing area .